Isilumbamdiki somusi, esasiyisiqhubezi esikhuluseNguqulo yeziMboni , sigcizelela ukubaluleka komngcikisho emlandweni wesimanje. UmNgcikisho (nomaubunjineyela ) ungumkhwishizo wokusebenzisainzululwazi yemvelo ,umchazazibalo , kanye nomdludlungu womklamo wokungcikisha[ 1] ingqalasizinda ,izinguxa ,izithuthi , izingabazuba, ukungcikisha izithako, kanye nezimisozesidlakalasi .[ 2]
Uqeqesho lomngcikisho lufaka phakathi imikhakha enhlobonhlobo yekhethelo, ngamunye ogxile ngokuqondile endimeni ekhethekile yomchazazibalo osetshenziswayo, Inzululwazi esetshenziswayo.
IbizolesiZulu elithi 'umNgcikisho' lithathwe esenzweni sokungcikisha (esimqondofana 'nokulumba'), esisho 'ukuqamba, ukukhanda',[ 3] enginneering (Latin 'ingenium', meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive, devise.)
unyanduko lwebalazwe lesonto lase-Lille, elaklanywa ngowe-1668 ngu-Vauban, owangumngcikishi wezempi wangaleyonkathi. Umngcikisho yinto ebilokhu ikhona kusuka endulo lapho abantu bengcikisha iziqambo ezifana netshopi, isixakaxo,isondo nomdonso njll.
Ibizo lesizulu elithiumngcikisho lisuselwa esenzwenisokungcikisha , (esisho ukulumba, ukuqamba, ukukhanda, ukuklama)[ 6] (catapult) , ezazikikijela amatshe abuthayo ngaphezu kwezingange zemizi engangeneki kalula.
Engineering - UmngcikishoEngineer - umNgcikishiElinye igama elihlone nelithi umNgcikisho, elithiukulumba liyasetshenziswa ekuhumusheni elithiengine ngokuthi 'isilumbamdiki'.
Kamuva, lapho sekuklanywa izinhlaka zomphakathi, ezifana nemicabeko nemibijongo, futhi nazo zithathwa njengoqeqesho lobuchule, igama elithi 'umngcikisho wengqalasizinda' layeka ukusebenza kwezempi nasekuqambeni amathuluzi kuphela, futhi lakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalabo abagxile ekwakheni izinhlaka onkungezona ezempi nalabo ababandakanyeka oqeqeshweni lomngcikisho wezempi.
AmaRoma wasendulo akha imiguduyamanzi ukuze alethe amanzi ahlanzekile ezidlaveleni nasezidlidlini zombuso wawo. Izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe lasendulo, namadongolo waseMesopothamiya, umuzisiqongo(acropolis) yaseGrisi, namathumbamanzi waseRoma, umgwaqo wase-Aphiya neNkundlakazi(Colosseum) , i-Teotihuacán , nendlu engcwele ka-Brihadeeswarar yase-Thanjavur, phakathi kwezinye, zimi njengobufakazi bobuchule nekhono labangcikishi bezempi nengqalasizinda basendulo. Izinye izakhiwo, ezingasmile, ezifana neziNsimu ezilengayo zaseBhabhiloni namaFaro wase-Alexandriya, zaziwukufezwa komngcikisho okubalulekile ngaleso sikhathi futhi zazibalwa phakathi kweziMangaliso eziyisiKhombisa zeZwe laseNdulo.
Izinguxa ezilula zakudala eziyisithupha zazaziwa emazweni amaningi njengaseMpuma ePhakathi yaseNdulo. Itshopi/izembe kanye negxalo zazaziwa kusuka enkathi yanguna. Isondo, nomshiza onesondo, kwaqanjwa kwelaseMesopotamiya ngenkulungwane yesi-5 BC. Zazikhona naseGibhithe zisetshenziswa njengomlunganiso wokulingana, nokunyukuzisa izinto ezinkulu ebuchwepheshenibemishini baseGubhithe lasendulo. Isixakaxo naso sasisetshenziselwa ekukhuphuleni amanzi emthonjeni, njengesigwadlulo sokuqala eminyakeni eyizi-3000 BC edlule. Ubufakazi bomdonso wokuqala nawo uvela kuzo lezi zindawo ezimbili.Isibhinyi , naso saqanjwa eMesophothamiya, enkathini yeminyaka (911-609 BC) emva kombuso wase-Asiriya. Izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe zakhiwa kusetshenziswa izinguxa ezilula ezintathu kulezo eziyisithupha ezaziwayo.
UmNgcikishi wengqalasizinda wangaphambili owaziwayo wayebizwa ngokuthi ngu-Imhotep. Njengesinye sezikhulu zikaFaro uDjoseri, kungenzeka uyena uwaklama futhi waqondisa ukwakhiwa kwesitshopolonco sikaDjoseri, esiseSaqqara eGibhithe cishe ngowezi-2630-2611 BC. Izinguxa zokuqala ezazifukuthwa ngamanzi ezisebenzayo, isondo lamanzi , lona lavela okokuqala embusweni wasePheresiya ekhulwini lesi-4 BC, endaweni namuhla eyaziwa nge-Iraq ne-Iran.
IKushi lona lathuthukisa i-Sakhiya ekhulwini lesi-4 BC, elalisebenza ngamandla wezilwane kunesidlakathi sabantu. I-Hafiri lathuthukiswa njengohlobo lwechibi ukuze luqakathe futhi lugcine amanzi futhi luxhase ekucheleleni. Abangcikishimpi babesetshenziswa ukwakha imicabekwana lapho kunemikhankaso yezempi. Obabamkhulu bamaKushi bakha namaliba enkathini yeThusi emaphakathi kwezi-3709-3250 BC.
IGrisi lasendulo lona lakha izinguxa zengqalasizinda nezempi. Kanjalo neRona lasendulo, kanye nelaseShayina lasendulo, amabutho wakulamazwe ayesebenzisa izinguxa zempi neziqambo zakhona ezifana nemicibisholo eyathuthukiswa cishe ngekhulu lesi-4 BC, kanye nomkhumbi wempi, isicibasidli(ballista) kanye nesihlingi.
Ichibi lika-Hoover UmNgcikisho lunguqeqesho olubanzi oluvame ukuba luhlephulwe lube oqeqesho abambalwa abangaphansi. Nakuba umNgcikishi evame ukuqeqeshwa kuqeqesho oluqondile, angakwazi ukuba abe ngoqeqeshwe nhlazonke ngobungcweti. UmNgcikisho uvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi ngonamagatsha amane: umNgcikisho weziQa, umNgcikisho weNgqalasizinda, umNgcikisho wamaZuba, nomNgcikisho weziNguxa.
UmNgcikisho weziQa ungukusetshenziswa komchazandalo, umchazatho, umchazampilo kanye nezimiselo zomngcikisho ukuze kugunundwe imidludlungu yeziqa ezingeni lezentengiselwano, ezifana nokukhiqiza kwezithengiswa zeziqa , iziqa ezikhethelo, ukuhluzwa kwamafutha, ukulumbancinci(microfabrication) , ukuvubela, nokukhiqizwa kwamachembempilo.
UmNgcikisho weNgqalasizinda ungukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yasobala nesisulu, efananengqalasizinda (izikhumulo zezindiza, imigwaqo, ujantshi, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi nokuhlanzwa kwawo njll), imicabeko, imigudu, amachibi, nezakhiwo.
isidikizisi samazuba UmNgcikisho wamazuba ungukuklanywa, ukufundwa, nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlelo ezihlukene zamazuba nezezizubisi, ezifana nomNgcikisho wokusakaza, izintandelo zamazuba, izidikizisi zamazuba, izinguxa zobunzubawonga nezobunzubanguxa, izinguxa zamazuba, izintandelo zezizubisi,izinxoza zokukhanya , izinguxa zenzubakhanyo, izimiso zesicikizi, amathuluzi wezokuxumanade, izimiso zokulawula, kanye nezizubisi.
UmNgcikisho wezinguxa ungukuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwezimiso zezinguxa(imishini) , ezifana nezimiso zamandla nesidlakathi, imikhiqizoyezindiza , izimiso zezikhali, imikhiqizo yezokuthutha, izilumbamdiki, izibuthazi(compressors) , Ubuchwepheshe belinya, izifukuli zokuqhinga umqhikizeko, ezokukhiqiza,ezezithununu ,izindiyane , amathuluzi wokulalela, nezobuNguxazubi(mechatronics) .
UmNgcikishampilo(Bioengineering) ungukungcikishwa kwezimiso eziphilayo ngokwenjongo ewusizo. Izibonelo zocwaningo lomngcikishampilo zihlanganisa Izinungwana ezingcikishelwe ukukhiqiza iziqa, ubuchwepheshe obusha bokufanisa, izinguxa eziphathwayo zokuxilonga izifo ngokushesha,prosthetics , amakhambempilo, kanye nezitho ezingcikishwe izicubu.
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