IsiCikiziinguxa yezezibhangqiweyamazubaengahleleliswa ukuba yenze uchungelwezibalonqangi nemigidingo ehluzekile ngenhleleleko. Izicikizi zanamuhla zingenza imigidingo engamaqoqo avamile eyaziwa ngokuthiizinhleleliso. Lezinhleleliso zinikeza isiCikizi igunya lokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.Isimiso sesiCikizi siyisicikizi esiphelele esihlanganisa nezinye izinsiza ezidingekayo, njengehlelomgidingo ukuze sikwazi ukugidinga ngokugcwele. Legama libuye libhekisele eqoqweni leziCikizi ezixhunywe ukuba zisebenze ndawonye,njengoXhoxho lweziCikizi noma isishomo seziCikizi.
Imikhiqizo ehlukile yezezimboni neyabakhozi isebenzisa izicikizi njengezimiso zokulawula. Izilekeleli zenjongo ecacile njengechadaza(microwave oven) nezilawuli kude(remote controls) ziyabalwa, kanjalo nezilekeleli zomkhando ezifananezithununu zezimboni kanye nomklamo osizwa isicikizi, kuhlanganise nezilekeleli zenjongo ebanzi ezifana nesicikizi somuntu siqu nezilekeleli eziphathwayo(mobile devices)njengoMakhalipha(smartphone). Izicikizi zifukuthauxhakaxholo ngokukhongca izigidigidi zezinye izicikizi nabazisebenzisayo.
Izicikizi zokuqala zazihloselwe ukusetshenziselwauqaqululo(calculations) kuphela. Izinsiza ezifana ne-abacus sezisize abantu ekwenzeni uqaqululo kusuka endulo. Ekuqaleni kwenguquko yezimboni, izilekeleli zezinguxa zakhiwa ukuze zihleleleke(automate) imisebenzi emide ekhathazayo, njengokuqondisa isifanelo sesilukisi(loom). Izinguxa zamazuba zazenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yoqaqululo lwenzuko(analog calcuations) ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izinguxa eziqaqululayo zamazuba zezezibhangqiwe zokuqala zakhiwa ngesikhathi sempi yomhlaba yesibili.
isiCikizi esingumuntu, noma uMcikizi, ohlezi nesibonancinci nesiqaqululi ngowe-1952.Igama elithi "isicikizi" lisuselwa esenzweni sokucikiza, esinencazelo yokuqala esho "ukubhala", eyesibili isho "ukuhlaziya, ukuxazulula inkinga," njengalapho umuntu ecikiza isibalonqangi sezibalo. Liyafaneleka lelibizo uma linesiqalo esithi 'isi' ngokwezigaba zamabizo. Umuntu ocikizayo yena uzoba "uMcikizi".
Kubikwa ukuthi izicikizi zokuqala kwakungabantu, ikakhulu abesifazane, kwakuba yibo izicikizi ngoba babeholelwa imali encane kunabesilisa. Cishe ngonyaka we-1943, iningi lezicikizi ezingabantu kwakungabesifazane.
ithambo elibizwa Ishango, kwakuyithuluzi eliyithambo lase-Afrika yangunaEzinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, kuye kwasetshenziswa iziLekeleli ekucikizeni, ikakhulu ukubala ngeminwe. Isilekeleli sokubala sokuqala kungenzeka kwakunguthi lokubala. Kamuva izinsiza zokugcina izibalo kulo lonke elaseMpuma ephakathi zazihlanganisa izingcezu zobumba, okwakubalwa ngazo ukudla okusanhlamvu, imfuyo, ezazigcinea emagobongweni aluhoshoba adikiselwe.
isihlohlo sokubala saseShayina. Inani elivezwe kulesihlohlo izi-6,302,715,408.Isihlohlo i-Abacus sasungulelwa ukwenza imisebenzi yezobalonqangi. Isihlohlo saseRoma sathuthukiswa eziklamweni zaseBhabhiloni cishe ngowezi-2400 BCE.
Inguxa i-Antikithera, yaseGrisi lasendulo cishe ngowama -150-100 BCE, uyisiklamo sasendulo sokucikiza ngenzuko.Inguxa i-Antikithera kukholwa ukuba iyisicikizi senzuko esiguxazelayo esaziwayo, ngokuka Derek J. de Solla Price.[1] Lenguxa yayiklanyelwe ukuqaqulula ukuma kwezinkanyezi. Yavubukulwa ngowei-1901 ekuphahlazekeni kwase-Antikithera eduze naseGrisi.[2]
uCharles BabbageIsazobe sengxenye yesilumbamdiki somehluko sikaCharles Babbage
Isilumbamdiki somehluko sesi-2 engqalabeni ebizwaIntellectual Ventures ese-Seattle
UCharles Babbage, wayengumngcikishi wezinguxanguxa neSazikwasani esaqhamuka nesicabango sesicikizi esihlelelisekwayo. Uthathwa "njengengqalabutho yesiCikizi",[3] uyena owacabanga futhi waqamba isicikizi esiyinguxa sokuqala.
- Ukudlala imidlalo yesiCikizi
- Ukubhala
- Ukuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo
- Ukubuka izithombe ezinyakazayo
- Ukulalela umculo neminye imisindo eqoshiwe
- Ukuhlela umculo, izithombe, nezithombe ezinyakazayo
- Ukuqopha umsindo
- Ukuxhumana nabanye abantu
- UkusebenzisauXhakaxholo
- Ukuthenga kuxhakaxholo
- Ukudweba
- Ukukhokhela izikweletu kuxhakaxholo
- Ukusebenzisa izinhlelelo zokubhala
- Ama-spreadsheet
- Izethupo
- Ukuhlela izithombe
- I-E-mail
- Ukuhlela izithombe ezinyakazayo/i-rendering
- Ukuqopha umsindo
- ukuphathwa kwesimiso
- uKwakha isizindalwebu
- uKwakha izinhlelelo
Umbukiswano oveza izigcoyi ezivamile zesicikizi.Ibizo elithiizigcoyi lihlanganisa zonke izigcoyi noma izingxenye zesicikizi eziphathekayo nezingokoqobo. Izintandelo, amazubela wesicikizi, amakhadi wezifanekiso, amakhadi womsindo, isikhumbuli, uqwembe olumqoka, izihenqo, izihlinzeki ngamandla, izindophi, amaqwembe wokuqhofoza, izishicileli, nezikhwence okuyiziklamo ezifakwayo, konke lokhu kuyozigcoyi.
- ↑The Antikythera Mechanism Research ProjectArchived 28 April 2008 at theWayback Machine., The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ↑Marchant, Jo (1 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature 444 (7119): 534–538. Bibcode2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067.
- ↑Halacy, Daniel Stephen (1970).Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer. Crowell-Collier Press.ISBN 978-0-02-741370-0.
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