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因信称义

维基百科,自由的百科全书
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路德玫瑰
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因信称义拉丁语Sola fide,又称“唯独信心”)是路德宗及整个新教的核心教义。意思是:人在上帝面前被判无罪(称义),[1]不是因为行为或功德,而是因着上帝的恩典,单单透过信心接受耶稣基督救赎[2][3]

从这教义的角度看,只有当一个罪人以信心领受上帝的赦罪时,基督透过为人类牺牲所成就的救赎,其功效益处才真正归于他们。若没有信心,这份赦罪便无法生效,其益处也随之丧失。换言之,信心就是接受上帝赦罪的唯一管道。[4]

因信称义亦称为“唯独信心”:罪人得救,是借着信心,而不是靠行为。《圣经》中有许多章节表达这个观念,例如《罗马书》第三章、《加拉太书》第三章及《以弗所书》第二章。其中“不是出于行为”这一句,明确排除了靠人神合作、结合信心与行为来得救的可能性。[5]“唯独信心”是“靠信心,不靠行为”的另一种说法。一个借着信心得救的人,必然会行善;[6]但这些善行是已得赦罪的结果,而不是赦罪的原因。[7][8]

这一教义与天主教[注 1]东正教[注 2]的观点有所不同。后者认为,得救除了信心之外,还须以善行作补赎的配合。[注 3]

概念

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1861年画作,描绘马丁·路德艾福特发现“因信称义”教义的情况。

圣经希腊文中,“称义”这个动词的意思是“被判为无罪”。[1][注 4]基督教原罪观认为,人因堕落,无法凭自身力量达到真正的正义;唯有透过上帝所差遣的耶稣基督,作为替人类承担过错的牺牲,人才能真正从罪恶中获得释放、救赎。[17]中世纪罗马教廷强调,透过“善行”、“圣功”来得到称义;宗教改革则提出“唯独信心”的教导,强调得救是凭信心而非行为。

在新教神学中,“唯独信心”(Sola Fide)是《圣经》里清楚的教义:罪人只要以信心接受耶稣为罪所付出的牺牲,就能得着救恩,[18]而人的行为不能换来赦免。[19]经文强调信心是神所赐的恩典,是一份属灵的礼物,而真正得救赎的人,必会因着上帝这个恩典而自然地结出善行。虽然恩典、信心与行为在信徒的现世生活中是不可分割的,但行为并非获得救恩的条件,而是获赦罪得救恩的结果。《以弗所书》指出:“你们得救是靠着恩典,借着信心。这不是出于自己,而是 神所赐的;这也不是出于行为,免得有人自夸。我们原是 神所作成的,是在基督耶稣里创造的,为的是要我们行各样的善事,就是 神预先所安排的”《罗马书》进一步说明,在称义的教义中,恩典与行为彼此排斥:“既是靠恩典,就不凭行为;不然,恩典就不再是恩典了。”

新教学者认为虽然信心是无形的,但它会透过行动显明出来,如《马太福音》所言:“凭着他们的果子就可以认出他们来”,以及《雅各书》:“信心若没有行为就是死的”。这些《圣经》经文指出真正的信心必然结出可见的果子,但这些果子并不是构成称义的基础。

圣经相关章节

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用来支持此主张之经节:

亚伯兰信耶和华,耶和华就以此为他的义
— 《创世记》第15章第6节[20]
我不以福音为耻,这福音本是神的大能,要救一切相信的,先是犹太人,后是希腊人。因为神的义正在这福音上显明出来,这义是本于信以至于信,如经上所记:“义人必因信得生。”
— 《罗马书》第1章第16节至第17节
因为世人都犯了罪,亏缺了神的荣耀;如今却蒙神的恩典,因基督耶稣的救赎,就白白的称义。神设立耶稣作挽回祭,是凭着耶稣的血,借着人的信,要显明神的义;因为他用忍耐的心宽容人先时所犯的罪,好在今时显明他的义,使人知道他自己为义,也称信耶稣的人为义。既是这样,哪里能夸口呢?没有可夸的了。用何法没有的呢?是用立功之法吗?不是,乃用信主之法
— 《罗马书》第3章第23节至第27节
如此说来,我们的祖宗亚伯拉罕凭着肉体得了什么呢?倘若亚伯拉罕是因行为称义,就有可夸的,只是在神面前并无可夸。经上说什么呢?说:“亚伯拉罕信神,这就算为他的义。”做工的得工价,不算恩典,乃是该得的。唯有不做工的,只信称罪人为义的神,他的信就算为义。
— 《罗马书》第4章第1节至第5节[21]
我们既因信称义,就借着我们的主耶稣基督得与神相和。我们又借着他,因信得进入现在所站的这恩典中,并且欢欢喜喜盼望神的荣耀。
— 《罗马书》第5章第1节至第2节
你们得救是本乎恩,也因着信。这并不是出于自己,乃是神所赐的;也不是出于行为,免得有人自夸。
— 《以弗所书》第2章第8节至第9节[22]
无知的加拉太人哪!耶稣基督钉十字架,已经活画在你们眼前,谁又迷惑了你们呢?我只要问你们这一件:你们受了圣灵,是因行律法呢,是因听信福音呢?你们既靠圣灵入门,如今还靠肉身成全吗?你们是这样的无知吗?你们受苦如此之多,都是徒然的吗?难道果真是徒然的吗?那赐给你们圣灵,又在你们中间行异能的,是因你们行律法呢,是因你们听信福音呢?正如“亚伯拉罕信神,这就算为他的义”。所以你们要知道:那以信为本的人,就是亚伯拉罕的子孙
— 《加拉太书》第3章第1节至第7节

宗教改革

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参见:宗教改革路德宗

新教坚持“因信称义”的教义,源自马丁·路德天主教贩售赎罪券的强烈反对。赎罪券最终成为宗教改革的导火线。[23]

路德自1505年进入修道院后,长期陷于信仰与灵性挣扎,深感自己罪孽深重,难以取悦上帝。直到他在威登堡大学教授圣经,深入研读《罗马书》一章17节“义人必因信得生”,才领悟人得救不是靠努力或功德,而是全凭上帝的恩典。[24][25]这一领悟带来他心灵上的释放。[26]

16世纪初,赎罪券滥发,[27]教宗宣称购买者可获赦罪救恩。路德认为此举违背圣经真理,与《罗马书》和《加拉太书》的教导相悖。[28]1517年10月31日,他发表《九十五条论纲》,张贴于威登堡教堂门上,呼吁学术与教会讨论,引发宗教改革。

1520年,教宗宣布路德为异端;翌年正式将他逐出教会。路德在沃木斯议会受审时坚持,除非以圣经证明他错误,否则不撤回主张。最终,皇帝查理五世宣布他为异端,并下通缉令。萨克森选侯腓特烈三世安排他在瓦尔特堡避难。

避难期间,路德翻译圣经为通俗德文,使平民也能阅读上帝的话语。1530年,教宗威胁以武力镇压改革派,路德派(即后来的路德宗)被逼脱离天主教会。[29]

唯独信心

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年轻时,路德为寻求与圣洁的上帝和好,努力遵行天主教教义中的各种称义途径,包括斋戒祷告和自我惩罚,却仍感到绝望。[30]直到他反复研读《诗篇》和《保罗书信》,才深刻领悟:人在上帝面前称义,并非靠功德或赎罪行为,而是唯独借着信心。[23]

“唯独”一词

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马丁路德在翻译《罗马书第3章第28节时,特意在“信”前加上“唯独”一词,[31][注 5]将此节翻译为“唯独借着信心”(allein durch den Glauben)。[33]强调得救完全不靠行为。[34]一些天主教会内反对者对此大加挞伐,认为这是对圣经的曲解,[33]后来天主教特伦托会议更批评此为异端,[35]但学者指出一些天主教圣经译本其实也加入了“唯独”一词。例如1488年纽伦堡版本译为“nur durch den Glauben”(仅靠信心);而广为天主教采用的《七十士译本》也常在希伯来文未出现的地方插入“唯独”一词,如申命记3:11、6:13,撒母耳记上10:19。[33]早期教父著作及天主教文献也常明言:“人唯独藉信称义”。[注 6]正因如此,荷兰天主教神学家伊拉斯谟在其著作《论讲道之道》中也为路德的翻译辩护:“‘唯独’一词,今时今日从路德口中所出时遭众人唾骂如石击,然而在教父著作中却被奉为正朔。”[41]

  • 4世纪教会圣师圣依拉略(St. Hilary)释经时所指的“唯独藉信心称义”(拉丁文:Fides enim sola justificat)。[37][31][39]
  • 4世纪教会圣师、该撒利亚主教圣巴西流教导“人本身没有真正的‘义’,唯独藉信靠基督被称为义”(通用希腊文:ἀλλ ̓ ἔγνω μὲν ἐνδεῇ ὄντα ἑαυτὸν δικαιοσύνης ἀληθοῦς , πίστει δὲ μόνῃ τῇ εἰς Χριστὸν δεδικάιωμένον)。[42][37][31]
  • 4世纪米兰主教圣安波罗修(又译圣盎博罗削):“唯独藉信心,白白地得蒙赦罪”(拉丁文:Sola fide, gratis accipiens Remissionem Peccatorum)。[43][37]
  • 4世纪教会圣师约翰一世(天主教译金口圣若望):“唯独藉信心称义”(英译:declared righteous on the score of faith alone...)[38]
  • 4世纪教会圣师耶柔米(天主教译圣杰罗姆)《罗马书》注释:“天主唯独藉信称义”(拉丁文:Deus ex sola fide justificat)。[44]
  • 4世纪教父维多理诺(Marius Victorinus):“唯独信心称义”(Ipsa enim fides sola iustificationem)。[31]
  • 6世纪普瓦捷主教福图内特斯(Venantius Fortunatus):“单靠信心已足够”(sola credulitas sufficit)。[45]
  • 12世纪天主教嘉尔笃会创办人圣勃路诺:“在毫无功德的情况下,唯独藉信称义”(justificatur sine omni merito: per solam fidem)。[46]
  • 12世纪天主教圣师伯尔纳铎:“唯独藉信称义”(solam justificatur per fidem)。[31]
  • 13世纪天主教神学家托马斯·阿奎那:“唯独藉信心称义”(Non est ergo in eis spes iustificationis, sed in sola fide)。[47][31][39]
  • 1476年天主教意大利文圣经“唯独信心”(sola fede)一译。[48][注 7]
  • 1483年天主教纽伦堡德文圣经“唯独信心”(gerechtfertigt...nur durch den Glauben)一译。[48][40][39]
  • 1906年法国天主教学者杜切讷蒙席承认,早期罗马教会曾教导“从亚伯拉罕开始,得救称义,与上帝和好,都是单靠信心。”(Le salut, la justification, c'est-à-dire la réconciliation avec Dieu, ne vient que de la foi. C'est le régime inauguré avec Abraham.)[50]
  • 1943年天主教意大利文《圣经注释本》《加拉太书》2章16节:“唯独信靠耶稣基督”(solo per la fede di Gesù Cristo)。[51][52]
  • 1956年天主教道明会法文《耶路撒冷圣经》《加拉太书》2章16节:“唯独信靠耶稣基督”(seulement par la foi en Jésus Christ)。[53]
  • 1968年天主教中文《圣经思高本》《加拉太书》2章16节经文指出,人被称义“只是因着对耶稣基督的信仰”[54];《罗马书》注释:“获救与成义的唯一方法:凭着信德”。[55][56]
  • 1979年天主教拉丁美洲主教团(CELAM)认可西班牙语《今日主言:普及本圣经》第二版《加拉太书》二章16节:“唯独信靠耶稣基督”(únicamente por creer en Jesucristo)。[57]
  • 1992年天主教美国主教团(USCCB)认可《好消息译本》修订版《加拉太书》二章16节:“我们知道,一个人唯独藉相信耶稣基督才能称义。”[58]
  • 2008年天主教官方意大利文圣经《加拉太书》2章16节:“唯独信靠耶稣基督”(soltanto per mezzo della fede in Gesù Cristo)一译。[59]
  • 2008年11月时任教宗本笃十六世在接见海外朝圣团、讨论称义问题时承认,“人在上帝面前称义,所依靠的唯独是对基督的信心,而不是人的任何功劳”。[60]

现代路德宗护教学认为,“唯独信心”只是保罗在《罗马书》、《加拉太书》和《以弗所书》中“因信称义”教导的简洁表达,并非新创或偏离圣经。[8]

雅各书

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路德早年曾怀疑《雅各书》是否出自使徒之手[61]甚至称其为“稻草书信”,[62][63]因他认为其中“信心没有行为是死的”(雅2:26)与保罗“得救不是出于行为”的教导相矛盾。[64]但后来,路德在《大问答英语Luther's Large Catechism》和个人书信中改变立场,[65]承认《雅各书》是上帝具权威的启示,[66][67][68]称其为“上帝藉大能颁布的律法”,[69]路德宗的《协同书》也一致认定《雅各书》属于新约正典。[61]1531年《奥斯堡信条辩护文》进一步指出,雅各与保罗的教导并不冲突:雅各强调的是,信徒在得救后,应以行为向他人见证自己是义人。行为是称义的“果子”,而非“条件”。[70][71]

圣经学者认为,雅各只是重申耶稣在《马太福音》7章20节的教导:“凭着他们的果子就可以认出他们来”。[72]而在雅各书2章10节,他也明确否定行为能使人称义的可能性。[73]现代路德宗教会认为,保罗与雅各的焦点不同:保罗探讨的是未信者“如何得救”;雅各则教导信徒在“得救后”如何以行为活出感恩与成圣的生命。[70][74]以《雅各书》中亚伯拉罕以撒为例,他早在以撒出生前就已被神称义,[75][76]“献以撒”只是他义人身份的外在证据。[77][78]

核心教义

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路德宗根据圣经认为,上帝创世之先,世界是完美和圣洁的。然而,当亚当及夏娃不服从上帝的命令,屈服于撒旦引诱之后,他们便失去了原有圣洁的形象。路德宗认为上帝的审判临到他们:“你们必定死”[79]。路德宗神学指出,由于亚当及夏娃的原罪,从由那时起,所有的人都在罪孽受孕、出生[80] ,心里只有恶念[81] ,“从肉身生的,就是肉身”[82] 。由于所有人均死在罪中与上帝隔绝[83] ,他们不能藉自己的努力及行为与上帝和好[84]。路德宗相信耶稣基督是父上帝差来,为要把人类从罪恶与惩罚中买赎回来。路德宗根据圣经认为上帝的儿子耶稣承担“我们众人的罪孽”[85] ,在十字架上把自己献上作赎罪的祭,成为众人的赎价[86] ,因人类的罪的缘故而死,替代罪人死亡[87] 。路德宗坚信耶稣复活,完全肯定了上帝已接纳基督为代罪羔羊的确据[88] 。路德宗相信上帝已把所有罪人称为义(普世称义英语Unlimited atonement),宣告所有罪人因着基督的缘故称义,“因(耶稣)一次的义行,众人也就被称义得生命了”[89] 。路德宗认同这是圣经的核心信息,正是教会存在的意义。路德宗相信每个人借着上帝所赐的信心领受这份礼物,而非借着人的好行为[2] 。路德信仰中所指称义的“信”就是信赖基督及祂救赎的伟大工作,这“信心”紧守上帝在基督里预备的救赎[90][18]。路德宗坚信,虽然基督为所有人死,拒绝以信心接受上帝赦罪的人将失去基督为他们赢取的赎罪[91] ,“不信的,必被定罪”[92][93]

路德教会《施马加登信条》清楚解释“称义”的概念,指出“因信称义”是基督教信仰的核心:

这是第一条,亦是最重要的条款:耶稣基督是我们的上帝和主,他受死,是为我们的过犯;他复活,是为叫我们称义(罗马书4:25)。唯独祂是上帝除去世人罪孽的羔羊(约翰福音1:29),上帝使我们众人的罪孽都归在祂身上(以赛亚书53:6)。世人都犯了罪,却蒙上帝的恩典,因基督的买赎,凭着耶稣的血,就白白地称义(罗马书5:23-25)。由于人必须相信这事,而不能以任何行为、律法或功劳获得它,所以唯独此信称人为义,这是明确的真理……即使天、地及今世的事物都要毁灭,在此条款上都不会有什么退让、妥协,更不会认同任何与此相违背的教导[94]

其他宗派的看法

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基督徒普遍承认人需与上帝和好,然而新教与天主教在实现此目标的方法及信徒在神面前的地位上,存在显著差异。

其他新教教会

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参见:新教五个唯独新教神学

大多数新教教派都采纳马丁·路德的主张:人唯独借着信心、凭上帝的恩典才能称义。事实上,早在宗教改革之前,法国神学家雅克·勒菲弗·戴塔普勒已提出类似观点。天主教认为称义是使人成为公义的过程;新教则主张,称义是基督将自己的义归算给信徒,使他们在神面前被视为义人。[18]

新教认为,信徒因耶稣完全遵守律法并献上赎罪祭而得以称义,这完全是神的恩典,不靠人的行为。若称义需靠善行,那么基督的牺牲就失去了意义,救恩也不再是恩典。[95][96]既然神已称信徒为义人,就不再定他们的罪。[97]与路德宗不同,归正宗更强调“一次得救,永远得救”。[98][注 8]

此外,归正宗与部分浸信宗教会也接受加尔文预定论,认为得救是神的拣选,而非人自由意志的选择。若人能主动选择神,就与圣经中神主动拣选人的教导相矛盾。

圣经教导称义是人在神面前获得公义地位的唯一渠道,使人能与神恢复关系。因人本性堕落,并非天然属神,反而是“可怒之子”(《以弗所书》第2章第1节至第3节)。神的忿怒是否留在人身上,取决于人是否接受祂所提供的救赎安排(《约翰福音》第3章第36节)——即借着耶稣基督的救恩(《罗马书》第3章第23节至第24节)。只要相信耶稣,罪人就能在神面前被称为义人。[18]

天主教

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参见:天主教天主教神学

天主教承认信仰的力量,但是这不是得救的充分条件。天主教教导人称义靠着信心,但也要靠着行为(善工、守律法)得救,《天主教教理》多处指出两者俱备才是完满的信仰:

基督徒及已成义的人依然有遵守十诫的责任...众人因信德、圣洗及遵守诫命而得救 ——《天主教教理》第2068条[103]
在圣神和爱德的推动之下,我们才能为我们自己并为他人赚得为成圣、为增加恩宠和爱德,一如为得到永生有用的恩宠。 ——《天主教教理》第2010条[104]
我们能为自己和为别人赚得一切有用的恩宠,为到达永生,和得到必须的世物。 ——《天主教教理》第2027条[104]
训导的权威也伸展到自然律的特殊规范,因为造物主要求遵守的这些规范,为得救是必要的。 ——《天主教教理》第2036条[104]

由于始祖亚当厄娃犯了原罪,人一出生便有。天主爱人,愿意派遣祂的圣子耶稣来到世上救赎人类,人类方能借着基督的圣死及复活,与天主修和。故人若透过皈依基督,悔改过错,便能重新获得天主的神圣恩宠

人在领洗时,获免除过去所犯的一切罪过和罪罚。坚振圣事,则是“领受”天主圣神,让领洗时所得的圣宠在心中更坚固。藉圣神的力量,能推动人多行善功,并负起信徒使命,作基督的见证。成人领洗者于领洗时同时领取坚振圣事。婴儿领洗者,则在懂事或成年后,需学习及认识天主教信仰,方能领取坚振圣事,成为天主“真正”的子女。

天主教信仰,除主张悔改皈依外,同时强调需于生活中活出基督的爱。人性的软弱使很多人在接受天主信仰后继续犯罪。但天主愿意人让透过办告解,而得到罪过的赦免。故信友犯罪后,能透过修和圣事,增圣宠、加圣佑,藉圣神的力量,改除恶习、修德行善,与天主关系更亲密,成为更爱天主的人[105][106]

东正教

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参见:东正教

东正教透过对“圣化”的积极肯定,间接否定新教所主张的“唯独信心”与“因信称义”,认为称义不仅是神的工作,也需要人的参与与配合,亦即“人神同工”。[107][11]

称义的标准

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主条目:称义

圣经》里对于上帝宣布人为义一事讨论得最明确详尽的一本书是《罗马书》。作者保罗在《罗马书》所提出的论据要点是:犹太人外邦人都无法通过行为,无论是谨守摩西律法或仅是由于尊重本能的道德律而行善,在上帝面前获得公义的地位[108]。惟独借着相信耶稣基督,犹太人和外邦人才能得以称义[109]。《罗马书》最后几章(第12-15章)劝告信徒要有敬虔的行为,但不是为了称义,乃是称义之后出于感恩自然流露出的好行为[110]

参见

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注释

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  1. ^根据天主教教义,“遵守诫命”、“个人功德”和“守律法”都是得救必须。[9][10]
  2. ^东正教相信,在获得救恩的过程中,须要“人神同工”。[11][12]
  3. ^新教认为,耶稣已经替代人类成为完全的赎罪祭、偿还人类一切罪债,故人毋须以自身力量、善工去补赎。[13][14][15]
  4. ^当中的“义”指“正直”、“无罪”、“被神悦纳的状态”。[16]
  5. ^德语副词一般必须放在句子第二位置的动词后面,谓语动词前面放置主语或者句子需要特别强调的内容,如果非主语成分占据第一位置则主语要放在动词后面,因此这里路德意图特别地强调“唯独”这个字眼[32]
  6. ^据统计,教会历史上至少有二十八位教父曾教导“唯独信心”称义。直到十二世纪,仍有至少一位神学家系统性地传授此教义。[36][31][37][38][39][40]
  7. ^半世纪后的威尼斯意大利文圣经(1538年)亦有“唯独信心”(sola fede)一译。[49][48]
  8. ^关于路德宗立场,请参阅[99][100][101][102]

参考文献

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  1. ^1.01.1Multiple sources:
  2. ^2.02.1《以弗所书》2:8-9,“得救是靠着恩典,借着信心。这不是出于自己,而是 神所赐的;这也不是出于行为,免得有人自夸。”
  3. ^WELS Topical Q&A,Faith Alone
  4. ^Keller, Brian R.,Believe it or not: You are forgiven through Christ, p2
  5. ^《加拉太书》三章3节
  6. ^《马太福音》七章17节
  7. ^《以弗所书》二章8-10节;《罗马书》三章27-28节;《罗马书》四章4-7节
  8. ^8.08.1WELS Topical Q&A:Use of the Word "Only"
  9. ^《天主教教理》(1992):
    • 第2068条:“众人因信德、圣洗及遵守诫命而得救”(all men may attain salvation through faith, Baptism and the observance of the Commandments.)”
    • 第2010条:“在圣神和爱德的推动之下,我们才能为我们自己并为他人赚得为成圣、为增加恩宠和爱德,一如为得到永生有用的恩宠。”(Moved by the Holy Spirit and by charity, we can then merit for ourselves and for others the graces needed for our sanctification, for the increase of grace and charity, and for the attainment of eternal life.)”
    • 第2027条:“我们能为自己和为别人赚得一切有用的恩宠,为到达永生,和得到必须的世物。”(we can merit for ourselves and for others all the graces needed to attain eternal life, as well as necessary temporal goods.)”
    • 第2036条:“训导的权威也伸展到自然律的特殊规范,因为造物主要求遵守的这些规范,为得救是必要的。”(The authority of the Magisterium extends also to the specific precepts of the natural law, because their observance, demanded by the Creator, is necessary for salvation.)
  10. ^Sungenis, R.A.,Not By Faith Alone:
    • p81, "both faith and works are necessary for justification"
    • p136, "Faith and works, though separate entities, must be joined together for salvation to occur."
    • p571, "Catholicism...holds that faith and works are required for justification"
    • p591, "Only when we understand that God views our faith and works within the realm of grace — a grace that seeks to please God personally not judicially — can there be any gratuity given to man or righteousness deemed to him. This is the Catholic view."
  11. ^11.011.1Stavropoulos, Christophoros,Partakers of the Divine Nature, in Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader, p188, "The work of our theosis, our union with God, is not transmitted to us in some kind of mechanical fashion. Our weakened human nature will not be transformed magically. The change will happen in conjunction with our own efforts. It will be realized with the cooperation of man and God. This subjective aspect of our union with God provides the way of theosis which we must follow."
  12. ^WELS Topical Q&A:The Greek Orthodox Church, "Greek Orthodox Church teaching regarding salvation is a mixture of faith and morality."
  13. ^《协同式·摘要》(1577),页434,第五条:律法与福音,“严格来说,‘律法’是神圣道理,教导人什么是对的,是上帝所喜悦的,谴责一切邪恶而反对上帝旨意的事。因此,一切定罪的事是属于‘律法’的宣讲。可是,严格来说,‘福音’是一种教训未遵守律法而被定罪的人应当相信的道理,即基督已经补赎、偿还人的一切罪债,不靠人的功劳而替人赢得罪的赦免、‘上帝的义’(罗1:17;林后5:21)与永生。”
  14. ^WELS Topical Questions & Answers:
  15. ^《希伯来书》十章,“基督献了一次永远的赎罪祭… ‘我不再记念他们的罪愆和他们的过犯。’这些罪过既已赦免,就不用再为罪献祭了。”
  16. ^Strong's Greek:1343. δικαιοσύνη, ης, ἡ页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  17. ^《约翰一书》二章1-2节,“若有人犯罪,在父那里我们有一位中保,就是那义者耶稣基督。他为我们的罪作了赎罪祭,不单是为我们的罪,也是为普天下人的罪。”
  18. ^18.018.118.218.3《罗马书》4:1-5,“经上说什么呢?说:‘亚伯拉罕信神,这就算为他的义。’做工的得工价,不算恩典,乃是该得的。唯有不做工的,只信称罪人为义的神,他的信就算为义。”
  19. ^《提多书》三章5节:“他救了我们,并不是因我们自己所行的义,而是照他的怜悯”
  20. ^Beckman, David J.,Universal and Objective Justification with Special Emphasis on a Recent Controversy互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2015-02-14., p4
  21. ^Eickmann, Paul E.,The Seminary's Unchanging Foundation in a Changing World: Sola Fide互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2013-04-02., p3
  22. ^Valleskey, Stephen,The Doctrine of Subjective Justification互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2015-02-14.
  23. ^23.023.1Richardson, A., Bowde, J. [ed.], A New Dictionary of Christian Theology, p545
  24. ^《信义宗教会信徒手册》,道声出版社,页61,“事实上,路德自进入修道院,便经历痛苦的灵性挣扎,自觉罪孽深重,无法得到上帝的喜悦。直到他在大学讲授圣经,深入研读罗马书一章17节‘义人必因信得生’,领悟到人不是靠自己的努力得救恩,而是唯独藉上帝的恩典。”
  25. ^Hillerbrand, Hans J., The Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p1002, "As early as 1515, while lecturing on Romans, Luther came to see that the individual, because of sinfulness, could not initiate this process of justification. Furthermore—again under the influence of Augustine—Luther concluded that the whole idea offacere quod in se est was in reality (a) Pelagian heresy. By rejecting the notion that the individual has the inherent ability to initiate the process of justification, Luther moved inexorably to challenge the soteriological framework of thevia modema."
  26. ^Schwarz, Hans, True Faith in the True God, 页7-19
  27. ^WELS Topical Q&A,Indulgence sales in the Middle Ages, "Roman Catholic sources...acknowledge Leo X's involvement in the abuse of indulgence sales. One such source isThe Catholic Encyclopedia. ...'The immediate cause [of the Reformation] was bound up with the odious greed for money displayed by the Roman Curia, and shows how far short all efforts at reform had hitherto fallen. '"
  28. ^Book by Book: Galatians,What about Jesus?, "Paul's letter evidently accomplished its purpose. The Galatian churches joined in gathering the offering for the poor at Jerusalem. They must have expelled the Judaizers and clung to Paul's Gospel. Galatians greatly affected Martin Luther 1,500 years later. Luther called Galatians 'my own little epistle' and said that he was 'married' to this epistle. Galatians gave Luther the strength to fight against the legalism of the Church of Rome and to hold high the Gospel of pure grace in Christ. Anyone who is weak concerning the doctrine of justification and the place of the law will find real 'meat' and strength in the Letter to the Galatians."
  29. ^《信义宗教会信徒手册》,道声出版社,页62
  30. ^Thornbury, J.F.,Martin Luther’s Struggle for Peace with God,The Banner of Truth, 2008, "Luther...entered the religious life of a monk, and his primary motive in doing this was to get a handle on the raging sins that tormented his soul, and to secure a settled comfort within. He felt (as a loyal Catholic) that through obedience to the church he could firmly obtain the favour of God. He took the vows, fasted, prayed, and mortified his flesh with all the power he could muster. He even took a pilgrimage to Rome and there, to demonstrate his total dedication to the church, climbed on his knees the mediaeval staircase known as Pilate's stairs, which were said to have been the stone steps leading up to Pilate's house at Jerusalem. Martin Luther eventually emerged from his night of darkness and despair, but not in the way he had supposed."
  31. ^31.031.131.231.331.431.531.6Fitzmyer, Joseph A., Romans, A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, pp360-362, "AlthoughAlleyn/Alleine finds no corresponding adverb in the Greek text, two of the points that Luther made in his defense of the added adverb were that it was demanded by the context and thatsola was used in the theological tradition before him."
  32. ^WELS Topical Q&A: Romans 3:28 and Martin Luther. [2015-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-03). 
  33. ^33.033.133.2Tholuck, August, Auslegung des Briefes Pauli an die Römer nebst fortlaufenden Auszügen aus den exegetischen Schriften der Kirchenväter und Reformatoren, p127, "Luther übersetzt: „allein durch den Glauben.“ Die Unverständigen unter seinen katholischen Gegnern erhoben darüber ein großes Geschrei; doch sagt Gal. 2,16 dasselbe, und sogar katholische Bibelübersetzungen fügen das „allein“ hinzu. So in der Ausgabe Nürnberg 1488: „nur durch den Glauben.“ Die Septuaginta fügt es öfter ein, wo es im Hebräischen nicht steht – z. B. 5. Mose 3,11; 5. Mose 6,13; 1. Sam. 10,19."
  34. ^Luther, Martin,An Open Letter on Translating页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), "So much for translating and the nature of language. However, I was not depending upon or following the nature of language when I inserted the wordsolum (alone) in Rom. 3 as the text itself, and St. Paul's meaning, urgently necessitated and demanded it. He is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine in this passage - namely that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law. In fact, he rejects all works so completely as to say that the works of the Law, though it is God's law and word, do not aid us in justification. Using Abraham as an example, he argues that Abraham was so justified without works that even the highest work, which had been commanded by God, over and above all others, namely circumcision, did not aid him in justification. Instead, Abraham was justified without circumcision and without any works, but by faith, as he says in Chapter 4:If Abraham is justified by works, he may boast, but not before God. However, when all works are so completely rejected - which must mean faith alone justifies - whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this rejection of works would have to sayFaith alone justifies and not works. The matter itself and the nature of language necessitates it."
  35. ^McMahon, C. Matthew, Historical Theology Made Easy, pp264-265, "To summarize Trent's decisions the following may be considered... Justification by faith alone was anathematized and justification by faith plus works was instituted as official."
  36. ^WELS Topical Q&A,Church History and 'Faith Alone', "there were at least 28 Fathers of the Church who taught justification through faith alone. At least until the 1100s there was always at least one theologian teaching the doctrine in a systematic way."
  37. ^37.037.137.237.3Cox, John Edmund (ed.),Miscellaneous Writings and Letters of Thomas Cranmer, 页130
  38. ^38.038.1McMahon, C. Matthew,Historical Theology Made Easy,页127-129
  39. ^39.039.139.239.3George, Timothy, "Theology of the Reformers", p71, n. 61
  40. ^40.040.1Küng, Hans, Justification: The Doctrine of Karl Barth and a Catholic Reflection, p249, "The formulasola fide can be taken for orthodox since the 'alone' may be understood as a plausible way of making clear the statement in Romans 3:28. This much is certain - the 'alone' in the translation is not Luther's invention. Evenbefore the Reformation there were already such translations. According to Lyonnet...the German Bible's reading of Gal .16 is 'gerechtfertigt...nur durch den Glauben.'"
  41. ^Erasmus, De Ratione Concionandi, vol. 3, quoted in Tholuck, Fred (1844),Exposition of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans: With Extracts from the Evangelical Works of the Fathers and Reformers, p113, "Vox sola, tot clamoribus lapidata hoc sæculo in Luthero, reverenter in Patribus auditur."
  42. ^Jacques-Paul Migne (编). Patrologiae Graecae60. Paris: Garnier Frères. 1885: 529(Greek).  引文格式1维护:未识别语文类型 (link)
  43. ^Luther, Martin,An Open Letter on Translating页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), "Furthermore, I am not the only one, nor the first, to say that faith alone makes one righteous. There was Ambrose, Augustine and many others who said it before me."
  44. ^McMahon, C. Matthew,Historical Theology Made Easy,页132
  45. ^Migne, J.P.,Patrologia Latina, Vol. 88, p351
  46. ^Migne, J.P.,Patrologia Latina, Vol. 153, p44
  47. ^Aquinas, Thomas,Commentaria in epistolas omnes D. Pauli页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 页17
  48. ^48.048.148.2Hodge, Charles,Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (New Edition)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 1864, 页100
  49. ^La Bibia Nvovamente Tradotta Dalla,p62页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  50. ^Duchesne, L.,Histoire ancienne de l'Église, p32
  51. ^Ricciotti, Giuseppe, ed., La Sacra Bibbia, Torino: Società Editrice Internazionale, 2004, p1639
  52. ^Il Nuovo Testamento: La vita e l'insegnamento di N.S. Gesù Cristo, New York: Vatican City Religious Book Company, p238
  53. ^La Sainte Bible: traduite en français sous la direction de l'École biblique de Jérusalem. Les Épîtres de saint Paul aux Galates, aux Romains, Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1956, p28
  54. ^《思高繁体圣经:迦拉达书》,思高读经推广中心
  55. ^天主教思高圣经,《罗马书》第三章注释,页1743,“获救与成义的唯一方法:凭着信德,藉耶稣宝血救赎的功劳,人才能成义而得救;所以外邦人所夸耀的智慧,犹太人所骄傲的割损礼和法律,为得救成义都无济于事。人得救并不凭人自己的作为,也不凭人依赖自己守什么法律,也不凭人的知识学问,只凭人虚心受教,全心信赖天主,因为‘成义’是天主白白施给人的恩宠…”
  56. ^天主教思高圣经,《罗马书》第四章注释,页1745,“唯有信德才能使人脱离天主的义怒,才能使人战胜罪恶而成义。”
  57. ^Dios Habla Hoy: La Biblia-Versión Popular, Segunda Edición, Nuevo Testamento, p270
  58. ^Holy Bible: Good News Translation–Catholic Edition, p1580, "Yet we know that a person is put right with God only through faith in Jesus Christ"
  59. ^LA SACRA BIBBIA - Edizione CEI. [2018-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-29). 
  60. ^The Question of Justification页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),Vatican Radio, "[I]t is only by faith in Christ, and not by any merit of our own, that we are made righteous before God."
  61. ^61.061.1The Lutheran Study Bible,Concordia Publishing House, 2009, p2132, "Despite Luther's early, harsh opinions and influence as an interpreter, the Lutheran Church has held that James is rightly part of the NT, citing its authority in the Book of Concord."
  62. ^英文参考资料:
  63. ^中文参考资料:
  64. ^《新约圣经》保罗书信:
    • 《罗马书》四章4-6节,“做工的得工价,不算恩典,乃是该得的。唯有不做工的,只信称罪人为义的神,他的信就算为义。正如大卫称那在行为以外蒙神算为义的人是有福的”
    • 《以弗所书》二章8-9节,“得救是本乎恩,也因着信。这并不是出于自己,乃是神所赐的;也不是出于行为,免得有人自夸”
    • 《提多书》三章5节,“他…救了我们,并不是因我们自己所行的义,乃是照他的怜悯,借着重生的洗和圣灵的更新。”
    • 《加拉太书》二章16节,“人称义不是因行律法,乃是因信耶稣基督,连我们也信了基督耶稣,使我们因信基督称义,不因行律法称义;因为凡有血气的,没有一人因行律法称义。”
    • 《腓立比书》三章9节,“不是有自己因律法而得的义,乃是有信基督的义,就是因信神而来的义”
    • 《罗马书》三章19-28节,“我们晓得律法上的话都是对律法以下之人说的,好塞住各人的口,叫普世的人都伏在神审判之下。所以凡有血气的,没有一个因行律法能在神面前称义,因为律法本是叫人知罪。但如今,神的义在律法以外已经显明出来,有律法和先知为证,就是神的义因信耶稣基督加给一切相信的人,并没有分别。因为世人都犯了罪,亏缺了神的荣耀,如今却蒙神的恩典,因基督耶稣的救赎,就白白地称义。神设立耶稣做挽回祭,是凭着耶稣的血,借着人的信,要显明神的义。因为他用忍耐的心宽容人先时所犯的罪,好在今时显明他的义,使人知道他自己为义,也称信耶稣的人为义。既是这样,哪里能夸口呢?没有可夸的了。用何法没有的呢?是用立功之法吗?不是,乃用信主之法。所以我们看定了,人称义是因着信,不在乎遵行律法。”
  65. ^WELS Topical Q&A:Luther - Bible, "It is true that in his earlier years as a theological professor Martin Luther was critical of these books and expressed doubt as to whether they were truly apostolic (part of the inspired Scripture). He later changed his mind. At the same time he held the position that only Scripture has the authority to estabish doctrine in the church, and about this he did not change his mind."
  66. ^The Lutheran Study Bible,Concordia Publishing House, 2009, p2131, "Despite his strong opinion and suggestion that the Lord's brother James may not have written the Book, Luther retains it as a NT Epistle. He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God."
  67. ^Luther's Large Catechism英语Luther's Large Catechism,IV 122-24页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  68. ^《协同书·马丁路德博士大问答》,页392,香港路德会文字部
  69. ^Luther's Works(American Edition)35:395, "[I]t sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God"
  70. ^70.070.1《奥斯堡信条辩护文》(1531),第三条:爱与成全律法页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  71. ^《奥斯堡信条》(1530)
    • 《论悔改》,“因福音或赦罪而来的信心,即相信罪因基督的缘故已得蒙赦免。这信心会使良心摆脱恐惧,重新得着安慰。这样,善行—悔改的果子—便除之而来。”
    • 《论信心与善行》,“我们的行为不能使我们和上帝和好,或为我们获得赦罪的恩典,这只有借着信心才能成就,即相信我们的罪因基督的缘故蒙赦免...若有人以为仍可靠行为赚得恩典,便是藐视基督的功劳和恩惠,离弃基督而靠人的力量寻求归向上帝的道路”
  72. ^Meier, Edward P.,The Nature of True Faith: An Exegesis of James 2页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), "[W]orks proved that his faith was active. But can the objector show faith without works? James knew what Matthew had said in the seventh chapter, 'Ye shall know them by their fruits.'"
  73. ^Meier, Edward P.,The Nature of True Faith: An Exegesis of James 2页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), "James here also shoots down the false doctrine of work-righteousness. The only way to be free of sin is to keep the law perfectly and in its entirety. If we offend it in the slightest, tiniest little way, we are guilty of all."
  74. ^WELS Q&A -Doctrine - Law/Gospel "Paul is writing to people who said that faith in Jesus alone does not save a person, but one has to also obey God's law in order to be justified (Gal 3:3, 5:4). To counter the false idea that what we do in keeping the law must be added to faith in what Christ did for us. Paul often emphasizes in his letters (esp. Galatians, Romans, Colossians) that we are saved by grace through faith alone. James is writing to people who felt that believing in Jesus saved a person, but that having faith did not mean that a person necessarily would keep God's commandments out of love for God (James 2:14, 17). To show that faith is not really faith unless it leads a person to thank God for salvation in a life of glad and willing obedience to God's holy will. James emphasized that a faith which did not show that it was living faith was really not faith at all."
  75. ^《創世記》十五章6節. [2016-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-21). 
  76. ^Meier, Edward P.,The Nature of True Faith: An Exegesis of James 2页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), "James uses Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac, which took place approximately twenty years later, as proof of the saving faith that was alive in Abraham's heart."
  77. ^新旧约《圣经》:
    • 《雅各书》二章23节,“这就应验经上所说‘亚伯拉罕信神,这就算为他的义’”
    • 《创世记》二十二章12节,“现在我知道你是敬畏神的了,因为你没有将你的儿子,就是你独生的儿子,留下不给我。”
  78. ^WELS Topical Q&A:Justification/Salvation (21), "James says that Abraham's action (the obedient sacrifice of Isaac, Genesis 22:9,12) demonstrated his faith. God had declared Abraham righteous (justified him) by faith when Abraham believed his promises: "Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness" (Genesis 15:5). That saying (Genesis 15:5) was "fulfilled" (James 2:23) at the time of Isaac's sacrifice (Genesis 22) when God said , "Now I know that you fear God" (Genesis 22:12)."
  79. ^《创世记》2:17
  80. ^《诗篇》51:5,“我是在罪孽里生的,在我母亲怀胎的时候就有了罪。”
  81. ^《创世记》8:21,“人从小时心里怀着恶念”
  82. ^《约翰福音》3:6
  83. ^《以弗所书》2:1,“你们死在过犯罪恶之中”
  84. ^Creation, Man and Sin页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),This We Believe, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
  85. ^《以赛亚书》53:6
  86. ^《马太福音》20:28,“人子来不是要受人的服事,乃是要服事人,并且要舍命,作多人的赎价。”
  87. ^《哥林多后书》5:21,“神使那无罪的,替我们成为罪,好叫我们在他里面成为神的义。”
  88. ^《罗马书》4:25,“耶稣被交给人,是为我们的过犯;复活,是为叫我们称义。”
  89. ^《罗马书》5:18
  90. ^《罗马书》3:28,“我们看定了:人称义是因着信,不在乎遵行律法。”
  91. ^《约翰福音》8:24,“你们若不信我是基督,必要死在罪中。”
  92. ^《马可福音》16:16
  93. ^Justification页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),This We Believe, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, "We believe that God has justified all sinners, that is, he has declared them righteous for the sake of Christ. This is the central message of Scripture upon which the very existence of the church depends. It is a message relevant to people of all times and places, of all races and social levels, for 'the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men'(Romans 5:18). All need forgiveness of sins before God, and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified, for 'the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men'(Romans 5:18)...We believe that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness not on the basis of their own works, but only through faith(Ephesians 2:8,9)."
  94. ^施马加登信条英语Smalcald Articles(1536),Part II, Article I: The first and chief article页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  95. ^《羅馬書》11:6. [2016-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-20).既是出于恩典,就不在乎行为;不然,恩典就不是恩典了。 
  96. ^《加拉太書》2:21. [2016-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-20).我不废掉神的恩,义若是借着律法得的,基督就是徒然死了! 
  97. ^Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," inThe Cambridge Companion to Luther. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94.
  98. ^WELS Topical Q&A:Lutherans and Presbyterians, "Historically, Presbyterians believed that it is impossible for a believer to fall from the faith. Confessional Lutherans believe that it is possible for believers to fall from faith. See 1 Corinthians 10:12."
  99. ^《协同式·宣言全文》,第四条:《论善行》,31-32节
  100. ^《协同式·宣言全文》,第十一条:《论上帝永远的预知和拣选》,42节
  101. ^WELS Topical Q&A:Position on "once saved, always saved"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  102. ^WELS Topical Q&A:Does the Bible speak of losing faith?, "Some Bible verses that speak of losing faith are: Luke 8:13; 1 Corinthians 10:12; Galatians 5:4; 1 Timothy 1:19-20; and, 2 Peter 3:17. The Greek of Hebrews 6:4-6 can be translated to describe a person who has committed the sin against the Holy Spirit (Matthew 12:31-32) or a person who has fallen from faith but can still be brought back to faith. ...it is obvious from that section of Scripture—and elsewhere—that "once saved, always saved" has no scriptural basis."
  103. ^《天主教教理》卷三 在基督内的生活页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  104. ^104.0104.1104.2《天主教教理》卷三 在基督内的生活页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  105. ^罗马书 6
  106. ^James 2:14-17
  107. ^Eastern Orthodox Teachings in Comparison with the Doctrinal Position of Biola University (东正教教义与Biola大学信仰立场比较)(PDF). [2016-08-09]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2006-12-09). 
  108. ^参看《罗马书》第2章第14节至第15节、《罗马书》第3章第9节至第10节、《罗马书》第19章第20节
  109. ^参看《罗马书》第3章第22节至第24节、《罗马书》第29章第30节
  110. ^Book by Book: Romans页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),What about Jesus?
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=因信稱義&oldid=89648836
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