註釋

1. ^^{1.001.011.021.031.041.051.061.071.081.091.101.111.121.131.141.151.16}Consonants in consonant clusters areassimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except[v,vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959，第31頁).
2. ^^{2.02.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.8}The voiced obstruents/b,bʲ,d,dʲ,ɡ,v,vʲ,z,zʲ,ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959，第22頁).
3. ^^3.03.13.2⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced[ɣ] or[x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such asГо́споди^ⓘ andБог^ⓘ, and in the interjectionsага́^ⓘ,ого́^ⓘ,го́споди^ⓘ,ей-бо́гу^ⓘ, and also inбухга́лтер[bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004，第23頁)./ɡ/ devoices andlenites to[x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots-мягк- or-мягч-,-легк- or-легч-,-тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of-ногт-,-когт-,кто. Speakers of theSouthern Russian dialects may pronounce⟨г⟩ as[ɣ] (soft[ɣʲ], devoiced[x] and[xʲ]) throughout.
4. ^^4.04.1Intervocalic⟨г⟩ represents/v/ in certain words (сего́дня^ⓘ,сего́дняшний^ⓘ,итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix-ого/-его (Timberlake 2004，第23頁).
5. ^The soft vowel letters⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ representiotated vowels/je,jo,ju,ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the/j/ may not be present. The letter⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound/ji/ only afterь.
6. ^/l/ is often stronglypharyngealized[ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996，第187-188頁).
7. ^Alveo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
8. ^Most speakers pronounce⟨ч⟩ in the pronounчто and its derivatives as[ʂ]. All other occurrences ofчт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
9. ^⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as[ɕː] or[ɕɕ] and sometimes as[ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. It is generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the wordсчи́тывать sometimes has[ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix⟨с-⟩ and the root⟨-чит-⟩.
10. ^^{10.010.110.210.310.4}[ts],[tɕ],[ɕː],[x], have voiced allophones,[dz],[dʑ],[ʑː],[ɣ] respectively, before voicedstop consonants. Examples:плацда́рм^ⓘ,начди́в,дочь бы^ⓘ,вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
11. ^^11.011.1Theaffricates[ts] and[tɕ] are sometimes written withligature ties:[t͡s] and[t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
12. ^Geminated[ʐː] is pronounced as soft[ʑː], the voiced counterpart to[ɕː], in a few lexical items (such asдрожжи orзаезжать) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224頁)).
13. ^^{13.013.113.213.313.4}Vowels arefronted and/orraised in the context of palatalized consonants:/a/ and/u/ become[æ] and[ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants,/e/ is realized as[e] before and between palatalized consonants and/o/ becomes[ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
14. ^Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress)/a/ and/o/, as well as when in a sequence.
15. ^Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004，第48-51頁).
16. ^Unstressed/a/ is pronounced as[ɪ] after⟨ч⟩ and⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.^{[來源請求]}
17. ^^17.017.1In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed/e/ and/o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
18. ^Unstressed[ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.

參考資料

• Cubberley, Paul. The phonology of Modern Russian.Russian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. 2002-10-17: 59.ISBN 978-0-521-79641-5（英语）. 
• Halle, Morris, Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press, 1959 
• Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis.The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 2010.ISBN 978-0-521-15300-3（英语）. 
• Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996.ISBN 0-631-19814-8（英语）. 
• Timberlake, Alan. Sounds.A Reference Grammar of Russian. Cambridge University Press. 2004-01-22: 28.ISBN 978-0-521-77292-1（英语）. 
• Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel.Russian. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2015-08,45 (2): 221–228.ISSN 0025-1003.doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395（英语）.