 | |
| 轨道发射 | |
|---|---|
| 首次 | 1月20日 |
| 末次 | 12月28日 |
| 总计 | 84 |
| 成功 | 78 |
| 失败 | 6 |
| 标识符 | 80 |
| 各国的首次 | |
| 卫星 |  马恩岛 |
| 火箭 | |
| 处女航 | 天顶-3F 长2F/G 宇宙神5号541构型 |
| 退役 | 美国航天飞机 德尔塔2重型 |
| 载人航天 | |
| 轨道飞行次数 | 7 |
| 载人航天人数合计 | 28 |
| 舱外活动次数 | 10 |
2011年的全球航天界发生了许多重大事件，包括2011年7月美国国家航空航天局的航天飞机在最后一次飞行后退役，以及9月中国首个空间站原型天宫一号成功发射。2011年共进行84次轨道发射，其中78次成功。俄罗斯、中国和美国完成了全年大部分的轨道发射，分别进行了35次、19次和18次发射；2011年是中国的首次发射次数超过美国的一年。[1]2011年共有7次载人航天器进入轨道，共将28名宇航员送往国际空间站。此外，天顶-3F和长征二号F/G运载火箭于2011年完成首飞，而德尔塔二号重型运载火箭则进行了最后一次飞行。
2011年共尝试了84次轨道发射，其中78次成功；80次发射进入轨道。俄罗斯和前苏联的火箭完成了35次发射，而中国则发射了19次，美国发射了18次。另外，欧洲进行了5次发射，印度和日本各进行了3次，伊朗进行了1次。
2011年共发射了7次载人航天飞机（四次联盟号飞船和三次航天飞机任务），共将28名宇航员和航天员送入轨道。这年年初，远征26（英语：Expedition 26）乘组已进入国际空间站（ISS）。2011年的首次载人飞行是STS-133，由美国航天飞机 发现号于2月24日在肯尼迪航天中心完成，这也是它的最后一次飞行。STS-133搭载了最后一个美国加压舱“莱昂纳多”号至国际空间站进行安装。发现号于3月9日返回地球。
3月16日，远征27（英语：Expedition 27）随着自2010年10月以来一直对接国际空间站的联盟号TMA-01M飞船离开国际空间站。4月4日，联盟号TMA-21发射升空前往空间站，并运送另外三名乘组人员。5月16日，美国航天飞机 奋进号执行其最后一次任务STS-134。它向国际空间站运送并安装了阿尔法磁谱仪，然后于6月1日返回地球。随着2010年12月发射的联盟号TMA-20飞船于5月23日撤离（于5月24日凌晨着陆），远征28（英语：Expedition 28）开始了其在国际空间站的任务。6月7日，另外三名乘组人员搭乘联盟号TMA-02M飞船前往国际空间站。
最后一次航天飞机任务STS-135于7月8日随着美国航天飞机 亚特兰蒂斯号的发射开始，携带拉斐尔多用途后勤舱（MPLM）为国际空间站运送补给。在为空间站补充补给后，亚特兰蒂斯号返回地球，于世界标准时间7月21日09:57降落在肯尼迪航天中心的航天飞机着陆设施 ，结束了总计30年的航天飞机运行。在着陆前两天，亚特兰蒂斯号部署了PSSC-2，这是最后一颗从航天飞机发射的卫星。
9月29日，中国首个空间站原型天宫一号在酒泉卫星发射中心由长征二号F/G运载火箭发射升空并成功入轨。尽管2011年没有进行有关天宫一号的载人飞行任务，但10月31日发射的神舟八号无人飞船与天宫一号进行了两次交會對接，以测试其系统，为2012年成功进行载人对接做准备。
9月16日，随着联盟号TMA-21脱离对接，国际空间站远征28任务结束，远征29（英语：Expedition 29）开始。联盟号TMA-22的发射直到11月14日才进行，原因是8月份联盟号火箭的无人发射失败后，人们对其可靠性产生了担忧，导致发射被推迟。一周后，联盟号TMA-02M脱离对接并于11月22日着陆，这也标志着远征30（英语：Expedition 30）任务的开始。当年最后一次载人发射于12月21日进行，联盟号TMA-03M将另外三名乘组人员送往国际空间站。
2011年共进行了10次舱外活动，全部由国际空间站或航天飞机宇航员进行。航天飞机乘组的最后一次太空行走于5月27日在STS-134任务期间进行。
2011年启动了多项科学探索任务。2011年3月，信使号探测器成为水星的第一颗人造卫星。7月，“黎明”号航天器成为小行星灶神星的首颗人造卫星。火星科学实验室——当时有史以来建造的最大的火星探测器——于2012年11月发射，并于2012年8月成功登陆火星。[2]
2011年共有6次轨道发射失败，其中4次未能进入轨道，其余2次进入的轨道低于预期。第一次事故发生在2月1日，当时一架装有Briz-KM上面级的呼啸运载火箭将Kosmos2470卫星送入了一个无法恢复的错误轨道。后来，故障被追溯到Briz-KM的软件问题。
第二次事故发生在3月4日，当时金牛座XL的整流罩未能分离，导致火箭过重而无法进入轨道。辉煌号气候研究卫星以及几个立方卫星（KySat-1、Hermes和Explorer-1[PRIME]）均在此次事故中损失。上一次金牛座-XL的发射是在2009年2月，当时搭载着在轨碳观测台，也因整流罩未分离而失败。
2011年的接下来几个月没有再出现发射失败。直到8月中旬，在一周的时间内，连续三次轨道级航天发射全部宣告失败。8月17日，质子-M/Briz-M上面级运载火箭搭载Ekspress-AM4通信卫星，从拜科努尔航天发射场顺利起飞。8月18日上午，由于姿态控制系统故障，火箭上面级未能进行计划中的五次点火中的第四次，导致航天器滞留在停泊轨道。当天晚些时候，长征二号丙运载火箭从酒泉发射，搭载实践十一号04号卫星。由于二级游机与伺服机构连接失效，火箭失去控制，最终未能进入轨道。最后，8月24日，搭载进步M-12M货运飞船前往国际空间站的联盟-U运载火箭第三级发动机发生故障，同样未能进入轨道。
2011年的最后一次发射失败发生在12月23日，当时搭载子午线5号卫星的联盟号2-1b/弗雷加特上面级运载火箭因第三级故障未能进入轨道。碎片落到新西伯利亚州，其中一块砸中了一所房屋，不过没有人员伤亡的报告。
2011年11月，俄罗斯的福布斯-土壤火卫一样本返回探测器成功发射进入预定轨道，但其后佛盖特上面级出现故障，无法变轨，探测器最终于2012年1月15日在太平洋上空再入解体。该航天器是俄罗斯自1996年火星96号任务以来首次尝试开展行星际飞行的任务。与福布斯-土壤搭载同一枚火箭升空的中国首个火星探测器“萤火一号”也在此次事故中丢失。
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| ←一月 •二月 •三月 •四月 •五月 •六月 •七月 •八月 •九月 •十月 •十一月 •十二月→ |
| 发射时间 (UTC) | 运载火箭 | 火箭编号 | 发射场 | 发射服务提供商（英语：List of launch service providers） | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 有效载荷 (⚀ =立方星) | 载荷用户 | 轨道 | 功能 | 再入时间 (UTC) | 结果 | ||
| 附注 | |||||||
| 22 January 06:10[77] |  Terrier-Oriole | Wallops Island | MDA | ||||
| Aegis Radar Test | MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 22 January | Successful | ||
| Aegis Radar target, not intercepted, Apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 28 January 10:46:00[78] |  Black Brant IX | Poker Flat | NASA | ||||
| FIRE | Colorado | Suborbital | Astronomy | 28 January | Spacecraft failure[78] | ||
| 5 February 08:11:11[78] | Black Brant IX | Poker Flat | NASA | ||||
| Polar NOx | VPI | Suborbital | Geospace | 5 February | Spacecraft failure[78] | ||
| February[77] |  Shahab-3 | | IRGC | ||||
| IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | February | Successful | |||
| Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[來源請求] | |||||||
| February[77] | Sejjil-2 | | IRGC | ||||
| IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | February | Successful | |||
| Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[來源請求] | |||||||
| 1 March 21:00[77] | UGM-133 Trident II D5 | “Nevada”号SSBN-733 (6), Pacific Ocean | US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 1 March | Successful | |||
| Demonstration and Shakedown Operation 22 (DASO-22) | |||||||
| 2 March 13:40[77] | Juno | Fort WingateLC-96 | U.S. Army | ||||
| U.S. Army | Suborbital | Target | 2 March | Successful | |||
| Target forMIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 MSE test, successfully intercepted | |||||||
| 9 March[77] | Terrier-Oriole | Kauai | MDA | ||||
| ARAV-B | MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 9 March | Successful | ||
| Tracked by STSS satellites | |||||||
| 11 March |  Dhanush | Sea launch fromIndian Ocean | DRDO | ||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Target | 11 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 11 March | Prithvi II | Integrated Test Range IC-3 | DRDO | ||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 15 March[77] | Kavoshgar (Zelzal-based) | Semnan Space Center | ISA | ||||
| Kavoshgar-4 | ISA | Suborbital | Test flight | 15 March | Successful | ||
| Test of biological capsule. Apogee: 120公里（75英里） | |||||||
| 16 March[77] | Terrier-Oriole | Kauai | MDA | ||||
| ARAV-B | MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 16 March | Successful | ||
| Tracked by bothSTSS Demo satellites | |||||||
| 23 March 18:50:00[78] | Black Brant IX | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| EVE | CU Boulder | Suborbital | SDO calibration[79] | 23 March | Successful[78] | ||
| 29 March 04:01[80] |  VSB-30 |  Esrange |  EuroLaunch | ||||
 TEXUS-49 | DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 29 March | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 268公里（167英里） | |||||||
| 15 April 06:52[77] | UGM-96 Trident I C4 (LV-2)[81] | FTM-15 |  Meck | MDA | |||
| MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 15 April | Successful | |||
| 15 April 07:03[77] | RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 | FTM-15 | “O'Kane”号DDG-177 (6), Pacific Ocean | US Navy | |||
| FTM-15 | US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 15 April | Successful | ||
| First intercept of an IRBM by an SM-3 (FTM-15Stellar Charon) | |||||||
| 26 April[77] |  R-29RMU Sineva | K-84Ekaterinburg, Barents Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 April | Successful | |||
| 27 April 08:00:00[78] | Black Brant IX | Poker Flat | NASA | ||||
| WFF | Suborbital | Test flight | 27 April | Successful[78] | ||
| 6 May[82] 23:02[83] |  Tianying 3C | Hainan | CNSA | ||||
| Kunpeng-1 | CSSAR | Suborbital | Environment monitoring | 23:09 | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 196.6公里（122.2英里）. | |||||||
| 11 May 18:00[77] | Improved Orion | Barreira do Inferno | AEB | ||||
| INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 11 May | Successful | |||
| 20 May 13:21[來源請求] | SpaceLoft XL | Spaceport America | UP Aerospace | ||||
| Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 20 May | Successful | ||||
| Goddard | Celestis | Suborbital | Space burial | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 118.3公里（73.5英里）, successfully recovered. | |||||||
| 20 May 14:50[77] | R-29RMU2.1 Layner | K-84Ekaterinburg, Barents Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 May | Successful | |||
| Maiden flight of Layner missile | |||||||
| 10 June 11:11:16[78] | Terrier-Orion | Wallops Island | NASA | ||||
| SubTec IV[77] | GSFC | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 10 June | Successful[78] | ||
| 22 June 13:35 | LGM-30G Minuteman III | VandenbergLF-10 | U.S. Air Force | ||||
| U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 June | Successful | |||
| 23 June 10:18:00[78] | Terrier-Orion | Wallops Island | NASA | ||||
| RockOn | Colorado | Suborbital | Student experiments | 23 June | Successful[78] | ||
| 28 June 11:55[77] | RSM-56 Bulava | K-535Yuri Dolgorukiy, White Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| 28 June[77] | Shahab-1 | Iran | IRGC | ||||
| IGRC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | Shahab-1 | Iran | IGRC | ||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | Shahab-2 | Iran | IRGC | ||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | Shahab-2 | Iran | IRGC | ||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 28 June[77] | Ghadr-1[77] | Iran | IRGC | ||||
| IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 500公里（310英里） | |||||||
| 9 July 02:04[77] | SRALT | C-17, Pacific Ocean | MDA | ||||
| FTX-17 | MDA | Suborbital | Radar target | 9 July | Successful | ||
| Tracked bySTSS Demo satellites | |||||||
| 9 July 09:00:00[78] | Black Brant VB | WallopsLA-2[77] | NASA | ||||
| Daytime Dynamo | NASA | Suborbital | Geospace | 9 July | Successful[78] | ||
| 9 July 09:00:15[78] | Terrier-Orion | Wallops LA-2[77] | NASA | ||||
| Daytime Dynamo | NASA | Suborbital | Geospace | 9 July | Successful[78] | ||
| 11 July 15:35[77] |  Gradicom II | Chamical | CITEFA | ||||
| CITEFA | Suborbital | Test flight | 11 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100公里（62英里） | |||||||
| 21 July 07:00[84] | Nike-Improved Orion | Esrange | EuroLaunch | ||||
| PHOCUS | Stockholm/SSC | Suborbital | Atmospheric | 21 July | Successful | ||
| 21 July 11:58:00[78] | Terrier-Orion | Wallops Island | NASA | ||||
| RockSat-X | Wallops Flight Facility | Suborbital | Student experiments | 21 July | Successful[78] | ||
| 27 July 10:01[77] | LGM-30G Minuteman III | VandenbergLF-04 | U.S. Air Force | ||||
| U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 27 July | Launch failure | |||
| An anomaly was detected five minutes after launch and the flight was terminated. | |||||||
| 27 July[77] | R-29RMU Sineva | K-84Ekaterinburg, Barents Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 July | Successful | |||
| 11 August 14:45[77] | Minotaur IV Lite | VandenbergSLC-8 | Orbital | ||||
| HTV-2b | U.S. Air Force | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 11 August | Spacecraft failure | ||
| Second flight of the HTV-2, loss of contact approximately 20 minutes after launch at Mach 20. | |||||||
| 27 August 03:20[77] | RSM-56 Bulava | K-535Yuri Dolgorukiy, White Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 August | Successful | |||
| 1 September 13:53[77] | Terrier-Oriole | FTM-16 E2 | Kauai | MDA | |||
| MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 1 September | Successful | |||
| SM-3 Block 1B target | |||||||
| 1 September 13:54[77] | RIM-161C SM-3 Block 1B | FTM-16 E2 | “Lake Erie”号CG-70 (6), Pacific Ocean | US Navy | |||
| US Navy | Suborbital | ABM test | 1 September | Spacecraft failure | |||
| First launch of SM-3 Block 1B, intercept failed | |||||||
| 3 September 09:46[77] | RS-12M Topol | Plesetsk | RVSN | ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 September | Successful | |||
| 15 September[85] | Kavoshgar (Zelzal-based) | Semnan | ISA | ||||
| Kavoshgar-5 | ISA | Suborbital | Biological | 15 September | Launch failure | ||
| First Iranian attempt to launch amonkey into space; failed, resulting in death of the monkey | |||||||
| 26 September[86] 03:20[77] | Prithvi II | Integrated Test RangeIC-3[77] | DRDO | ||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Successful | |||
| 27 September 07:08[85] | RS-26 Rubezh | Plesetsk | RVSN | ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 September | Launch failure | |||
| 29 September[來源請求] | R-29RMU2.1 Layner | K-114Tula, Barents Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 September | Successful | |||
| 30 September 04:02[87] | Agni-II | ITRIC-4[77] | Indian Army | ||||
| Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 September | Successful | |||
| Travelled 2,500公里（1,600英里） downrange | |||||||
| 5 October 05:56[77] | SRALT | FTT-12 | C-17, Pacific Ocean | MDA | |||
| U.S. Army /MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted by THAAD missile | |||||||
| 5 October 05:56[77] | R-17 Elbrus | FTT-12 | MLP,Barking Sands | U.S. Army | |||
| U.S. Army /MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted by THAAD missile | |||||||
| 5 October 06:00[77] | THAAD | FTT-12 | Barking Sands | U.S. Army | |||
| U.S. Army /MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted target missile | |||||||
| 5 October 06:00[77] | THAAD | FTT-12 | Barking Sands | U.S. Army | |||
| U.S. Army /MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 5 October | Successful | |||
| Intercepted target missile | |||||||
| 8 October 10:25:01[78] | Black Brant IX | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| PICTURE | Boston | Suborbital | Astronomy | 8 October | Spacecraft failure[78] | ||
| 11 October 21:15:00[78] | Terrier-Orion |  Andøya | NASA | ||||
| CHAMPS | Colorado | Suborbital | Geospace | 11 October | Successful[78] | ||
| 13 October 13:50:00[78] | Terrier-Orion | Andøya | NASA | ||||
| CHAMPS | Colorado | Suborbital | Geospace | 13 October[78] | Successful | ||
| 28 October 03:40[77] | RSM-56 Bulava | K-535Yuri Dolgorukiy, White Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 October | Successful | |||
| 2 November 07:50[77] |  Jericho III | Palmachim | Israeli Air Force | ||||
| Israeli Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 November | Successful | |||
| 3 November 06:45[77] | RS-12M Topol | Plesetsk | RVSN | ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 3 November | Successful | |||
| 6 November 07:00[78] | Black Brant IX | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| XQC F5 | Wisconsin | Suborbital | Astronomy | 6 November | Successful[78] | ||
| 15 November 03:30[88] | Agni IV | Integrated Test Range IC-4 | DRDO | ||||
| Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 15 November | Successful | |||
| 17 November 11:30 | UGM-27 Polaris (STARS) | Barking SandsLC-42 | U.S. Air Force | ||||
| AHW Flight 1A | U.S. Army | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 17 November | Successful | ||
| 25 November 23:00[77] | Improved Orion | Barreira do Inferno | AEB | ||||
| INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 25 November | Successful | |||
| 27 November 09:10[89] | VSB-30 | Esrange | EuroLaunch | ||||
| /TEXUS-48 | DLR/ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 27 November | Successful | ||
| 2 December 22:00[77] | VS-30 | Barreira do Inferno | AEB | ||||
| Brasil-Alemanha | INPE | Suborbital | Microgravity | 2 December | Successful | ||
| 3 December 07:21:31[77] | VS-30/Improved Orion | Ny-Ålesund | Andøya | ||||
| ICI-3 (CanoRock 4) | Oslo/Andøya | Suborbital | Atmospheric | 3 December | Successful[90] | ||
| 10 December 10:30:00[91] | Black Brant IX | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| Colorado | Suborbital | Astronomy | 10 December | Successful | |||
| 19 December 14:48[92] |  S-310 | Uchinoura | JAXA | ||||
| JAXA/TPU/TU | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 19 December | Successful | |||
| 19 December | MN-300 | Kapustin Yar | Roshydromet | ||||
| MR-30 | Roshydromet | Suborbital | Meteorology Test flight | 19 December | Successful | ||
| Maiden flight of MN-300 | |||||||
| 23 December | RSM-56 Bulava | K-535Yuri Dolgorukiy, White Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 December | Successful | |||
| 23 December | RSM-56 Bulava | K-535Yuri Dolgorukiy, White Sea | VMF | ||||
| VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 December | Successful | |||
| 27 December 12:00 | RS-18 UR-100N |  Baikonur | RVSN | ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 December | Successful | |||
| ? | UGM-133 Trident II D5 | “?”号SSBN ? (6), Pacific Ocean | US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | ? | Successful | |||
| Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44 | |||||||
| ? | UGM-133 Trident II D5 | “?”号SSBN ? (6), Pacific Ocean | US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | ? | Launch failure | |||
| Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44 ? | |||||||
| 日期 (UTC) | 航天器 | 事件 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9 January | Mars Express | Flyby ofPhobos | Closest approach: 100公里（62英里）. Mars Express made a total of 8 flybys of Phobos at a distance of less than 1,400公里（870英里） between 20 December and 16 January. |
| 9 January | Artemis P1 | Spacecraft left LL2 orbit and joined Artemis P2 in LL1 orbit | |
| 11 January | Cassini | 3rd flyby ofRhea | Closest approach: 76公里（47英里）[93] |
| 15 February | Stardust (NExT) | Flyby ofTempel 1 | Closest approach: 181公里（112英里）. Observed changes sinceDeep Impact flyby and imagedcrater created by Deep Impact impactor, as well as new terrain. |
| 18 February | Cassini | 74th flyby ofTitan | Closest approach: 3,651公里（2,269英里） |
| 18 March | MESSENGER | Hermocentric orbit injection | First artificial satellite of Mercury; elliptical orbit with aperiapsis of 200 kilometers (120 mi) and anapoapsis of 15,000 km (9,300 mi).[94] |
| 19 April | Cassini | 75th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 10,053公里（6,247英里） |
| 8 May | Cassini | 76th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,873公里（1,164英里） |
| 8 June | Chang'e 2 | Departed lunar orbit | Travelled toL2 Lagrangian point, which it reached in August 2011.[95] |
| 20 June | Cassini | 77th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 1,359公里（844英里） |
| 27 June | Artemis P1 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were: apogee 3,543公里（2,202英里）, perigee 27,000公里（17,000英里）. Over the following three months, the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97公里（60英里） and a perigee of 18,000公里（11,000英里）, with an inclination of 20 degrees; retrograde orbit. |
| 16 July | Dawn | Vestiocentric orbit injection | First artificial satellite of 4 Vesta.[96] Initial orbit was 16,000公里（9,900英里） high and was reduced to 2,700公里（1,700英里） until 11 August. |
| 17 July | Artemis P2 | Lunar orbit insertion | Initial orbital parameters were similar to Artemis P1. Over the following three months the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97公里（60英里） and a perigee of 18,000公里（11,000英里）, with an inclination of 20 degrees; prograde orbit. |
| 25 August | Cassini | Second-closest flyby ofHyperion[97] | Closest approach: 25,000公里（16,000英里） |
| 12 September | Cassini | 78th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 5,821公里（3,617英里） |
| 16 September | Cassini | Flyby of Hyperion | Closest approach: 58,000公里（36,000英里） |
| 1 October | Cassini | 14th flyby ofEnceladus | Closest approach: 99公里（62英里） |
| 19 October | Cassini | 15th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 1,231公里（765英里） |
| 6 November | Cassini | 16th flyby of Enceladus | Closest approach: 496公里（308英里） |
| 12 December | Cassini | 3rd flyby ofDione | Closest approach: 99公里（62英里） |
| 13 December | Cassini | 79th flyby of Titan | Closest approach: 3,586公里（2,228英里） |
| 31 December | GRAIL-A | Lunar orbit insertion | Twin satellite Grail-B's insertion occurred a day later, on 1 January 2012. |
| 开始时间 | 持续时间 | 结束时间 | 航天器 | 乘组 | 工作内容 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 January 10:05 | 5 hours 23 minutes | 15:49 | Expedition 26 ISSPirs | Dmitri KondratyevOleg Skripochka | Prepared theISSPoisk module for future dockings.[98] | |
| 16 February 13:15 | 6 hours 23 minutes | 18:15 | Expedition 26 ISSPirs | Dmitri KondratyevOleg Skripochka | Installed a radio antenna, deployed ananosatellite, installed two experiments and retrieved two exposure panels on a third experiment. | |
| 28 February 15:46 | 6 hours 34 minutes | 22:20 | STS-133 ISSQuest | Stephen BowenAlvin Drew | Removed a failed coolant pump and routed a power extension cable. | |
| 2 March 15:41 | 6 hours 14 minutes | 21:55 | STS-133 ISSQuest | Stephen BowenAlvin Drew | Removed or repaired thermal insulation, swapped out an attachment bracket on theColumbus module, installed a camera assembly on Dextre and installed a light on a cargo cart. | |
| 20 May 07:10 | 6 hours 19 minutes | 13:29 | STS-134 ISSQuest | Andrew FeustelGregory Chamitoff | Completed installation of a new set of MISSE experiments, started installing a new wireless video system, installed an ammonia jumper, a new light on the CETA cart on the S3 truss segment, and a cover on the starboard SARJ. | |
| 22 May 06:05 | 8 hours 07 minutes | 14:12 | STS-134 ISSQuest | Andrew FeustelMichael Fincke | Hooked up a jumper to transfer ammonia to the Port 6 PVTCS, lubricated the SARJ and one of the "hands" onDextre, and installed a stowage beam on the S1 truss. | |
| 25 May 05:43 | 6 hours 54 minutes | 12:37 | STS-134 ISSQuest | Andrew FeustelMichael Fincke | Installed PDGF (except for data cable), routed power cables fromUnity toZarya, finished installation of wireless video system, took pictures ofZarya's thrusters and captured infrared video of an experiment in ELC 3. | |
| 27 May 04:15 | 7 hours 24 minutes | 11:39 | STS-134 ISSQuest | Gregory ChamitoffMike Fincke | Installed OBSS on S1 truss, removed the EFGF and replaced it with a spare PDGF, and released some torque on the bolts that were holding the spare arm for Dextre down against ELC 3. Final shuttle spacewalk.[99] | |
| 12 July 13:22 | 6 hours 31 minutes | 19:53 | Expedition 28 ISSQuest | Ronald GaranMichael Fossum | Moved a failed cooling pump from the station to the shuttleAtlantis, transferred a robotic refuelling apparatus from the shuttle to the ISS, installed a materials science experiment on the station's truss, serviced a robot arm attachment fitting, installed a thermal cover over the unused docking port PMA-3, and fixed a protruding wire on a grapple fixture on theZarya module. | |
| 3 August 14:51 | 6 hours 22 minutes | 21:22 | Expedition 28 ISSPirs | Sergei VolkovAleksandr Samokutyayev | Launched Kedr satellite, installed BIORISK experiment outsidePirs, and installed laser communication equipment to transmit scientific data from the Russian Orbital Segment. |
就本章节的主旨而言，每次航天飞行所属的国家以火箭的原产国为准，而不是发射服务提供商或发射场所在国。例如，西欧阿丽亚娜空间公司在南美洲圭亞那太空中心发射的联盟号火箭应视作俄罗斯的发射，因为联盟2号是俄罗斯火箭。
| 国家（区域） | 发射数 | 成功数 | 失败数 | 部分 失败数 | 备注 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中国 | 19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 歐洲 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 印度 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 伊朗 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 日本 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 俄羅斯 | 29 | 25 | 4 | 0 | 包括阿丽亚娜空间公司从圭亚那太空中心发射的两次欧洲联盟号火箭。 | |
 乌克兰 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 包括一枚从海上发射的天顶和一枚从陆地发射的天顶。 | |
| 美国 | 18 | 17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 总计 | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 | ||
| Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane | 歐洲 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Atlas | 美国 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta | 美国 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
| H-II | 日本 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March | 中国 | 19 | 18 | 1 | 0 | |
| Minotaur | 美国 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
| PSLV | 印度 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| R-7 | 俄羅斯 | 19 | 17 | 2 | 0 | |
| R-36 | 乌克兰 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Safir | 伊朗 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Space Shuttle | 美国 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
| Universal Rocket | 俄羅斯 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | |
| Zenit | 乌克兰 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane 5 | 歐洲 | Ariane | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Atlas V | 美国 | Atlas | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta II | 美国 | Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta IV | 美国 | Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Dnepr | 乌克兰 | R-36 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| H-IIA | 日本 | H-II | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| H-IIB | 日本 | H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 2 | 中国 | Long March | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | |
| Long March 3 | 中国 | Long March | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 4 | 中国 | Long March | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Minotaur I | 美国 | Minotaur | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Minotaur IV | 美国 | Minotaur | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| PSLV | 印度 | PSLV | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Proton | 俄羅斯 | Universal Rocket | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
| Safir | 伊朗 | Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Soyuz | 俄羅斯 | R-7 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | |
| Soyuz-2 | 俄羅斯 | R-7 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
| Space Shuttle | 美国 | Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
| UR-100 | 俄羅斯 | Universal Rocket | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Taurus | 美国 | Minotaur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Zenit | 乌克兰 | Zenit | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ariane 5 ECA | 歐洲 | Ariane 5 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ariane 5 ES | 歐洲 | Ariane 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Atlas V 401 | 美国 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Atlas V 411 | 美国 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Atlas V 501 | 美国 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Atlas V 541 | 美国 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Atlas V 551 | 美国 | Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta II 7320 | 美国 | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta II 7920 | 美国 | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta II 7920H | 美国 | Delta II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
| Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) | 美国 | Delta IV | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delta IV Heavy | 美国 | Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Dnepr | 乌克兰 | Dnepr | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| H-IIA 202 | 日本 | H-IIA | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| H-IIB | 日本 | H-IIB | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 2C | 中国 | Long March 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
| Long March 2D | 中国 | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 2F | 中国 | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 2F/G | 中国 | Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
| Long March 3A | 中国 | Long March 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 3B | 中国 | Long March 3 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 3C | 中国 | Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Long March 4B | 中国 | Long March 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Minotaur I | 美国 | Minotaur I | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Minotaur IV+ | 美国 | Minotaur IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| PSLV-G | 印度 | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| PSLV-CA | 印度 | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| PSLV-XL | 印度 | PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Proton-M /Briz-M | 俄羅斯 | Proton | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
| Rokot /Briz-KM | 俄羅斯 | UR-100 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Safir-B | 伊朗 | Safir | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Soyuz-2.1a /Fregat-M | 俄羅斯 | Soyuz-2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Soyuz ST-A /Fregat | 俄羅斯 | Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Soyuz-2.1b /Fregat-M | 俄羅斯 | Soyuz-2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
| Soyuz ST-B /Fregat-MT | 俄羅斯 | Soyuz-2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Soyuz-FG | 俄羅斯 | Soyuz | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Soyuz-U | 俄羅斯 | Soyuz | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
| Space Shuttle | 美国 | Space Shuttle | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Final flight |
| Taurus-XL | 美国 | Taurus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Zenit-2M | 乌克兰 | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Zenit-3F | 乌克兰 | Zenit | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Maiden flight |
| Zenit-3SL | 乌克兰 | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Zenit-3SLB | 乌克兰 | Zenit | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baikonur | 哈萨克斯坦 | 25 | 23 | 2 | 0 | |
| Cape Canaveral | 美国 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
| Dombarovsky | 俄羅斯 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kourou |  法國 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
| Jiuquan | 中国 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
| Kennedy Space Center | 美国 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kodiak | 美国 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| MARS | 美国 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ocean Odyssey |  International waters | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Plesetsk | 俄羅斯 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |
| Satish Dhawan | 印度 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Semnan | 伊朗 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Tanegashima | 日本 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Taiyuan | 中国 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vandenberg | 美国 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
| Xichang | 中国 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 0 | ||
| Orbital regime | Launches | Successes | Failures | Accidentally achieved | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Low Earth | 44 | 40 | 4 | 0 | 14 to ISS, 1 to Tiangong-1 |
| Medium Earth /Molniya | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
| Geosynchronous /GTO | 27 | 26 | 1 | 1 | |
| High Earth /Lunar transfer | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Heliocentric /Planetary transfer | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 84 | 78 | 6 | 1 |
U.S. Strategic Command’s (USSTRATCOM) Joint Force Space Component Command (JFSCC), through the Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC), confirmed Tiangong-1 reentered the Earth’s atmosphere over the southern Pacific Ocean at approximately 5:16 p.m. (PST) April 1, 2018.
2011年太空活動 | ||
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2012 » | ||
| 太空探測器發射 |   .jpg) | |
| 受特別關注的近地天体 | ||
| 系外行星 |
| |
| 發現 | ||
| 新星 | ||
| 彗星 | ||
| 太空探索 | ||
