更新的、更严谨的临床数据并不能证明锂有这些严重伤害。[31]Nielsen et al. (2018)收集了2010年起的6个大型观察式研究,发现肾功能降低的情况有被监视偏差夸大。[39]Davis et al. (2018)采用1977–2018的文献,发现锂和慢性肾病和肾衰竭的关联证据不足,且研究数据互相矛盾。[40]
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