在1950和1960年代,造山運動(原文是"continenal drift and plate tectonic"而非"造山運動")的研究配合生物地理學[12]、地理學和中洋脊的研究,對於板塊構造論有相當大的幫助。甚至在極早的地質年代中,存在於海洋中的生命因為能影響大氣的成分而扮演了相當重要的角色。海洋的存在對於海床的延伸與隱沒是相當重要的(此句因果倒置:應爲“海床的延伸與隱沒對於海洋的存在是相當重要的”)[13][14]。
^2.02.1Philip Kearey, Keith A. Klepeis, Frederick J. Vine. Chapter 10: Orogenic belts.Global tectonics 3rd. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009: 287 [2010-05-07].ISBN 1405107774. (原始内容存档于2021-05-09).
^Five characteristics of the orogenic cycle are listed byRobert J. Twiss, Eldridge M. Moores. Plate tectonic models of orogenic core zones.Structural geology 2nd. Macmillan. 1992: 493 [2010-05-07].ISBN 0716722526. (原始内容存档于2020-03-11).
^N. H. Woodcock, Robin A. Strachan. Chapter 12: The Caledonian Orogeny: a multiple plate collision.cited work. : 187ff [2010-05-07].ISBN 0632036567. (原始内容存档于2020-03-05).
^For example, seePatrick L Osborne.Tropical ecosystems and ecological concepts. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 11 [2010-05-07].ISBN 0521645239. (原始内容存档于2020-02-26).Continental drift andplate tectonics help to explain both the similarities and the differences in the distribution of plants and animals over the continents andJohn C Briggs.Biogeography and plate tectonics. Elsevier. 1987: 131 [2010-05-07].ISBN 0444427430. (原始内容存档于2020-02-15).It will not be possible to construct a thorough account of the history of the southern hemisphere without the evidence from both the biological and the earth sciences
^Gerhard Einsele.Sedimentary basins: evolution, facies, and sediment budget 2nd. Springer. 2000: 453 [2010-05-07].ISBN 354066193X. (原始内容存档于2020-01-25).Without denudation, even relatively low uplift rates as characteristic of epeirogenetic movements (e.g. 20m/MA) would generate highly elevated regions in geological time periods.
Élie de Beaumont, J.-B., 1852.Notice sur les Systèmes de Montagnes ("Note on Mountain Systems"), Bertrand, Paris, 1543 pp. (English synopsis in Dennis (1982))
Buch, L. Von, 1902.Gesammelte Schriften, Roth & Eck, Berlin.
Dana, James D., 1873.On some results of the Earth's contraction from cooling, including a discussion of the origins of mountains, and the nature of the Earth's interior.American Journal of Science,5, pp. 423-443.
Dennis, John G., 1982.Orogeny, Benchmark Papers in Geology, Volume 62, Hutchinson Ross Pulishing Company, New YorkISBN 0-87933-394-4
Hall, J., 1859.Palaeontology of New York, in New York National Survey No. 3, Part 1, 533 p.
Suess, Eduard, 1875.Die Entstehung Der Alpen lit.The Origin Of The Alps, Braumüller, Vienna, 168 p.
Harms, Brady, Cheney, 2006.Exploring the Proterozoic Big Sky Orogeny in Southwest Montana, 19th annual Keck symposium.
Kevin Jones. Mountain Building in Scotland: Science : A Level 3 Course Series. Open University Worldwide Ltd. 2003.ISBN 0749258470. provides a detailed history of a number of orogens, including the Caledonian Oregeny, which lasted from the lateCambrian to theDevonian, with the main collisional events occurring duringOrdovician andSilurian times.