根据犹太拉比所編纂的文獻─《塔木德經》中較晚期作品《耶稣一生》的记载：耶稣又名耶稣·本·潘得拉（Yeshu Ben Pandera），他的母亲是馬利亚，他的父亲是约瑟·本·潘得拉。在《塔木德經》中的耶穌是一位巫師，他在埃及學到黑魔法並有五個門徒。最後他以使用巫術的罪名被起訴，在逾越節後四十天被絞死。有學者認為Ben Pandera是扭轉Ben Parthenos（童貞女子之子）而成的。然而《死海古卷》與基督教緣起的專家詹姆斯．泰伯則認為「潘得拉」是當時確實存在且常在使用的名字。在他的著作《耶穌的真實王朝》有提到相關的論述和墓碑考古資料。在此書中詹姆斯·泰伯推測耶穌的生父很可能就是一名叫做约瑟·本·潘得拉的羅馬帝國士兵。[163]
^Sykes, Stephen W. Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus. Sacrifice and Redemption. Cambridge University Press: 35–36. 2007.ISBN 978-0-521-04460-8.
^Komoszewski, J. Ed; Bock, Darrell (编). Jesus, Skepticism & The Problem of History: Criteria and Context in the Study of Christian Origins. Zondervan. 2019: 22–23.ISBN 978-0-310-53476-1....a considerable number of specific facts about Jesus are so well supported historically as to be widely acknowledged by most scholars, whether Christian (of any stripe) or not:...(lists 18 points)...Nevertheless, what can be known about Jesus with a high degree of confidence, apart from theological or ideological agendas, is perhaps surprisingly robust.
^Craig Evans,"Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology", Theological Studies 54 (1993) pp. 13–14, "First, the New Testament Gospels are now viewed as useful, if not essentially reliable, historical sources. Gone is the extreme skepticism that for so many years dominated gospel research. Representative of many is the position of E. P. Sanders and Marcus Borg, who have concluded that it is possible to recover a fairly reliable picture of the historical Jesus."
^L. Michael White. Chapter Two: Entering the World of Jesus. From Jesus to Christianity: How Four Generations of Visionaries & Storytellers Created the New Testament and Christian Faith. HarperOne. 2005-10-25.ISBN 0060816104.
^Tuckett, Christopher. Sources and methods. Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (编). Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press: 123–4. 2001.ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1.All this does at least render highly implausible any far-fetched theories that even Jesus’ very existence was a Christian invention. The fact that Jesus existed, that he was crucified under Pontius Pilate (for whatever reason) and that he had a band of followers who continued to support his cause, seems to be part of the bedrock of historical tradition. If nothing else, the non-Christian evidence can provide us with certainty on that score.
^James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.
^Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003ISBN 978-0-8028-3931-2 page 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
^Crossan, John Dominic.Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. 1995:145.ISBN 0-06-061662-8.That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus...agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
^Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5.
^86.086.1Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998ISBN 978-0-664-25703-3 pages 168–173
^Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).
^Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction
^91.091.1The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110
^92.092.192.292.3Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998ISBN 978-90-04-11142-4 pages 455-457
^93.093.1Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5 pages 53-55
^94.094.194.2Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999ISBN 978-90-429-0759-1 pages 29-30
^Louis Feldman (ISBN 978-90-04-08554-1 pages 55-57) states that the authenticity of the Josephus passage on James has been "almost universally acknowledged".
^原文："Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus, he expelled them from Rome."
^The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3page 110
^Robert E. Van Voorst,Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. pp 29-39
^The Blackwell Companion to Jesus p220 Delbert Burkett - 2010 "That is to say, varying presuppositions as to the extent to which the ancient rabbis were preoccupied with Jesus and Christianity can easily predetermine which texts might be identified and interpreted as having him in mind."
^Robert E. Van Voorst.Jesus outside the New Testament. 2000ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua""
^Meier, John P.The Roots of the Problem and the Person (Convenience link). A marginal Jew: rethinking the historical Jesus1.Anchor Bible Series. 1991: 98 [2011-08-03].ISBN 978-0-385-26425-9.LCCN 91010538.OCLC 316164636. （原始内容存档于2021-10-13）.While not accepting the full, radical approach of Maier, I think we can agree with him on one basic point: in the earliest rabbinic sources, there is no clear or even probable reference to Jesus of Nazareth. Furthermore, I favor the view that, when we do finally find such references in later rabbinic literature, they are most probably reactions to Christian claims, oral or written.
^Johann Maier, Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung (Ertrage der Forschung 82; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978)
^Van Voorst 2000 - see also Thiessen and Merz mentionGustaf Dalman (1893), Johann Maier (1978), and Thoma (1990) in favour of this conclusion.* Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz.The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). p. 74-76. *See also Jeffrey Rubenstein,Rabbinic Stories (The Classics of Western Spirituality) New York: The Paulist Press, 2002 & Daniel Boyarin,Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism, Stanford University Press, 1999.
^Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium by Bart Ehrman 2001ISBN 978-0-19-512474-3 page 63
^Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell (Nov 1, 1998)ISBN 978-0-664-25703-3 page 34
^Theissen p 75: "[some authors conclude that the Talmud's passages] have no independent historical value. In contrast to this, other authors, e.g. Klausner, believe that they can discover at least some old and historically reliable traditions in the Talmud". Theissen cites Klausner,Jesus of Nazareth, pp 18–46
^Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009).The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New TestamentISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3. pages 107-109
^Robert E. Van Voorst, Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. pp 111–120
^Norman Perrin, The New Testament, an introduction: proclamation and parenesis, myth and history, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. pp 407–408
^R. Travers Herford, Christianity in Talmud and Midrash, KTAV Publishing House Inc, 2007. pp 35–96
^C. H. Dodd, Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel, Cambridge University Press, 1976. pp 303–305
^In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship,Bart Ehrman (now a secular agnostic who was formerly Evangelical) wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" B. Ehrman, 2011Forged : writing in the name of GodISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. page 285
^Robert M. Price (aChristian atheist who denies the existence of Jesus) agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" inThe Historical Jesus: Five Views edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity,ISBN 978-0-281-06329-1 page 61
^Michael Grant (aclassicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." inJesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels by Micjhael Grant 2004ISBN 978-1-898799-88-7 page 200
^Richard A. Burridge states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." inJesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004)ISBN 978-0-8028-0977-3 page 34
^Robert E. Van VoorstJesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing, 2000.ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5 page 16 states: "biblical scholars and classical historians regard theories of non-existence of Jesus as effectively refuted"
^Amy-Jill Levine inThe Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ PressISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 page 4: ""There is a consensus of sorts on a basic outline of Jesus' life. Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, debated with fellow Jews on how best to live according to God's will, engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, gathered male and female followers in Galilee, went to Jerusalem, and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of Pontius Pilate"
^Christians And The Holy Places - The Myth Of Jewish-Christian Origins, Joan E. Taylor, Clarendon Press Oxford, Oxford University Press 1993.
^Bargil Pixner,Wege des Messias und Stätten der Urkirche, Giessen/Basel 1991, p. 275. English edition (2010):Paths of the Messaiah. Ignatius Press: San Francisco, p.
^"Inscribed Ossuaries: Personal names, statistics, and laboratory tests" C Rollston - Near Eastern Archaeology, 2006
^For a comparison of the Jesus movement to the Zealots, see S.G.F Brandon,Jesus and the Zealots: a study of the political factor in primitive Christianity, Manchester University Press (1967)ISBN 978-0-684-31010-7
^For a general comparison of Jesus' teachings to other schools of first century Judaism, seeJohn P. Meier,Companions and Competitors (A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume 3) Anchor Bible, 2001.ISBN 978-0-385-46993-7.
^Eisenman, RobertJames the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Penguin (Non-Classics), 1998.ISBN 978-0-14-025773-1
^Stegemann, HartmutThe Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Grand Rapids MI, 1998.
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