^Michetti et al. (2007) - Intensity Scale ESI 2007, in Mem. Descr. Carta Geologica d’Italia L. Guerrieri and E. Vittori (Editors), Servizio Geologico d’Italia, Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo, APAT, Rome, Italy, 74.
^The definitions of traditional intensity scales are based primarily on the observation of effects onhumans andanimals as well as damages tobuildings andstructures. Therefore they are difficult to apply in earthquake-affected areas where such objects of observation are absent or scarce—the problem, which the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale is designed to overcome.