文化資本（法語：le capital culturel，英語：cultural capital）是一種已被廣為接受的社會學概念，由皮耶·布迪厄首先提出。布迪厄和讓–克洛德·帕斯隆於《文化再製與社會再製》一書中首次使用到了此一名詞。在本書中，他試圖去說明法國在1960年代間教育支出的不同。之後經過了再次地闡述和發展之後，文化資本在《資本的形式》（The Forms of Capital）中被指為另一個形式的資本，並在《國家貴族》（The State Nobility）中被指為較高等的教育。對於布迪厄來說，資本在一個交易系統中扮演著一種社會關係，而且這一詞並延伸至指所有不論是物質性的或是象徵性的商品，那些商品是稀有的且在特定的社會組成之下是值得去追尋的。而文化資本即是指包含了可以賦予權力和地位的累積文化知識的一種社會關係。
客观化文化资本[1]（Objectified Cultural Capital）是指个体在身外拥有的物品。如科學製置或藝術作品等物品。這些文化產品可以物理性地作為經濟資本被轉移（賣出），且「象徵性」地作為文化資本。然而，一個人雖然可以經由擁有一幅畫來得到具體文化資本，但若他有著相應類型的（因畫的轉買而可能或不會被轉移的）內含文化資本，他就可以只是「消費」這幅畫（了解其文化意涵）。
制度化文化资本[2]（Institutionalised Cultural Capital）是指個人所持有的文化資本在制度上被广泛認可，一般最常指的是學業證書或執照。這主要是在勞動市場裡被認知。它允許文化資本能較為簡易地被轉變成經濟資本，經由對成就在制度上的等級加以給定其金錢價值。
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