Addison, Charles Greenstreet. Damascus and Palmyra: a journey to the East2. Richard Bentley. 1838.OCLC 833460514.
al-Asaad, Khaled; Chatonnet, Françoise Briquel; Yon, Jean-Baptiste. Reflections on the tokens found in the Arsu temple. Cussini, Eleonora (编). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. 2005.ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
al-ʻAsqalānī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī Ibn Ḥajar. Ḥabashī, Ḥasan , 编. Inbāʼ al-ghumr bi-anbāʼ al-ʻumr2. Majlis al-Aʻlá lil-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah: Lajnat Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-Islāmī. 1969 [1446].OCLC 22742875（阿拉伯语）.
al-Maqdissi, Michel. Matériel pour l'Étude de la Ville en Syrie (Deuxième Partie): Urban Planning in Syria during the SUR (Second Urban Revolution) (Mid-third Millennium BC). Al-Rāfidān (Journal of Western Asiatic Studies) (Institulte for Cultural studies of Ancient Iraq, Kokushikan University). 2010,. Special Issue.ISSN 0285-4406.
al-ʻUmarī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá Ibn Faḍl Allāh. al-Sarīḥī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Yaḥyá , 编. Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār (مسالك الأبصار في ممالك الأمصار)3. Abū Dhabī : al-Majmaʻ al-Thaqāfī. 2002 [1348].OCLC 4771042475（阿拉伯语）.
Ando, Clifford. Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh University Press. 2012.ISBN 978-0-7486-5534-2.
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Bacharach, Jere L. Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage. Necipoğlu, Gülru (编). Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World13. Brill. 1996.ISBN 978-90-04-25933-1.ISSN 0732-2992.
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Belnap, R. Kirk; Haeri, Niloofar. Structuralist Studies in Arabic Linguistics: Charles A. Ferguson's Papers, 1954–1994. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics24. Brill. 1997.ISBN 978-90-04-10511-9.ISSN 0081-8461.
Ben-Yehoshua, Shimshon; Borowitz, Carole; Hanus, Lumír Ondøej. Spices: Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea. Janick, Jules (编). Horticultural Reviews. Horticultural Reviews39. John Wiley & Sons. 2012.ISBN 978-1-118-10058-5.
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Bubeník, Vít. Hellenistic and Roman Greece as a Sociolinguistic Area. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Series57. John Benjamins Publishing. 1989.ISBN 978-9-027-23551-0.
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Byliński, Janusz. Gawlikowski, Michał; Daszewski, Wiktor A. , 编. Palmyra: Arab Castle. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (Warsaw University Press). 1995,7.ISSN 1234-5415.
Byliński, Janusz. Qal'at Shirkuh at Palmyra: A Medieval Fortress Reinterpreted. Bulletin d'Études Orientales (l'Institut français d'archéologie du Proche-Orient). 1999,51.ISBN 978-2-901315-56-8.ISSN 2077-4079.
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Cave, Terry. The Battle Honours of the Second World War 1939–1945 and Korea 1950–1953: British and Colonial Regiments. Andrews UK Limited. 2012 [2003].ISBN 978-1-781-51379-8.
Çelebi, Evliya. Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century1. 由von Hammer-Purgstall, Freiherr翻译. Oriental Translation Fund. 1834 [1681].OCLC 754957231.
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Colledge, Malcolm Andrew Richard. van Baaren, Theodoor Pieter; van den Bosch, Lourens Peter; Kippenberg, Hans Gerhard; Leertouwer, Lammert; Leemhuis, Fred; te Velde, Henk; Witte, Hans Antonius; Buning, H. , 编. The Parthian Period. Iconography of Religions. Section XIV: Iran (Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen)3. Brill. 1986.ISBN 978-90-04-07115-5.ISSN 0169-9873.
Crawford, J. Stephens. The Byzantine Shops at Sardis. Monograph / Archaeological Exploration of Sardis9. Harvard University Press. 1990.ISBN 978-0-674-08968-6.ISSN 0066-5975.
Dąbrowa, Edward. Les Troupes Auxiliaires de L'armée Romaine en Syrie au Ier Siècle de Notre ère. Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne. Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon (Volume 239) (les Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté). 1979,5.ISBN 978-2-251-60239-4.ISSN 0755-7256.doi:10.3406/dha.1979.1387.
De Blois, Lukas. The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus. Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society: Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society7. Brill. 1976.ISBN 978-90-04-04508-8.
De Laborde, Leon. Journey Through Arabia Petraea, To Mount Sinai, And The Excavated City Of Petra, The Edom Of The Prophecies 1836. The Quarterly Christian Spectator (New Haven: A. H. Maltby). 1837,9.OCLC 176276638.
Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. 2007 [2001].ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
Dirven, Lucinda. The Palmyrene diaspora in East and West : a Syrian community in the diaspora in the Roman period. ter Haar, Gerrie (编). Strangers and sojourners: religious communities in the diaspora. Peeters Publishers. 1998.ISBN 978-90-429-0663-1.
Dirven, Lucinda. The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World138. Brill. 1999.ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7.ISSN 0927-7633.
Dixon, Karen R.; Southern, Patricia. The Roman Cavalry. Routledge. 2005 [1992].ISBN 978-1-135-11407-7.
Downey, Susan."Temples a Escaliers": The Dura Evidence. Stroud, Ronald S.; Levine, Philip (编). California Studies in Classical Antiquity9. University of California Press. 1977.ISBN 978-0-520-09565-6.
Downey, Susan. Funerary sculptures of Palmyra; Review of A. Sadurska and A. Bounni, Les sculptures funéraires de Palmyre. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 1996,9.ISSN 1047-7594.
Drijvers, Hendrik Jan Willem. van Baaren, Theodoor Pieter; Leertouwer, Lammert; Leemhuis, Fred; Buning, H. , 编. The Religion of Palmyra. Iconography of Religions. Section XV Mesopotamia and the Near East (Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen). Brill. 1976.ISBN 978-0-585-36013-3.ISSN 0169-8036.OCLC 714982019.
Drijvers, Hendrik Jan Willem. Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain82. Brill. 1980.ISBN 978-90-04-06050-0.
Drijvers, Hendrik Jan Willem. The Syrian Cult Relief. Kippenberg, Hans G.; van den Bosch, Lourens P.; Leertouwer, Lammert; Witte, Hans Antonius (编). Genres in Visual Representations: Proceedings of a Conference Held in 1986 by Invitation of the Werner-Reimers-Stiftung in Bad Homburg (Federal Republic of Germany).. Visible Religion. Annual for Religious Iconography (Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen)7. Brill. 1990.ISBN 978-90-04-09094-1.
Drinkwater, John. Maximinus to Diocletian and the 'crisis'. Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (编). The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. The Cambridge Ancient History12. Cambridge University Press. 2005.ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.
Dubnov, Simon. History of the Jews From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period2. 由Spiegel, Moshe翻译. Thomas Yoseloff. 1968 [1916].OCLC 900833618.
Dupont-Sommer, André. Une Nouvelle Inscription Araméenne d'Asoka Trouvée Dans la Vallée du Laghman (Afghanistan). Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres). 1970,114 (1).ISSN 0151-0509.
Edwell, Peter. Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control. Routledge. 2008.ISBN 978-1-134-09573-5.
Élisséeff, Nikita. Homs. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (编). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. EI Reference Guides1. Brill. 2007.ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2.
Evans, Jean M.; Kevorkian, Hagop. Palmyra. Milleker, Elizabeth J. (编). The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000.ISBN 978-0-87099-961-1.
Fellmann, Rudolf. Der Palast der Königin Zenobia. al-Asaad, Khaled; Ruprechtsberger, Erwin Maria (编). Palmyra, Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Syrischen Oasenstadt: Einführende Beiträge und Katalog zur Ausstellung. Linzer Archäologische Forschungen16. Gutenberg. 1987.ISBN 978-3-900-40115-3（德语）.
Fowden, Elizabeth Key. The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran. Transformation of the Classical Heritage28. University of California Press. 1999.ISBN 978-0-520-92220-4.
Fowden, Garth. Qusayr 'Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria. Transformation of the Classical Heritage Series36. University of California Press. 2004.ISBN 978-0-520-92960-9.
Gawlikowski, Michal. The City of the Dead. Cussini, Eleonora (编). A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers. Brill. 2005.ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9.
Gawlikowski, Michał. Zych, Iwona; Szymczak, Agnieszka , 编. Palmyra: reexcavating the site of the Tariff (fieldwork in 2010 and 2011). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (Warsaw University Press). 2011,23 (1).ISSN 1234-5415.
Gawlikowski, Michał.Preface. Studia Palmyreńskie (Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw). 2013,. 12: Fifty Years of Polish Excavations in Palmyra 1959–2009, International Conference,Warsaw, 6–8 December 2010 [2022-08-12].ISSN 0081-6787. （原始内容存档于2022-08-12）.
Grabar, Oleg; Holod, Reneta; Knustad, James; Trousdale, William. City in the Desert. Qasr al-Hayr East. Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs23–24. Harvard University Press. 1978.ISBN 978-0-674-13195-8.
Graf, David F. Zenobia and the Arabs. French, David H.; Lightfoot, Chris S. (编). The Eastern frontier of the Roman Empire: proceedings of a colloquium held at Ankara in September 1988 (Volume 1). British Archaeological Reports553. BAR Publishing. 1989.ISBN 978-0-86054-700-6.
Grainger, John D. A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava. Supplementum172. Brill. 1997.ISBN 978-9-004-10799-1.ISSN 0169-8958.
Grainger, John D. The Battle for Syria, 1918–1920. Boydell Press. 2013.ISBN 978-1-84383-803-6.
Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, part 2, AD 363–628. Routledge. 2005 [2002].ISBN 978-1-134-75646-9.
Greene, Joseph A.Aram. Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael David (编). The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible. Oxford University Press. 2001.ISBN 978-0-19-517610-0. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
Hachlili, Rachel. Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 the near and Middle East Series35. Brill. 1998.ISBN 978-90-04-10878-3.
Halsberghe, Gaston H. The Cult of Sol Invictus. Études Préliminaires aux Religions Orientales dans l'Empire Romain23. Brill. 1972.ISBN 978-9-004-30831-2.
Hamilton, Bernard. The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem Digitally Printed First Paperback Version. Cambridge University Press. 2005 [2000].ISBN 978-0-521-01747-3.
Hanne, Eric J. Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2007.ISBN 978-0-8386-4113-2.
Hawting, Gerald R. Marwan II. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, Emeri J.; Lewis, Bernard; Pellat, Charles (编). The Encyclopaedia of Islam (New Edition/EI-2)6. Brill. 1991.ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
Healey, John F. Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions4. Oxford University Press. 2009.ISBN 978-0-19-925256-5.
Hillenbrand, Robert.'Anjar and Early Islamic Urbanism. Brogiolo, Gian Pietro; Perkins, Bryan Ward (编). The Idea and Ideal of the Town Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. The Transformation of the Roman World4. Brill. 1999.ISBN 978-90-04-10901-8.ISSN 1386-4165.
Hoffmann-Salz, Julia. The Local Economy of Palmyra: Organizing Agriculture in an Oasis Environment. Erdkamp, Paul; Verboven, Koenraad; Zuiderhoek, Arjan (编). Ownership and Exploitation of Land and Natural Resources in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. 2015.ISBN 978-0-19-872892-4.
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Holt, Peter Malcolm. Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260–1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts12. Brill. 1995.ISBN 978-90-04-10246-0.
Hourani, George Fadlo. Carswell, John , 编. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Khayats Oriental Reprints3 expanded. Princeton University Press. 1995 [1951].ISBN 978-0-691-00032-9.
Hudson, Leila G. Transforming Damascus: Space and Modernity in an Islamic City. Tauris Academic Studies. 2008.ISBN 978-1-84511-579-1.
Humphreys, R. Stephen. From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press. 1977.ISBN 978-0-87395-263-7.
Ibn al-Qalanisi, Abū Yaʻlā Ḥamzah ibn Asad ibn ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Tamīmī. Zakkār, Suhayl , 编. Tārīkh Dimashq. Dār Ḥassān. 1983 [1160].OCLC 23834177（阿拉伯语）.
Ibn Arabshah, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. Ḥimṣī, Fāyiz , 编. ʻAjāʼib al-maqdūr fī nawāʼib Tīmūr. Muʼassasat al-Risālah. 1986 [1437].OCLC 19942469（阿拉伯语）.
Ibn 'Asakir, Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Hibat Allah ibn 'Abd Allah, Thiqat al-Din, Abu al-Qasim. ʻAmrawī, ʻUmar ibn Gharāmah , 编. Tarikh Madinat Dimashiq (تاريخ مدينة دمشق)57. Dār al-Fikr (دار الفكر). 1995 [1174].OCLC 4770667638（阿拉伯语）.
Ibn Šaddād, Bahā' ad-Dīn Yūsuf Ibn-Rāfiʿ. Vita et res gestae sultani Almalichi Alnasiri Saladini. 由Schultens, Albert翻译. Samuel Luchtmans. 1732 [1228].OCLC 716049041（拉丁语）.
Intagliata, Emanuele E. Palmyra after Zenobia AD 273–750: An Archaeological and Historical Reappraisal. Oxbow Books. 2018.ISBN 978-1-785-70945-6.
Irwin, Robert. Tribal Feuding and Mamluk Factions in Medieval Syria. Robinson, Chase F. (编). Texts, Documents, and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts45. Brill. 2003.ISBN 978-90-04-12864-4.
Ismail, Farouk. Relations between Misherfeh-Qatna and the Middle Euphrates Region in the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1600 B.C.). Maqdissi, Michel; Abdulkarim, Maamoun (编). The Syrian Djezireh: Cultural Heritage and Interrelations. International Colloquium: Deir ez-Zor, April 22–25, 1996. Documents d'Archéologie Syrienne1. Dimashq: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah, al-Mudīrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Āthār wa-al-Matāḥif. 2002.OCLC 192118525.
Izumi, Takura. The Remains of Palmyra, the City of Caravans, and an Estimation of the City's Ancient Environment. Silk Roadology: Bulletin of the Research Center for Silk Roadology (Research Center for Silk Roadology). 1995,1.OCLC 174059209.
Juchniewicz, Karol.Late Roman fortifications in Palmyra. Studia Palmyreńskie (Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw). 2013,. 12: Fifty Years of Polish Excavations in Palmyra 1959–2009, International Conference,Warsaw, 6–8 December 2010 [2022-08-12].ISSN 0081-6787. （原始内容存档于2022-08-12）.
Kaizer, Ted. Kingly Priests in the Roman Near East?. Hekster, Olivier; Fowler, Richard (编). Imaginary Kings: Royal Images in the Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome. Oriens et Occidens11. Franz Steiner Verlag. 2005.ISBN 978-3-515-08765-0.
Kaizer, Ted. Trajectories of Hellenism at Tadmor-Palmyra and Dura-Europos. Chrubasik, Boris; King, Daniel (编). Hellenism and the Local Communities of the Eastern Mediterranean: 400 BCE–250 CE. Oxford University Press. 2017.ISBN 978-0-192-52819-3.
Kennedy, Hugh N. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Variorum Collected Studies Series860. Ashgate Publishing. 2006.ISBN 978-0-7546-5909-9.
Kitto, John. The Pictorial Bible – being the Old and New Testaments according to authorized versions2. Charles Knight & Co. 1837.OCLC 729755279.
Le Strange, Guy. Palestine under the Moslems, a description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the works of the medieval Arab geographers. Houghton, Mifflin and Co. 1890.OCLC 5965873.
Limet, Henri. Permanence et changement dans la toponymie. Fahd, Toufic (编). La Toponymie Antique (actes du colloque de Strasbourg, 12–14 juin 1975). Travaux du Centre de recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la Grèce antiques4. Brill. 1977.OCLC 629792501（法语）.
Loewe, Herbert Martin James. The Seljuqs. Bury, John Bagnell; Tanner, Joseph Robson; Previté-Orton, Charles William; Brooke, Zachary Nugent (编). The Eastern Roman Empire. The Cambridge Medieval History4. Cambridge University Press. 1923.OCLC 650498400.
Luxenberg, Christoph. The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran. Verlag Hans Schiler. 2007 [2000].ISBN 978-3-89930-088-8.
MacDowall, David w.; Taddei, Maurizio. The Early Historic Period: Achaemenids and Greeks. Allchin, Frank Raymond; Hammond, Norman (编). The Archaeology of Afghanistan from Earliest Times to the Timurid Period. Academic Press. 1978.ISBN 978-0-120-50440-4.
Majcherek, Grzegorz. Excavating the basilicas. Studia Palmyreńskie (Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw). 2013,. 12 (Fifty Years of Polish Excavations in Palmyra 1959–2009: International Conference, Warsaw, 6–8 December 2010).ISSN 0081-6787.
Major, Balázs. Al-Malik Al-Mujahid, Ruler of Homs, and the Hospitallers (The Evidence in the Chronicle of Ibn Wasil). Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József (编). The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity. Central European University Medievalia Series1. Central European University Press. 2001.ISBN 978-963-9241-42-8.ISSN 1587-6470.
Markowski, Bartosz. Gawlikowski, Michał; Daszewski, Wiktor A. , 编. The Lion of Allat in Palmyra New Museum Display Project. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (Warsaw University Press). 2005,16.ISSN 1234-5415.
McLaughlin, Raoul. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the ancient lands of Arabia, India and China. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2010.ISBN 978-1-4411-6223-6.
Mennen, Inge. Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284. Impact of Empire12. Brill. 2011.ISBN 978-90-04-20359-4.
Métral, Francoise. Managing Risk: Sheep-Rearing and Agriculture in the Syrian Steppe. Mundy, Martha; Musallam, Basim (编). The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications58. Cambridge University Press. 2000.ISBN 978-0-521-77057-6.ISSN 0068-6891.
Meyer, Jørgen Christian. City and Hinterland. Villages and Estates North of Palmyra. New Perspectives. Studia Palmyreńskie (Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw). 2013,12.ISSN 0081-6787.
Meyer, Jørgen Christian. Palmyrena: Palmyra and the Surrounding Territory from the Roman to the Early Islamic Period. Archaeopress Publishing. 2017a.ISBN 978-1-784-91708-1.
Meyer, Jørgen Christian. The Bride of the Dry Steppe: Palmyra and the Surrounding Territory. Aruz, Joan (编). Palmyra: Mirage in the Desert. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2017b.ISBN 978-1-588-39631-0.
Millar, Fergus. Cotton, Hannah M.; Rogers, Guy M. , 编. The Greek World, the Jews & the East. Rome, the Greek World, and the East3. University of North Carolina Press. 2006.ISBN 978-0-807-87665-7.
Millar, Fergus. Theodoret of Cyrrhus: A Syrian in Greek Dress?. Amirav, Hagit; ter Haar Romeny, Bas (编). From Rome to Constantinople: Studies in Honour of Averil Cameron. Late Antique History and Religion1. Peeters Publishers. 2007.ISBN 978-90-429-1971-6.ISSN 2030-5915.
Moubayed, Sami. Syria and the USA: Washington's Relations with Damascus from Wilson to Eisenhower. Library of International Relations56. I.B.Tauris. 2012.ISBN 978-1-780-76768-0.
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Murtonen, Aimo Edvard. Hospers, Johannes Hendrik , 编. Hebrew in its West Semitic Setting. A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions. Part 1. A Comparative Lexicon. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics13. Brill. 1986.ISBN 978-90-04-08899-3.
Neep, Daniel. Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation. Cambridge Middle East Studies38. Cambridge University Press. 2012.ISBN 978-1-107-00006-3.
O'Connor, Michael Patrick. The etymologies of Tadmor and Palmyra. Arbeitman, Yoël L. (编). A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de linguistique de Louvain (BCILL)42. Peeters Publishers. 1988.ISBN 978-90-6831-143-3.ISSN 0779-1666.
Plets, Gertjan. Violins and Trowels for Palmyra: Post-Conflict Heritage Politics. Anthropology Today (Royal Anthropological Institute). 2017,33 (4).ISSN 1467-8322.
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Potter, David S. The Transformation of the Empire: 235–337 CE. Potter, David S. (编). A Companion to the Roman Empire. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World32. Blackwell Publishing. 2010.ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Purcell, Nicholas. Rome's New Kings (31 BC – AD 476). Jones, Peter V.; Sidwell, Keith C. (编). The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture. Cambridge University Press. 1997.ISBN 978-0-521-38600-5.
Raja, Rubina. Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces, 50 BC-AD 250: Aphrodisias, Ephesos, Athens, Gerasa. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2012.ISBN 978-87-635-2606-7.
Raschke, Manfred G.New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East. Temporini, Hildegard; Wolfgang, Haase (编). Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, II Principat. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (ANRW)9. De Gruyter. 1978.ISBN 978-3-11-001885-1.
Romano, Irene Bald. Classical Sculpture: Catalogue of the Cypriot, Greek, and Roman Stone Sculpture in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Museum Monograph125. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2006.ISBN 978-1-934536-29-2.
Rosenthal, Franz. The Second Laghmân Inscription. Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies (Israel Exploration Society). 1978,. 14: H.L. Ginsberg Volume.ISSN 0071-108X.
Rostovtzeff., Michael Ivanovitch. Harmon, Austin M. , 编. Seleucid Babylonia : Bullae and Seals of Clay with Greek Inscriptions. Yale Classical Studies (Yale University Press). 1932,3.ISSN 0084-330X.
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