一些考古学家已经在约旦北部Umm el-Jimal的教堂遗址中发现了由前伊斯兰时代的阿拉伯基督徒建造的碑文和坟墓；起初，据恩诺·利特曼（英语：Enno Littmann）在1949年表示，这些碑文援引安拉作为上帝的本名。然而，经过贝拉米等人在1985年和1988年的第二次修订后，铭文“安拉”被重新翻译为：“此碑文由ʿUlayh的同事、ʿUbaydah之子及Augusta Secunda Philadelphiana中的秘书所写；愿擦掉碑文的人发疯”[29][30][31]。
^Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Holt, Peter R.; Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford. The Cambridge history of Islam. Cambridge, Eng: University Press. 1977: 32.ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
^27.027.1Thomas E. Burman,Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs,Brill, 1994, p. 103
^Marshall G. S. Hodgson,The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization,芝加哥大學出版社, p. 156
^James Bellamy, "Two Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm al-Jimal",Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108/3 (1988) pp. 372–378 (translation of the inscription) "This was set up by colleagues/friends of ʿUlayh, the son of ʿUbaydah, secretary/adviser of the cohort Augusta Secunda Philadelphiana; may he go mad/crazy who effaces it."
^James of Edessa the hymns of Severus of Antioch and others." Ernest Walter Brooks (ed.), Patrologia Orientalis VII.5 (1911)., vol: 2, p. 613. : ܐܠܗܐ (Elaha).
^Ignatius Ya`qub III, The Arab Himyarite Martyrs in the Syriac Documents (1966), Pages: 9-65-66-89
^Alfred Guillaume& Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, (2002 [1955]). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh with Introduction and Notes. Karachi and New York: Oxford University Press, page 18.
^M. A. Kugener, "Nouvelle Note Sur L'Inscription Trilingue De Zébed", Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, pp. 577-586..
^Adolf Grohmann, Arabische Paläographie II: Das Schriftwesen und die Lapidarschrift (1971), Wien: Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, Page: 6-8
^Beatrice Gruendler, The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century according to Dated Texts (1993), Atlanta: Scholars Press, Page:
^Frederick Winnett V, Allah before Islam-The Moslem World (1938), Pages: 239–248
^Sidney H Griffith, "The Gospel in Arabic: An Enquiry into Its Appearance in the First Abbasid Century", Oriens Christianus, Volume 69, p. 166. "All one can say about the possibility of a pre-Islamic, Christian version of the Gospel in Arabic is that no sure sign of its actual existence has yet emerged..
^Grafton, David D. The identity and witness of Arab pre-Islamic Arab Christianity: The Arabic language and the Bible. 2014.Christianity [...] did not penetrate into the lives of the Arabs primarily because the monks did not translate the Bible into the vernacular and inculcate Arab culture with biblical values and tradition. Trimingham's argument serves as an example of the WesternProtestant assumptions outlined in the introduction of this article. It is clear that the earliest Arabic biblical texts can only be dated to the 9th century at the earliest, that is after the coming of Islam.
^Sidney H. Griffith, The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the 'People of the Book' in the Language of Islam. Jews, Christians and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World, Princeton University Press, 2013, pp242- 247 ff..
^The Arabic Bible before Islam – Clare Wilde on Sidney H. Griffith's The Bible in Arabic. June 2014.
^Hjälm, ML. Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition: The Bible in Arabic Among Jews, Christians and Muslims. Brill. 2017.ISBN 9789004347168.
^Hjälm, ML. Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition, The Bible in Arabic among Jews, Christians and Muslims (Biblia Arabica) (English and Arabic Edition). Brill. 2017.ISBN 900434716X.By contrast, manuscripts containing translations of the gospels are encountered no earlier then the year 873 (Ms. Sinai. N.F. parch. 14 & 16)
^Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, page 418.
^Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, Page: 452
^A. Amin and A. Harun, Sharh Diwan Al-Hamasa (Cairo, 1951), Vol. 1, Pages: 478-480
^Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies LondonISBN978-0-19-870206-1 p. 478
^51.051.1Böwering, Gerhard,God and His Attributes, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān, Brill, 2007.
^But compare:Milkias, Paulos. Ge'ez Literature (Religious).Ethiopia. Africa in Focus. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2011: 299 [2018-02-15].ISBN 9781598842579. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）.Monasticism played a key role in the Ethiopian literary movement. The Bible was translated during the time of the Nine Saints in the early sixth century [...].
^Barton, John (2002–12). The Biblical World, Oxford, UK: Routledge.ISBN978-0-415-27574-3.
^North, Eric McCoy; Eugene Albert Nida ((2nd Edition) 1972
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