雖然羅馬已經與安息帝國達成和議，但兩國仍在暗中較勁。羅馬皇帝提庇留（14年－37年在位）牽涉伊比利亞王國法拉斯馬尼斯一世的陰謀，他意圖暗殺安息帝國的盟友、亞美尼亞國王阿薩息斯[108]，使他的兄弟米特里達梯可以登上亞美尼亞的王位，阿爾達班二世未能恢復對亞美尼亞的控制權，激使了一場宮廷政變迫使他逃到錫西厄（Scythia）。羅馬人釋放了一位安息王子梯里達底三世，讓他以羅馬盟友的身分登上安息帝國王位。在梯里達底三世逝世之前，阿爾達班二世利用希爾卡尼亞的軍隊迫使梯里達底三世讓出王位[109]。阿爾達班二世在38年逝世，合法繼承人瓦爾達內斯一世與他的兄弟戈塔爾澤斯二世爆發了漫長的內戰[110]。瓦爾達內斯一世在一次狩獵當中被暗殺，安息貴族要求羅馬釋放質子米赫爾戴特斯以對抗戈塔爾澤斯二世。埃澤薩總督和阿迪亞波納的統治者埃沙德斯·巴爾·蒙羅巴斯（Izates bar Monobaz）背叛了米赫爾戴特斯，並把他送到戈塔爾澤斯二世面前發落，戈塔爾澤斯二世免他一死，但割下他的雙耳，使他不能繼承王位[111]。
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（英文）Brosius, Maria,The Persians: an introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2006,ISBN 0415320895
（英文）Bickerman, Elias J., The Seleucid Period, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Vallentine Mitchell: 3–20, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah,The age of the Parthians, I.B.Tauris, 2007,ISBN 184511406X
（英文）Lockard, Craig A.,Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History, Cengage Learning, 2010,ISBN 1439085358
（英文）Mommsen, Theodor; Dickson, William Purdie,The history of Rome2, C. Scribner's sons, 1887
（英文）Nigosian, Solomon Alexander,The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research, McGill-Queen's Press, 1993,ISBN 077351144X
（英文）Yarshater,The Cambridge History of Iran3, Cambridge University Press, 1993,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Brent, Allen,A political history of early Christianity, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009,ISBN 0567031756
（英文）Jones, Curtis F,Divide and Perish: Second Edition, AuthorHouse, 2011,ISBN 1463410131
（英文）Bunson, Matthew,Encyclopedia of the Roman empire, Infobase Publishing, 2002,ISBN 0816045623
（英文）Katouzian, Homa,The Persians: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Iran, Yale University Press, 2010,ISBN 0300169329
（英文）Bivar, A.D.H., The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Vallentine Mitchell: 21–99, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Kennedy, David, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives,The Roman Army in the East, Journal of Roman Archaeology: 67–90, 1996,ISBN 1887829180
（英文）Torday, László,Mounted archers: the beginning of Central Asian history, Durham Academic Press, 1997,ISBN 1900838036
（英文）Bivar, A.D.H., Gondophares and the Indo-Parthians, Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (编),The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.: 26–36, 2007,ISBN 9781845114060
（英文）Watson, William, Iran and China, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 537–558, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Wang, Tao, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (编),The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.: 87–104, 2007,ISBN 9781845114060
（英文）Kurz, Otto, Cultural Relations Between Parthia and Rome, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 559–567, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Ebrey, Patricia Buckley,The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 1999,ISBN 052166991X
（英文）Syme, Ronald,The Roman Revolution, Oxford University Press, 1939
（英文）Redgate, Anne Elizabeth,The Armenians, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000,ISBN 0631220372
（英文）Yü, Ying-shih, Han Foreign Relations, Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (编),Cambridge History of China: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, Cambridge University Press: 377–462, 1986,ISBN 0521243270
（英文）de Crespigny, Rafe,A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD), Koninklijke Brill, 2007,ISBN 9004156054
（英文）Wood, Frances,The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia, University of California Press, 2002,ISBN 0520243404
（英文）Morton, William S.; Lewis, Charlton M.,China: Its History and Culture, McGraw-Hill, 2005,ISBN 0071412794
（英文）Mommsen, Theodor,The Provinces of the Roman Empire: From Caesar to Diocletian2, Gorgias Press, 2004,ISBN 159333026X
（英文）Widengren, Geo, Sources of Parthian and Sasanian History, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 1261–1283, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Yarshater, Ehsan, Iranian National History, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 358–480, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Boyce, Mary, Parthian Writings and Literature, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 1151–1165, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（德文）Posch, Walter, Chinesische Quellen zu den Parthern,Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse122, Franz Steiner: 355–364, 1998
（英文）Lukonin, V.G., Political, Social and Administrative Institutions: Taxes and Trade, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 681–746, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Sellwood, David, Parthian Coins, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 279–298, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Schlumberger, Daniel, Parthian Art, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 1027–1054, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Shahbazi, Shahpur A., Arsacids. I. Origin,Encyclopaedia Iranica2, 1987,ISBN 085303981X
（英文）Duchesne-Guillemin, J., Zoroastrian religion, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 866–908, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Neusner, J., Jews in Iran, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 909–923, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Asmussen, J.P., Christians in Iran, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 924–948, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Colpe, Carsten, Development of Religious Thought, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 819–865, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Emmerick, R.E., Buddhism Among Iranian Peoples, Yarshater, Ehsan (编),Cambridge History of Iran, London & New York: Cambridge University Press: 949–964, 1983,ISBN 052120092X
（英文）Demiéville, Paul, Philosophy and religion from Han to Sui, Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (编),Cambridge History of China: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, Cambridge University Press: 808–872, 1986,ISBN 0521243270
（英文）Zhang, Guanuda, The Role of the Sogdians as Translators of Buddhist Texts, Juliano, Annette L.; Lerner, Judith A. (编),Silk Road Studies: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road7, Brepols Publishers: 75–78, 2002,ISBN 2503521789
期刊文章
（德文）Waters, Kenneth H., The Reign of Trajan, part VII: Trajanic Wars and Frontiers. The Danube and the East, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Principat. II (Walter de Gruyter), 1974,2
（英文）Lightfoot, C.S., Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective,The Journal of Roman Studies, 1990,80: 115–126,JSTOR 300283,doi:10.2307/300283
（英文）Ashrafian, Hutan, Limb gigantism, neurofibromatosis and royal heredity in the Ancient World 2500 years ago: Achaemenids and Parthians, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2011,64 (4): 557,doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.025
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