一种早期的专业同行评审原型可见于《医师伦理》(Ethics of the Physician),由伊斯哈克·本·阿里·鲁哈维(Ishāq ibn ʻAlī al-Ruhāwī,854-931)撰写。他建议,医生每次探访病患时应留存病情记录,病患康复或去世后,医师的记录须由当地医务委员会审核,以判断治疗是否符合医疗标准。[20][21]
专业同行评审通常聚焦于提升专业人员的表现、维护标准或授予认证。写作中的同行评审(英語:peer review in writing)是同行评审实践中的一个重要分支,尤其在学术领域,由教师引导、学生参与的写作同行评审过程广为使用,成为学术写作与专业写作训练的重要组成部分。这一过程有助于确保学术作品的质量、有效性与可信度。[99][100]
同行评审过程中的沟通障碍与认知差异,也常影响作者表达原意。例如期刊《College Composition and Communication》的评审工作,常因作者背景多元,评审者的偏见差异大,导致意见冲突。[108][109]教师也常批评课堂内的同行评审“占用时间”且“对已知成绩无关紧要”。[110][111]
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