失去投票權者也無法擔任陪審員或競選公職，政治上形同被消失。他們無法影響州議會，利益也被忽視。教育方面，重建時期雖首次在多數南方州設立了公立學校，但黑人學校的經費始終遠低於白人學校。在戰後棉花價格下跌、南方經濟低迷的情況下，緊湊的教育經費也優先供以白人。[24] 與學校類似，很多地區也因為經費不足導致根本沒有供黑人使用的圖書館，即便有也多是使用白人捐贈的二手書。[4][25] 綜觀整個吉姆·克勞時代，這類黑人圖書館都十分稀少，且在20世紀前多半只是學校的附屬圖書室。公共圖書館幾乎都是由中產階級人士自主發起，並得到卡內基基金會（英语：Carnegie Corporation of New York）的配對資助而建立的，而非使用公家經費。[26] 南方地區直到20世紀初才陸續出現專門的黑人圖書館。[27]
尽管常被认为是吉姆·克劳法的南方版本，南部各州的反异族通婚法依然被立法通过，禁止不同种族间通婚。这些南部各州的法律并没有被美国《1964年民权法案》所废除，直至1967年美国首席大法官厄尔·沃伦领导的美國最高法院在洛文诉弗吉尼亚州案中作出里程碑式的判决，判定各州的反异族通婚法违宪。[7]沃伦大法官在判决意见书中写道：“选择与另一个种族的人结婚或不结婚是每个人的自由，只取决于个人，而不取决于各州（the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State)。”[7]
吉姆·克劳法与南方高私刑率成为二十世纪上半叶非裔美国人大迁徙（The Great Migration）的主要原因。由于南方机会不多，非裔美国人跑到北方城市寻求更好的生活，城市人口增加。据统计，1916-1970年间共有约600万非裔美国人从美国南部各州的乡村地区迁徙至美国东北部、中西部以及西部地区。[72]
^12.012.112.2Woodward, C. Vann and McFeely, William S. (2001),The Strange Career of Jim Crow. p. 7
^Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid. The New York Times (New York). 1892-12-21 [2011-02-06].ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2015-02-15）.New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for blacks.
^Woodward, C. Vann, and McFeely, William S.The Strange Career of Jim Crow. 2001, p. 6.
^Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics. Annual Review of Political Science. 2019-05-11,22 (1): 503–519.ISSN 1094-2939.doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519（英语）.
^20.020.1Perman, Michael.Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, Introduction.
^21.021.1Kousser, J. Morgan,The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
^Buddy, J., & Williams, M. (2005). "A dream deferred: school libraries and segregation",American Libraries, 36(2), 33–35.
^Fultz, M. (2006). "Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation".Libraries & The Cultural Record, 41(3), 338.
^Battles, D. M. (2009).The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South, or, Leaving Behind the Plow. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
^Holt, Thomas. Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1979.
^"Colored Methodists Indignant Over the Expulsion of Their Senior Bishop From a Florida Railway Car",The New York Times, 30 March 1882: "Colored men of spirit and culture are resisting the conductors, who attempt to drive them into the 'Jim Crow cars,' and they sometimes succeed."
^New York Times, 30 July 1887: "No 'Jim Crow' Cars": "The answer further avers that the cars provided for the colored passengers are equally as safe, comfortable, clean, well ventilated, and cared for as those provided for whites. The difference, it says, if any, relates to matters aesthetical only."
^39.039.1Plessy v. Ferguson. Know Louisiana. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities. [27 January 2018]. （原始内容存档于July 30, 2018）.
^Congress rejected by a majority of 140 to 59 a transport bill amendment proposed byJames Thomas Heflin (Ala.) to introduce racially segregated streetcars to the capital's transport system.The New York Times, 23 February 1908:"'Jim Crow Cars' Denied by Congress".
^John McCutheon. The Mysterious Stranger and Other Cartoons by John T. McCutcheon, New York, McClure, Phillips & Co. 1905.
^Buckelew, Richard A.Silas Herbert Hunt. Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. Butler Center. [June 4, 2018].
^Bartley, Numan V.,The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s (LSU Press, 1999).
^Chafe, William H., "Presidential Address: 'The Gods Bring Threads to Webs Begun'."Journal of American History 86.4 (2000): 1531–51.Online
^Patterson, James T.,Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (2002).
^Martin, Charles H., "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow in Southern College Sports: The Case of the Atlantic Coast Conference".North Carolina Historical Review, 76.3 (1999): 253–84.online
^Pamela Grundy,Learning to win: Sports, education, and social change in twentieth-century North Carolina (University of North Carolina Press, 2003), p. 297,online互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期December 15, 2018，..
^Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation. VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project. Virginia Commonwealth University. January 20, 2011 [27 January 2018].
^Carter, Dan T.The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics (LSU Press, 2000).
^Robert E. Gilbert, "John F. Kennedy and civil rights for black Americans."Presidential Studies Quarterly 12.3 (1982): 386–99.Online
^Pauley, Garth E., "Presidential rhetoric and interest group politics: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil Rights Act of 1964."Southern Journal of Communication 63.1 (1997): 1–19.
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. Studies in American Political Development. April 2020,34 (1): 71–90.ISSN 0898-588X.S2CID 213551748.doi:10.1017/S0898588X19000208（英语）. 含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link)
. （原始内容(PDF)存档于April 12, 2019）. 
