Elmquist, A. Louis,Swedish phonology, Chicago: The Engberg-Holmberg Publishing Company, 1915
Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999,ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Grønnum, Nina, Illustrations of the IPA: Danish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1998,28 (1 & 2): 99–105,doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor,The dialect of Maastricht(PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies), 1999,29: 155–166 [2018-05-09],doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, (原始内容(PDF)存档于2017-10-11)
Hall, Christopher, Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English 2nd, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003 [First published 1992],ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe, Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005,35 (1): 59–71,doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1990,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000,ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5