無神論個西文atheism原本係指任何同發展成熟嘅宗敎有衝突,人又好,信念又好,係種蔑稱。[8][9]。之不過,自由思想(freethought),科學懷疑(scientific skepticism)同埋宗敎批判(criticism of religion)散發,atheism個意思越來越專門,最後變成無神論者嘅自稱。
↑Pojman, Louis P (1999).Robert Audi (編).The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (第(2nd edition)版).the view that there are no gods. A widely used sense denotes merely not believing in God and is consistent with agnosticism. A stricter sense denotes a belief that there is no God...
↑Nielsen, Kai."Atheism".Encyclopædia Britannica. 喺2007-04-28搵到. "Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings... a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for [reasons that depend] on how God is being conceived."
Eller, David (2004).Natural Atheism. pp. p 12.All humans are born Atheists. No baby born into the world arrives with specific religious beliefs or knowledge. Such beliefs and knowledge must be acquired, which means that they must first exist before and apart from the new life and that they must be presented to and impressed on the new suggestible mind—one that has no critical apparatus and no alternative views of its own.{{cite book}}:|pages= has extra text (help)
Angeles, Peter A. (1981).Dictionary of Philosophy. USA: Barnes & Noble.1. the belief that gods do not, or God does not, exist; 2. The disbelief in any kind of supernatural existence that is supposed to affect the universe; 3. the lack of belief in a particular God{{cite book}}:Unknown parameter|isbn13= ignored (help)
Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942 edition).Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library.ISBN0064634612.(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought{{cite book}}:|first= has generic name (help);Check date values in:|year= (help) - entry byVergilius Ferm
↑Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism".The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p 376.ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
↑Fales, Evan. "Naturalism and Physicalism", inMartin 2007, pp. 122–131 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMartin2007 (help).
↑Baggini 2003, pp. 3–4 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBaggini2003 (help).
↑Drachmann, A. B. (1977 ("an unchanged reprint of the 1922 edition")).Atheism in Pagan Antiquity. Chicago: Ares Publishers.ISBN0-89005-201-8.Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they saidatheos andatheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly,atheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed.{{cite book}}:Check date values in:|year= (help)
↑Stanley, Thomas (1687).The history of philosophy 1655–61. quoted inOxford English Dictionary.An Atheist is taken two ways, for him who is an enemy to the Gods, and for him who believeth there are no Gods.{{cite book}}:Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors= (help)
↑Nagel, Ernest (1959)。〈無神論嘅哲學概念〉.《基本信仰:人類嘅宗教哲學》。Sheridan House。「我要先講清楚我將『無神論』呢個詞用嚟形容乜嘢意思,同埋我點樣理解呢篇文章嘅主題。我將會將『無神論』理解為對所有種類嘅有神論嘅主要主張嘅批評同否定。...無神論唔等於單純嘅不信,或者唔相信某個宗教團體嘅某種信條。所以,一個冇接受過任何宗教教育同從來冇聽過上帝嘅細路唔係無神論者——因為佢冇否定任何有神論嘅主張。同樣噉,一個冇深思熟慮就放棄咗佢阿爸信仰嘅成年人,或者一個對任何神學問題都完全冇興趣嘅人,都唔係無神論者——因為呢啲成年人冇挑戰有神論,亦冇就呢個話題發表任何意見。...我打算研究一啲無神論嘅『哲學』概念。」 喺Peter A. Angeles編輯嘅《對上帝嘅批評》(Prometheus Books,1997年)中重印。
↑Oppy 2018, p. 4: 不可知論者同天真者嘅分別係,佢哋都係既唔相信有神,又唔相信冇神,但不可知論者係考慮過有冇神呢個問題。天真者係從來冇考慮過有冇神呢個問題嘅人。通常,天真者之所以從來冇考慮過有冇神呢個問題,係因為佢哋無能力考慮呢個問題。點解會噉呢?好簡單,要考慮有冇神呢個問題,你首先要明白「神」呢個概念係乜嘢意思。即係話,你要有「神」呢個概念先得。啲冇「神」呢個概念嘅人就冇可能諗到有冇神呢個問題。舉個例,好似一個月大嘅BB。好大可能一個月大嘅BB係冇「神」呢個概念。所以好大可能一個月大嘅BB就係天真者。其他可能係天真者嘅例子包括黑猩猩、受過嚴重腦創傷嘅人類,同埋患有晚期癡呆症嘅人類。 harv error: no target: CITEREFOppy2018 (help)
↑Flew 1976, pp. 14ff harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFlew1976 (help): "喺呢個詮釋入便,無神論者唔再係一個正面斷言冇神存在嘅人;而係一個唔係有神論者嘅人。等我哋以後方便講,將前者叫做「正面無神論者」,後者就叫做「負面無神論者」。"