Virginia Kiōng-êng-kok
Commonwealth of Virginia |
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| Chhiok-hō:"Old Dominion", "Mother of Presidents and the Mother of Statesmen" |
Piau-gí:Sic semper tyrannis
(English: Thus Always to Tyrants)[1] |
 Map of the United States with Virginia highlighted |
| Koan-hong gí-giân | Eng-gí |
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| Liû-thong gí-giân | Eng-gí 85.87%,
Se-pan-gâ-gí 6.41%
Kî-tha 7.72% |
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| Chū-bîn chheng-ho͘ | Virginian |
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| Siú-hú | Richmond |
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| Siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Virginia Beach |
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| Siāng-tōa to͘-hōe | Washington tō͘-chhī-khu |
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| Bīn-chek | Pâi-miâ tē-35 |
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| • Ha̍p-kè | 42,774.2 sq mi
(110,785.67 km2) |
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| • Tang-sai khoah | 200 mí (320 km) |
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| • Lâm-pak khoah | 430 mí (690 km) |
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| • % chúi-bīn | 7.4 |
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| • Hūi-tō͘ | 36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N |
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| • Keng-tō͘ | 75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W |
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| Jîn-kháu | Pâi-miâ tē-12 |
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| • Ha̍p-kè | 8,411,808 (2016 est.)[2] |
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| • Bi̍t-tō͘ | 206.7/sq mi (79.8/km2)
Pâi-miâ tē-14 |
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| • Hō͘-kháu siu-ji̍p tiong-ta̍t | $61,486[3] (tē-14) |
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| Koân-tō͘ | |
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| • Ko-tiám | Mount Rogers[4][5]
5,729 ft (1746 m) |
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| • Pêng-kin | 950 ft (290 m) |
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| • Kē-tiám | Tāi-se-iûⁿ[4]
0 ft (0 m) |
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| Siat chiu chìn-chêng | Virginia Si̍t-bîn-tē |
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| Sin chiu seng-li̍p | 1788 nî 6 goe̍h 25 (10th) |
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| Chiu-tiúⁿ | Ralph Northam (D) |
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| Hù-chiu-tiúⁿ | Justin Fairfax (D) |
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| Li̍p-hoat | Gī-hōe |
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| • Siōng-gī-īⁿ | Chham-gī-hōe |
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| • Hā-gī-īⁿ | Chiòng-gī-hōe |
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| Liân-pang Chham-gī-goân | Mark Warner (D)
Tim Kaine (D) |
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| Liân-pang Chiòng-gī-goân | 7-êKiōng-hô-thóng,
4-êBîn-chú-thóng (lia̍t-toaⁿ) |
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| Sî-khu | Eastern:UTC−5/−4 |
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| ISO 3166 | US-VA |
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| Kán-siá | VA, Va. |
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| Bāng-chām | www.virginia.gov |
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Virginia sīBí-kok ê chi̍t-êchiu.Siú-hú sīRichmond. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sīVirginia Beach.
Virginia ê tang-pêng kap pak-pêng sīWashington, D.C. kapMaryland; lâm-pên sīNorth Carolina; sai-lâm-pêng sīTennessee; sai-pêng sīKentucky; pak-pêng kiam sai-pêng sīWest Virginia. Lēng-gōa óa tang-pêng ê hái sīTāi-se-iûⁿ
Ū khó-kó͘ gián-kiù hoat-ànPocahontas Island (chi̍t-ê poàn-tó tē-hng) tī Chêng 6500 chiō ū lâng khiā-khí.
Tong Eng-lân khún-hō͘ tī 1607 nî tú lâi-kàuJamestown ê sî, tī Virginachúi-chhiâng-sòaⁿ (fall line, chi̍t khoán tē-lí hun-kài) tang-pêng tōa-hūn thó͘-tē lóng sīAlgonquin pō͘-cho̍k khòng-chè ê só͘-chāi. In sī liân-ha̍p tī le̍k-sú-ha̍k siōng só͘ kóng êPowhatan Pang-liân ē-té, he̍k-chiá kóng sī chi̍t-ê "tè-kok". Siú-léngWahunsunacock tī 16 sè-kí bóe kàu 17 sè-kí chheh cheng-ho̍k kiam liân-ha̍p liáu tāi-khài saⁿ-cha̍p-ê pō͘-lo̍k, che siú-léng hông kiò chò sīPowhatan, i chheng só͘ khòng-chè ê thó͘-tē sīTenakomakah.
Virginia si̍t-bîn-tē sī 1607 nîLûn-tun Kong-si (London Company) kiàn-li̍p--ê.[6]
Tāi-eng-kok Kok-hōe tī tùi Hoat-kok kap Ìn-tò͘ ê chiàn-chéng liáu-āu hiòng si̍t-bîn-tē ka-kiông tin-sòe, ín-khí chia só͘-chāi ê put-boán. Tong-sîPatrick Henry kapRichard Henry Lee téng gī-oân chhōa-thâu êKong-bîn-hōe (House of Burgesses) chiō sī hoán-tùi sin sòe-kim chè-tō͘--ê. 1773 nî, Virginia lâng khai-sí kap pa̍t chiu cho͘-chit in hêng-tông. 1774 nî in phài tāi-piáu chham-kaTāi-lio̍k Hōe-gī, tong-nî Kong-bîn-hōe hō͘ ông-ka phài ê chóng-tok kái-sàn, kek-bēng-phài ê thâu-lâng chiō keng-kòeVirgina Tāi-hōe (Virginia Conventions) î-chhî koán-lí. Kàu 1776 nî ê sî, Tāi-hōe soan-pò͘ Virginia tùi Tāi-eng Tè-kok to̍k-li̍p, chhái-ēngGeorge Mason êVirginia Khoân-lī Soan-giân (Virginia Declaration of Rights). Lēng-gōa chi̍t ūi Virginia lângThomas Jefferson āu--lâi koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ khí-chhó liáu Bí-kok êTo̍k-li̍p Soan-giân.
Lōe-chiàn chìn-chêng, Virginia tû-liáu tī lông-gia̍p siōng, ùikhòng-gia̍p êlô͘-lē sú-iōng mā tng teh chin-ka. 1800 nî. Hit chūn mā sán-seng lô͘-lē hóng-khòng oa̍h-tāng, pau-koat chhiūⁿGabriel Prosser tī 1800 nî,Nat Turner tī 1831 nî, kapJohn Brow tī 1859 nî, hun-pia̍t niá-chhōa liáu po̍k-tōng sū-kiāⁿ. Kàu 1860 nî ê sî, tāi-khài chiâⁿ pah bān, chiàu beh 31% ê Virginia jîn-kháu sī lô͘-lē.
1861 nî 4 goe̍h 17 ji̍t, Virginia tâu-phiò koat-tēng thoat-lî Bí-kok. Kàu 4 goe̍h 24, in ka-ji̍pAmerica Pang-liân-kok, tong-sî Pang-liân siú-hú chiō siat tī Virginia êRichmond. Chiàn-cheng kiat-sok liáu-āu, tī 1870 nî, keng-kòeKiú-jîn Úi-oân-hōe (Committee of Nine) ê ūn-chok, Virginia chèng-sek tó-tńg Bí-kok.
Virginia chhut-sin êJames Albert Bonsack tī 1880 nî hoat-bêng liáu kńgta-bá-kohchóa-hun ê ke-khì, niá-chhōa liáuRichmond ê chi̍t kái kang-gia̍p hoat-tián. Kàu 1886 nî ê sî, thih-lō͘ si̍t-gia̍p-kaCollis Potter Huntington kiàn-li̍p khíNewport News Shipbuilding chō-chûn-só͘, che kang-tiûⁿ tè-bé tī tâu-jipIt-chhù Tāi-chià chêng-āuBí-kok Hái-kun chiàn-lām ê seng-sán.
1951 nî tīFarmville,Barbara Rose Johns hoat-tōng hoán-khòng chéng-cho̍k keh-lî ha̍k-hāu ê ūn-tōng, ín-khíDavis tùi Prince Edward Kūn ê Kūn Ha̍k-hāu Lí-sū-hōe (Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County) koaⁿ-si. Àn-kiāⁿ tī 1954 nî keng-kòeBrown tùi Kàu-io̍k Lí-sū-hōe (Brown v. Board of Education) àn khak-tēng, kī-choa̍t liáu keh-lî-phài tùi "hûn-lî m̄-koh pêng-téng" ê chú-tiuⁿ. 1960 nî-tāi oa̍h-hiáⁿ êKong-bîn Khoân-lī Ūn-tōng, ín-chhōa liáu Bí-kok chē hāng choân-kok-sèng ê hoat-àn. Tī 1964 nî, Bí-kok Chòe-ko Hoat-īⁿ bēng-lēngPrince Edward Kūn téng tē-hng ài hòe-tû keh-lî-sek ha̍k-hāu.
Virginia tī 2015 nî êGDP sī 481,084 pa̍h-bān bí-kim.[7] Chiàu 2015 nî ê chu-liāu, pún chiu siāng-chē lâng-kang ê sán-gia̍p sīsió-bē-gia̍p.[8]
- ↑"Factpack"(PDF).Virginia General Assembly. January 11, 2007.goân-loē-iông(PDF) tī October 28, 2008 hőng khó͘-pih.October 14, 2008 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑"Population and Housing Unit Estimates".U.S. Census Bureau. June 22, 2017.June 22, 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑"Median Annual Household Income".The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.December 9, 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑4.04.1"Elevations and Distances in the United States".United States Geological Survey. 2001.goân-loē-iông tī November 2, 2011 hőng khó͘-pih.October 24, 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑Elevation adjusted toNorth American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ↑Grant, Susan-Mary (2012).A Concise History of the United States of America. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.ISBN 9780521612791.
- ↑"Total Gross Domestic Product by State for Virginia".FRED. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 2016-12-07.2017-04-03 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑"Major industries with highest employment, by state, 1990-2015".Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2016-08-05.2017-03-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
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