Tān-sī Tiâu-sián-gú, Ji̍t-gú, Liû-kiû-gú lóng-bô jîn-chheng hiō-tòe, pí-jû Tungus-gú (Hezhen) Mini bithe-i (góa ê chheh), Bi mini bithe-we-i hvla-i (góa tha̍k góa ê chheh). Bithe-we-i tiong ê we sī siū-kek hiō-toè, tông-sî 'i' sī tē-it jîn-chheng léng-sio̍k hiō-tòe. 'hvla-i' tiong ê 'i' sī tōng-sû tē-it jîn-chheng hiō-tòe. Bông-kó͘-gú 'Teguu-d-mini og' (hō͘ góa sió-tī). 'd' sī ú-kek hiō-tòe, 'mini' sī tē-it jîn-chheng léng-sio̍k hiō-tòe.
Tiâu-sián-gú ê che 3 ê gú-giân te̍k-teng ūi chit-ê koan-tiám thê-kiong liáu hui-siông ū-la̍t ê chi-chhî. Tān-sī in-ūi Tiâu-sián-gú hām Altai gú-hē ê kî-thaⁿ gú-giân chi-kan ê tông-goân-sû put-chí-á chió (Ji̍t-gú bô), só͘-í hoán-tùi chit-ê koan-tiám ê ha̍k-chiá it-poaⁿ lóng kā che chok-ûi hoán-pok ê kiông-tāi chèng-kù.
Koan-û goân-im hô-hâi-lu̍t, chit-chióng gú-giân te̍k-teng iá pēng-m̄-sī Altai gú-hē ê choan-lī. Altac gú-hē chiu-piⁿ, Pak-a Chukotko-Kamchatka gú-hē ê Chukotko-gú, Tang-a Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k (Tibeto-Burma languages) ê Kéng-pho-gú (景頗語), Kiuⁿ-gú (羌語) iā chûn-chāi he̍k-chiá sī chân-liû tio̍h goân-im hô-hâi ê hiān-siōng, jî Hui-chiu Niger-Congo gú-hēê chin-chōe gú-giân, pau-koat Igbo-gú hām chin-choē Bantu gú-cho̍k ê gú-giân, iah-ū í chhùi-chi̍h ê ūi-tì ûi ki-chhó͘ ê goân-im hô-hâi ê hiān-siōng chûn-chāi.
jî-chhiáⁿ liâm-tio̍k-gú ê te̍k-teng kèng-ka m̄ sī kan-ta Altai gú-hē chiah ū. Tī sè-kài kî-thaⁿ gú-hē tiong kóng-hoàn chûn-chāi chit-ê hiān-siōng: Au-chiu kap Pak-a ê Ural gú-hē, Ìn-tō͘ ê Dravidian gú-hē, kóng-hoàn hun-pō͘ tī A-chiu, Ò-chiu kap Hui-chiu êLâm-tó gú-hē téng-téng lóng sī í liâm-tio̍k-gú ûi chú-thé ê gú-hē. Kīn-lîn Altai gú-hē ê Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k iā-sī í liâm-tio̍k-gú kap thè-hòa ê liâm-tio̍k-gú kò͘-sêng ê gú-cho̍k.
Tē-jī-lūi koan-tiám jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kapTiâu-sián-gú kiōng-tông sio̍k-û chi̍t ê sin ê gú-hē. Ū chit-chióng koan-tiám ê ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi Ji̍t-gú ê bûn-hoat hām Tiâu-sián-gú ê bûn-hoat lóng sī SOV sūn-sī (kî-thaⁿ Altai gú-giân mā sī án-ni), jî-chhiáⁿ lióng-chiá le̍k-sú siōng iū kiōng-tông siū-tio̍h Kó͘-hàn-gú ê kiông-lia̍t éng-hióng. Só͘-í ū ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kap Tiâu-sián-gú sī Altai gú-hē kapSino-Tibetan gú-hē hūn-ha̍p ê sin-gú-hē. Tān-sī Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kap Tiâu-sián-gú chi-kan kâng-khoán khoeh-chió tông-goân-sû. Che mā sī piàn-sêng hoán-tùi-chiá ū-la̍t ê chèng-kù.
Tē 3 lūi koan-tiám jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kap Tiâu-sián-gú kāng-khoán, kè sī ko͘-li̍p gú-giân, in kap bo̍k-chêng sè-kài siōng lán í-keng ū jīn-sek ê gú-giân lóng-bô koan-liân. Chiah-ê ha̍k-chiá ēng 'tông-goân-sû būn-tôe' lâi chi-chhî in ê koan-tiám.
Tē 4 lūi koan-tiám jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gu-hē eng-tong kui-sio̍kHàn-Chōng gí-hē Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k, chú-iàu í Nishida Tatsuo ûi tāi-piáu ê chi̍t-kóa ha̍k-chiá, jīn-ûi Ji̍t-gú ê gú-sī hām Bián-tiān-gú téng choa̍t-tāi-to-sò͘ Chōng-Bián gú (tû Karen-gú hām Bai-gú í-gōa, che nn̄g chióng gú-giân hun-pia̍t siū-tio̍h SVO ê Thài-gú kap Hàn-gú éng-hióng, mā piàn-sêng SVO gú-sī) sio-kāng, jî-chhiáⁿ Ji̍t-gú kò͘-iú-jī-lūi tiong iā ū hām Bián-tiān-gú í-ki̍p Tiong-kok lâm-pō͘ hong-giân chiap-kūn ê jī-lūi, sīm-chì tī im-ūn siōng iā ū bōe-chió sio-siâng ê só͘-chāi, in-chhú chú-tiuⁿ Ji̍t-gú èng-kai sio̍k-û Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k. Chóng-sī, hoán-tùi ê lâng jīn-ûi, Ji̍t-pún kap Chōng-Bián bîn-cho̍k chi-kan lō͘-tô͘ hn̄g-hn̄g, tiong-kan koh ū Lâm-tó gú-hē kap Tungus bîn-cho̍k ê tōe-khu, in-chhú chit-ê koan-tiám bô tit--tio̍h tiōng-sī. Tān-sī koh ū ha̍k-chiá thê-chhut èng-tong í bîn-cho̍k î-bîn ê le̍k-sú lâi khòaⁿ-thāi chit-ê ká-soat. In kóng: sui-jiân hiān-chú-sî ê bîn-cho̍k hun-pò͘ khòaⁿ-khí-lâi Ji̍t-pún kap Chōng-Bián bîn-cho̍k chi-kan chin hn̄g, tān-sī tī Siong-Chiu sî-kî, chi̍t-kóa Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k, lâm-chi kó͘-a-chiu-cho̍k (shimada) kap Lâm-tó gú-cho̍k hūn-ha̍p, pēng-chhiáⁿ tī Hàn-Chōng (Chiu) bîn-cho̍k kiông-tāi ê ap-le̍k hā hâng-hái pak-siōng he̍k-chiá lâm-hā keng-kè Tiâu-sián poàn-tó chìn-ji̍p Kiú-chiu-tó tēng-ku. Hit-tong-sî, Tungus-cho̍k (Altai gú-hē) iáu-bōe tī Bông-kó͘ ko-goân kap Pak-chi kó͘-a-chiu-cho̍k (taⁿ ê Chukotko kap Tiâu-sián-cho̍k pak-pō͘ ê goân-sí bîn-cho̍k) kèng-cheng, chit-chióng kóng-hoat iā put-chí-ū tō-lí.
↑"While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.
↑"When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.
↑"Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.
↑"...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).
↑Stefan Georg, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell (1999): "Telling general linguists about Altaic".Journal of Linguistics, volume 35, issue 1, pages 65–98.
↑"While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.
↑"Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.
↑"When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.
↑"...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).
