A-lú-mih, 13Al |
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| Ki-pún sèng-chit |
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| Miâ,hû-hō | a-lú-mih, Al |
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| Phian-miâ | aluminum (US) |
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| Gōa-hêng | kim-sio̍k-khoán phú-gîn-sek |
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| A-lú-mih tīchiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì |
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| Goân-chú-hoan | 13 |
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| Goân-chú-liōng (±) | 26.9815385(7)[1] |
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| Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t | āu-kòe-tō͘ kim-sio̍k
ū-sî hong hun chòlūi-kim-sio̍k |
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| Cho̍k,hun-khu | 13 cho̍k, p khu |
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| Chiu-kî | tē 3 chiu-kî |
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| Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t | [Ne] 3s2 3p1 |
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| per shell | 2, 8, 3 |
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| Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit |
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| Siòng | kò͘-thé |
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| Iûⁿ-tiám | 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) |
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| Hut-tiám | 2743 K (2470 °C, 4478 °F) |
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| Bi̍t-tō͘ (sek-un) | 2.70 g·cm−3 |
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| 2.375 g·cm−3 |
| Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t | 10.71 kJ·mol−1 |
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| Cheng-hoat-jia̍t | 284 kJ·mol−1 |
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| Jia̍t-iông-liōng | 24.20 J·mol−1·K−1 |
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cheng-khì-ap| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k | | tī T (K) | 1482 | 1632 | 1817 | 2054 | 2364 | 2790 |
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| Goân-chú sèng-chit |
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| Sng-hòa-sò͘ | +3, +2,[2] +1[3], −1, −2 (anamphoteric oxide) |
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| Tiān-hū-tō͘ | Pauling scale: 1.61 |
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| Tiān-lī-lêng | 1st: 577.5 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1816.7 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2744.8 kJ·mol−1
(more) |
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| Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng | empirical: 143 pm |
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| Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng | 121±4 pm |
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| Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng | 184 pm |
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| Cha̍p-lio̍k |
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| Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō | face-centered cubic (fcc) |
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| Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á) | (rolled) 5000 m·s−1 (at r.t.) |
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| Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng | 23.1 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C) |
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| Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t | 237 W·m−1·K−1 |
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| Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t | 28.2 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Chû-sèng | paramagnetic[4] |
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| Young hē-sò͘ | 70 GPa |
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| Shear hē-sò͘ | 26 GPa |
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| Bulk hē-sò͘ | 76 GPa |
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| Poisson pí | 0.35 |
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| Mohs ngē-tō͘ | 2.75 |
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| Vickers ngē-tō͘ | 160–350 MPa |
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| Brinell ngē-tō͘ | 160–550 MPa |
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| CAS teng-kì pian-hō | 7429-90-5 |
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| Le̍k-sú |
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| Chhui-chhek | Antoine Lavoisier[5] (1787) |
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| Siōng chá hû-lî | Hans Christian Ørsted[6] (1825) |
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| hō-miâ | Humphry Davy[5] (1807) |
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| Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘ |
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| Chú bûn-chiong:a-lú-mih ê tông-ūi-sò͘ |
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A-lú-mih[7] (hoà-ha̍k hû-hō:Al,Bí-kok Eng-gí:Aluminum), mā hōlú (鋁, lū, lī), koh ū hōhoân-sò͘ (礬素) he̍k-chiá sīkhin-gîn (輕銀), sī 1 chiónghoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘.
A-lú-mih chiàm tē-kiû tē-khak 8.3%, hong-hù ê thêng-tō͘ pâi tē-3, tīsi-lí-khóng āu-piah.[8]
A-lú-mih sīFriedrich Wohler tī 1827 nǐ hun-lî chhut--lâi. Chóng-sī bô sûn ê hêng-sek tī chìn-chêng tio̍h ūHans Christian Oersted chò--chhut-lâi. Tī che í-chêng, lâng mā chai-iáⁿ i chûn-chāi tīhoân (礬) lāi-bīn.[8]
A-lú-mih châi-liāu khònghú-si̍t (seⁿ-sian) ê lêng-le̍k bē-bái, in-ūi tan-sûn ê kim-sio̍k tú tio̍h khong-khì ê sî, tī piáu-bīn thang seⁿ chhut chi̍t têngsng-hòa a-lú-mih, ē-tàng bián tit chìn chi̍t-pō͘ êsng-hòa,[9] che kòe-têng hō chòpī-tōng-hòa (passivation). Siōng ngē ê a-lú-mih ha̍p-kim khòng seⁿ-sian ê lêng-le̍k khah kē, in-ūi kaptâng ê ha̍p-kim ūgalvanic hoán-èng thang hoat-seng.[10] Iông-chúi ê iâm-lūi ē-tàng kiám-chió chia ê khòng hú-si̍t lêng-le̍k, te̍k-pia̍t sī kap kî-tha kim-sio̍k chò-hóe chhut-hiān ê sî.
Tī kiông sng-tō͘ ê iông-e̍k lāi, a-lú-mih ē kap chúi hoán-èng seⁿ chhutchúi-sò͘, nā tī kiôngalkaline tang-tiong, ē seⁿ chhuta-lú-mih-sng-iâm (aluminates), tī pún chōng-hóng ē-té pó-hō͘-sèng ê pī-tōng-sèng bô sáⁿ chok-iōng. Che chú-iàu sī hō͘ iông-kái êiâm-hòa-bu̍t (chlorides), pí-lūniâm-hòa sodium, hú-si̍t--khì, mā in-ūi an-ne, chhù-lāi êphòe-kóng sī bô leh ēng a-lú-mih chè-chō.[11]
Chóng-sī, in-ūi it-poaⁿ khòng hú-si̍t ê lêng-le̍k, a-lú-mih sī chió-sò͘ ē-tàng tī hún-chit ê chêng-hêng koh pó-chhî gîn-á-khoán hoán-kng ê kim-sio̍k, che hō͘ i thang chògîn-sek chhat-liāu ê sêng-hun. A-lú-mih chò piáu-bīn ê kiàⁿ, nā tī 200–400 nm (UV) kap 3,000–10,000 nm (hn̄gIR) hoān-ûi, ū kim-sio̍k tang-tiong siāng koân êhoán-kng-sèng (reflectance); nā tī 400–700 nm khó-kiàn-kng hoān-ûi lāi sī sió-khóa písiah kapgîn khah kē, koh nā 700–3000 nm (kīn IR), sī su hō͘gîn,kim, kaptâng.[12]
A-lú-mih tī 280 °C í-hā un-tō͘ ê chúi ni̍h ē hō͘sng-hòa, sán-sengchúi-sò͘,chúi-hòa a-lú-mih, kap jia̍t:
- 2 Al + 6 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2
Pún choán-ōaⁿ tùi chè-chō chúi-sò͘ ū lī-ek. Chóng-sī, siū tio̍h pī-tōng-sèng sng-hòa chiâⁿ-chân éng-hióng ē chó͘-gāi hoán-ēng, koh kiam ūi tio̍h têng seⁿ kim-sio̍k a-lú-mih ê lêng-goân, che kòe-têng ê siōng-gia̍p lī-ēng ū khùn-lân.[13]
Seng-sán a-lú-mih sī chin hùi lêng-goân--ê, chiū an-ne seng-sán-chiá tiāⁿ kāchè-liān-só͘ siat tī tiān-le̍k chhiong-chio̍k kiam sio̍k-kè ê só͘-chāi.[15] Chiàu 2012 nî ê sò͘-jī, thong-sè-kài siāng tōa ê a-lú-mih chè-liān-só͘ tī siat tī Tiong-kok, Lō͘-se-a, Bahrain, A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok (UAE), kap Lâm-hui-kok.[16] Tī 2016 nî, chiàu kok-ka lâi sǹg Tiong-kok sī sán-liōng siāng tōa--ê, chiàm 55 pha-sén ê gia̍h; sòa--lo̍h-lâi sī Lō͘-se-a, Ka-ná-tah, Ìn-tō͘, kap UAE.[14]
Hoân-thô͘ (bauxite) thang keng-kòeBayer-sek chè-têng choán chhutsng-hòa a-lú-mih. Hoân-thô͘ kòe kiáu hō͘ cho͘-sêng it-chè kiam kòe-bôa. Kiáu--chhut-lâi ênî-chiuⁿ (slurry) kapchúi-hòa sodium (sodium hydroxide) iông-e̍k saⁿ-lām; lām-hó-sè liáu-āu koh keng-kòe khah koân khì-ap ê chhù-lí, kā chúi-hòa sodium kái-sek chhut--lâi, jî-chhiá kā goân-pún bô sûn ê mi̍h choán chò siong-tùi put-iông-kái-sèng ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t:[17]
- Al(OH)3 + Na+ + OH− → Na+ + [Al(OH)4]−
Keng-kòe chit hāng hoán-èng, nî-chiuⁿ tng tī pí tāi-khìhut-tiám (boiling point) koân ê un-tō͘. Kā ap-le̍k kàng-kē, pâi chhut cheng-khì thang kā ūn-tō͘ kàng-kē. Liáu-āu hoân-thô͘ ê tái ài ka pun lî-khui. Bô kò͘-thé ê iông-e̍k, koh ka-ji̍p sè lia̍p chúi-hòa a-lú-mih ê kiat-chiⁿ chò chéng-chí; che thang chō-sêng [Al(OH)4]− lî-chú thoat chò chúi-hòa a-lú-mih. Chit-pòaⁿ ê a-lú-mih chhut--lâi liáu-āu, saⁿ-lām ê chè-phín sàng kòe pun-lūi. Chúi-hòa a-lú-mih ê sè lia̍p kiat-chiⁿ hông kéng--chhut-lâi chò chéng-chí; chho͘-lia̍p-á hông piàn chò sng-hòa a-lú-mih; kî-tha ê iông-e̍k koh keng-kòe cheng-liū sóa cháu, sûn-hòa (nā su-iàu), kap hôe-siu.[17]
A-lú-mih chò chhia-sin êAustin A40 Sports (iok. 1951 nî)A-lú-mih sīhui-thih kim-sio̍k (non-ferrous metal) tang-tiong siāng phó͘-phiàn hông lī-ēng--ê.[18] Thong-sè-kài ê a-lú-mih seng-sán tī 2016 nî ū 58.5 pah-bāntòng. Che sī tû liáuthih (1,231 pah-bān tòng) í-gōa siāng koân--ê.[14]
A-lú-mih chha-put-to lóng sī chòha̍p-kim ê hong-sek leh ēng, che thang kái-chìn i-ê ki-hâi sèng-chit, te̍k-pia̍t sīkòe-jia̍t (tempering) chhù-lí ê sî-chūn. Pí-lūna-lú-mih po̍h (aluminium foil) kap ím-liāu êkoàn-thâu kan-á, it-poaⁿ sī 92% kàu 99% a-lú-mih ê ha̍p-kim.[19] Ēng lâi lām a-lú-mih ha̍p-kim ê châi-liāu, chú-iàu ūtâng,a-iân (zinc),magnesium,manganese kapke-sò͘ (chi̍t chióng sán-phín kiòduralumin), chham chiàm tam̄-po̍h pha-sén tāng-liōng ê kî-tha kim-sio̍k.[20]
A-lú-mih kim-sio̍k chòe chú-iàu ê lī-ēng ū:[21]
A-lú-mih koàn-thâu- Ūn-su (chū-tōng-chhia, hui-hêng-ki,tho͘-lá-kuh,hóe-chhia chhia-siuⁿ, kiâⁿ-hái ūn-su-khì,to̍k-lián-chia, thài-khong-chûn, tt.). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī kē bi̍t-tō͘ ê sèng-chit;
- Pau-chong (koàn-thâu, a-lú-mih po̍h, kheng-á tt.). A-lú-mih tī chiá ê lī-ek sī bû-to̍k, bûkhip-le̍k (non-adsorptive), kiam hông chha̍k ji̍p ê lêng-le̍k;
- Kiàn-siat (thang-á,mn̂g,chhù-kheng (siding), chhù-kin (building wire), chhù-piah (sheathing), chhù-téng, tt.). In-ūi kǹg-thih kè-siàu khah sio̍k, a-lú-mih sī ēng tī khah iau-kiû khin, hông seⁿ-sian, ia̍h kî-tha kang-têng te̍k-sèng ê sî;
- Tiān-khì koan-liân lī-ēng (tó-thé ha̍p-kim, moh-tah kap hoat-tiān-ki, piàn-ap-khì, tiān-iông-khì, tt.). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī siong-tùi khah sio̍k, koân tó-tiān-sèng, thang chiap-siū ê ki-hâi kiông-tō͘ kiam kē bi̍t-tō͘, kap khòng seⁿ-sian;
- Chē khoán chhù-lāi ke-si, tùichú-chia̍h ke-si kàuka-khū. Kē bi̍t-tō͘, gōa-piáu hó-sè, kan-tan chè-chō hêng-thé, kap tòng-kú ê sèng-chit sī a-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek;
- Ki-hâi kap chong-pī (chhù-lí chong-pī, kóng-lō͘, ke-si). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī hông seⁿ-sian, bē hoat-hóe (non-pyrophoricity), kiam ki-hâi kiông-tō͘.
- A-lú-mihgîn-kak-á mā ū ēng chō sè-hāng gîn-gia̍h êthong-hòe, in-ūi chè-chō sêng-pún kē, kiām kim-sio̍kpún-sin kè-ta̍t (bullion value) kē ê sèng-chit.
Chin tōa pō͘-hūn (tāi-iok 90%) êsng-hòa a-lú-mih (aluminium oxide) sī hông choán chò kim-sio̍k a-lú-mih.[17] In-ūi sǹg chiâⁿ ngē ê châi-liāu (Mohs ngē-tō͘ 9),[22] sng-hòa a-lú-mih tiāⁿ ēng chògéng-châi (abrasive);[23] mā in-ūi hòa-ha̍k-siōng hui-siông ê bô-hoán-èng sèng-chit, chit-ê mih sek-ha̍p ēng tī koân hoán-èng-sèng ê khoan-kéng, chhin-chhiūⁿko-ap sodium teng-hóe tang-tiong.[24]
- ↑Standard Atomic Weights 2013.Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
- ↑Aluminium monoxide
- ↑Aluminium iodide
- ↑Lide, D. R. (2000)."Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds"(PDF).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st pán.).CRC Press.ISBN 0849304814.
- ↑5.05.1"Aluminum".Los Alamos National Laboratory.3 March 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑"13 Aluminium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net.2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑Tâi-oân koàn-sì tha̍ka-lú-mih
- ↑8.08.1Harold M. Cobb, pian. (2012). "aluminum".Dictionary of Metals. ASM International.ISBN 978-1-61503-978-4.
- ↑Vargel, Christian (2004) [French edition published 1999].Corrosion of Aluminium. Elsevier.ISBN 0-08-044495-4. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍hPó-chûn tī 21 May 2016.
- ↑Polmear, I. J. (1995).Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals (3 pán.).Butterworth-Heinemann.ISBN 978-0-340-63207-9.
- ↑Beal, Roy E. (1 January 1999).Engine Coolant Testing : Fourth Volume. ASTM International. p. 90.ISBN 978-0-8031-2610-7. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍hPó-chûn tī 24 April 2016.
- ↑Macleod, H. A. (2001).Thin-film optical filters.CRC Press. pp. 158–159.ISBN 0-7503-0688-2.
- ↑"Reaction of Aluminum with Water to Produce Hydrogen"(PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 1 January 2008.goân-loē-iông(PDF) tī 14 September 2012 hőng khó͘-pih.
- ↑14.014.114.2Brown, T. J.; Idoine, N. E.; Raycraft, E. R.; et al. (2018).World Mineral Production: 2012–2016.British Geological Survey.ISBN 978-0-85272-882-6.
- ↑Brown, T. J. (2009).World Mineral Production 2003–2007.British Geological Survey.
- ↑"Top 10 Largest Aluminium Smelters In The World - Gulf Business".Gulf Business (ēng Eng-gí). 2013.2018-06-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑17.017.117.2Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; et al. (2005). "Aluminum Oxide".Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.Wiley-VCH.
- ↑"Aluminum".Encyclopædia Britannica. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍hPó-chûn tī 12 March 2012.6 March 2012 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑Millberg, L. S."Aluminum Foil".How Products are Made. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍hPó-chûn tī 13 July 2007.11 August 2007 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑Lyle, J. P.; Granger, D. A.; Sanders, R. E. (2005). "Aluminum Alloys".Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.Wiley-VCH.doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_481.
- ↑Davis, Joseph R. (1993).Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (ēng Eng-gí). ASM International. pp. 13–17.ISBN 9780871704962.
- ↑Lumley, Roger (2010).Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy: Production, Processing and Applications. Elsevier Science. p. 42.ISBN 978-0-85709-025-6.
- ↑Mortensen, Andreas (2006).Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials. Elsevier. p. 281.ISBN 978-0-08-052462-7.
- ↑The Ceramic Society of Japan (19 October 2012).Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 541.ISBN 978-4-431-54108-0.
