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Jẹ́rmáníọ́mù

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Chemical element with atomic number 32Àdàkọ:SHORTDESC:Chemical element with atomic number 32
Germanium, 32Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
Germanium
Pípè/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ ​(jər-MAY-nee-əm)
Ìhànsójúgrayish white
Ìwúwo átọ̀mù Ar, std(Ge)72.630(8)[1]
Germanium ní orítábìlì àyè
HydrogenHelium
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
CaesiumBariumLanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercury (element)ThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
FranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCoperniciumNihoniumFleroviumMoscoviumLivermoriumTennessineOganesson
Si
↑
Ge
↓
Sn
gallium ←germanium →arsenic
Nọ́mbà átọ̀mù(Z)32
Ẹgbẹ́group 14 (carbon group)
Àyèàyè 4
Àdìpọ̀Àdìpọ̀-p
Ẹ̀ka ẹ́límẹ́ntì Metalloid
Ìtò ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Iye ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù lórí ìpele kọ̀ọ̀kan2, 8, 18, 4
Àwọn ohun ìní ara
Ìfarahànat STPsolid
Ìgbà ìyọ́1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Ígbà ìhó3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Kíki (near r.t.)5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity23.222 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
P (Pa)1101001 k10 k100 k
at T (K)164418142023228726333104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1,+2, +3,+4Àdàkọ:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.01
Atomic radiusempirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius122 pm
Van der Waals radius211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of germanium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​
Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion6.0 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity1  Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingDiamagnetic[3]
Young's modulus103[4] GPa
Shear modulus41[4] GPa
Bulk modulus75[4] GPa
Poisson ratio0.26[4]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
Mainisotopes of germanium
Iso­topeAbun­danceHalf-life(t1/2)Decay modePro­duct
68Gesyn270.8dε-68Ga
70Ge21.23%70Ge isstable with 38neutrons
71Gesyn11.26dε-71Ga
72Ge27.66%72Ge isstable with 40neutrons
73Ge7.73%73Ge isstable with 41neutrons
74Ge35.94%74Ge isstable with 42neutrons
76Ge7.44%1.78×1021yβ−β−-76Se
Àdàkọ:Category-inline
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  1. ↑Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  2. ↑"New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound".Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016. 
  3. ↑Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  4. ↑4.04.14.24.3"Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute. http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Ge. 
 wò • if. • at. Tábìlì ìdásìkò
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1HHe
2LiBeBCNOFNe
3NaMgAlSiPSClAr
4KCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr
5RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXe
6CsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRn
7FrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg
Mẹ́tàlì álkálìMẹ́tàlì alkalínì ilẹ̀LanthanideÁktínídìTransition metalPost-transition metalMẹ́tálọ́ìdìÀìjẹ́mẹ́tàlì mírànHalojínẸ̀fúùfù abíireUnknown chemical properties
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