Ikhemestri kukufunda nzulu ngee-chemical elements nangomdibaniso wazo ekuthiwa zii-chemical compounds . Ikhemestri lelinye lamasebe enzululwazi elisebenza ngee-elements zekhemical nangee-compounds , ikwabonakalisa nendlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi zinto xa zidibene.Ikhemikhali ikwasisifundo ngezinto ezithile ezenza imizimba yethu ngangazo zonke izinto ezisingqongileyo nezilapha emhlabeni.
Phambi komnyaka we-1600, abantu baafunda ngezinto ukuze bakwazi ukuqonda okokuba zenziwa njani okanye zenzeka njani izinto ezinjengokujika i-lead ibe yigolide, kodwa akuzange kude kubekho mntu ukwaziyo ukukwenza oko. Kwaza ke ngoko kwabizwa ngokuba yi-alchemy. Nangona kunjalo, Ii-Alchemists (abantu abenza i-alchemy) bafumanisa okokuba kukho izinto ezibalulekileyo. Ezo zinto yi-Sulphuric acid kune ne-nitric acid izinto ezimbini abathi bazibhaqa. Zazimbalwa kakhulu ii-elements ezazisaziwa. Ezinye zazo zii-mercury, isilivere,igolide , ne-carbon .
Ikhemistri iqale njengenzululwazi ngeminyaka yee-1600s. Kungoko kanye ke apho bafumanisa ezona nto zakhe zalula neziqhelekileyo ekwenziwa ngazo zonke ezinye izinto. Ezi zinto ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-elements. Enye into abathi bayifunda yeyokokuba igolide ne-lead zii-elements ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke awunakuzika nge-chemical reaction enye ibe yenye kuzo. I-element yokuqala eyabhaqwa emva komnyaka we-1600 ye-phosphorus , into nje engaqhelekanga eqinileyo nebengezelayo.
Ii-elements zaya zibhaqwa ngokubhaqwa ngokukhawuleza. Abantu bawahlula umoya waba ziintlobo-ntlobo baza bazahlulaii-noble gases kuwo. Kananjalo baaphonononga ii-minerals ezikhethekileyo nezibalulekileyo kumgodi wezimbiwa eSweden ukuze bafumaneii-rare earth metals .I-Radioactivity nayo yafumaneka. Kunamhlanje nje osokhemisti basafumene ii-elements ezahlukeneyo ezili-118. Ezinye zazo zixhaphakile, njenge-oxygen . Ezinye zinqabile kwaye ziphakamile ngexabiso, njengeplatinum . Ezinye azinakufumaneka apha emhlabeni, zingasuke zenziwe kwii-labs, njenge-rutherfordium .
Okoko kwange-1920s, ukwanda kolwazi nge-physics kwazitshintshaii-theories zoosohhemist' ngokubhekiselele kwii-chemical reactions . ngeekhompyutha nje ezincinane nezikhawulezisayo, oosokhemisti bathi benza izixhobo ezikumgangatho ongentla ukuze ikwaziukuphicotha izinto. Ezi zixhobo zazithunyelelwe ukuba zikwazi ukufunda nzulu iikhemicals ezikwiMars . Amapolisa akwasebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukuphanda nzulungobungqina obuvela kulwaphulo mthetho .
Ziliqela iintlobo zekhemistri.I-Analytical khemistri iqwalasela ezo chemicals zikwizinto. Umzekelo, xa ujonga okokuba ingaba ingakanani nai-arsenic esekutyeni.I-Organic khemistri iqwalasela izinto ezine-carbon kuzo. Umzekelo, ukwenzai-acetylene .I-Inorganic khemistri ijonge kwizinto ezingena-carbon kuzo. Umzekelo omnye kukwenzai-integrated circuit .
Indawo inkulu kwikhemistri yi-polymer khemistri . Le ke ijongana nee-plastics. Umzekelo omnye kukwenzai-nylon . kuba ii-plastics zenziwe ngee-carbon, i-polymer khemistri yinxalenye ye-organic chemistry. Esinye isifundo sese-biochemistry . esi sifundo siqwalasela ikhemistri yezinto ezinobomi. Umzekelo ngowaxa unokubona okokubai-arsenic iyityhefu njani ebantwini. I-Biochemistry nayo ikwayinxalenye ye-organic khemistri. akho namanye amasebe amaninzi e-khemistri.
Eyona nto yakhelwa kuyo nesisiseko se-element ibizwa ngokuba yi-atom . I-atom sisiseko sokwakhela nesisesona sakhe sasincinane kangangokuba xa ufuna ukuyibona ungayisika i-element ungakhange ude ube uyayicukuceza (uyijike ibe yi-element ekhaphukhaphu, umzekelo ngenuclear fission okanye ngeradioactive decay ).I-chemical compound yi-substance eyenziwe ngee-elements ezimbini nangaphezulu. Kwi-compound, ii-atoms ezimbini nangaphezulu zithi zimanyane zenzei-molecule . Intlantsana yothulu okanye intwana yeqabazalento engamanzi eli libonwa ngamehlo lenziwe nezigidi ngezigidi okanye ngezigidigidi zezi molecules.Imixube ziisubstances apho ii-chemicals are zixutywe khona kodwa zibe zingenantshukumo ziyenzayo okanye ibonakalayo. Umzekelo ngowaxa kudityaniswa isanti netyuwa. Oku kunokujikwa kwakhona kwenziwe ityuwa nesanti ngokwahlukana kwazo. Ii-Chemical compounds zitshintshwa yi-chemical reaction. Umzekelo ingakukutshisai-sodium bicarbonate , i-baking powder le siyaziyo. kugalelwa amanzi,i-carbon dioxide , kunye nesodium carbonate . Lo mxube awunakujikwa okanye ezi zinto azinakwahlukaniswa.
I-mole sisixa esikhulu kakhulu see-atoms (602,214,150,000,000,000,000,000 atoms).Ubunzima be-atom ye-element bungasetyenziswa ukujonga okokuba zingakanani na ii-elements ezenza i-mole. Umzekelo, ubunzima be-atom bumalunga nama-63.55. Oko kuthetha okokuba malunga nama 63.55ee-grams ze-copper metal zine-mole yee-atoms. Ubunzima be-chlorine bumalunga nama-35.45. Oko kuthetha okokuba ama-35.45 ee-grams ze-chlorine ane-mole yee-atoms kuzo.
Kananjalo, Ii-Moles zingasetyenziselwa ukujonga okokuba zingaphi na ii-molecules kwii-chemical compounds.I-Copper(II) chloride ingumzekelo. i-CuCl2 yi-chemical formula yayo. inye i-copper atom (63.55) zimbini zona ii-chlorine atoms (35.45 · 2 = 70.90). Dibanisa bonke ubunzima be-molar obukwii-elements zidibene kunye nobunzima be-molar be-chemical compound buya busanda. (63.55 + 70.90 = 134.45) Oko kuthatha ukuthi ngee-grams ezingama-134.45 ze-copper(II) chloride, kukho i-mole enye yee-molecules ze-copper(II) chloride. Eli gama lisetyenziswa xa kubalwa okokuba zingaphi na ii-chemicals ezifuneka kwi-chemical reaction xa kungekho ntshukumo reaction (ii-chemicals ezi-reacted) ishiyekileyo. Ukuba kusetyenziswe i-reactant eninzi, kuzakuba ii-reactants ezishiyekileyo kwi-chemical reaction.
Ii-Acids nee-bases ziichemicals ezixhaphakileyo. Ii-Acids zikhupha H+ i-ions xa zisemanzini, zikhuphe nee-basesOH− ions xa zisemanzini. Ii-Acids zinga-react with bases. The H+ ion is taken from the acid by the base. This makes water, H2 O. A salt is also made when an acid and a base react together. An example would be reactinghydrochloric acid (HCl) andsodium hydroxide (NaOH). Hydrochloric acid releases H+ and Cl- ions in water. The base releases Na+ and OH- ions. The H+ and the OH- react to make water. There is a solution ofsodium chloride (NaCl) left. Sodium chloride is asalt .
Ikhemistri ibaluleke kakhulu kwintlalo yemihla ngemihla kwaye yenza isiseko samasebe amaninzi enzululwazi. Ii-objects ezininzi zenziwe zii-chemists (abantu abangoosoKhemistri). Oosokhemistri basebenza ngokungagungqiyo bezama ukufumana ii-substances ezintsha nezibalulekileyo. Oosokhemistri benzaamachiza kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nee-paints esizisebenzisa yonke imihla.
