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Xenbase

  • CRISPR-mediated knock-in editing in Xenopus

     

    Ran et al. generated a retinal regeneration model and a tumor model using targeted integration in X. tropicalis (PNAS). Kagawa et al. provide a step-by-step protocol for knock-in targeted integration in X. laevis (DGD). 

     

     

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  • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Course

     

    Cell & Developmental Biology of Xenopus:
    Gene Discovery & Disease
    April 7 - 21, 2026

    Application Deadline: January 16, 2026

     

    Course Site

     

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  • Xenopus Conference 2025

     

    Check out the video highlighting the 20th International Xenopus Conference held at the Univeristy of Portsmouth August 17-21st, 2025.

     

    YouTube video link.

     

     

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  • Prof. Sir John Gurdon (1933-2025)

     

    Sadly, Nobel Laureate Sir John Gurdon, the father of the Xenopus research community, has passed away at the age of 92.

     

     

     

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  • Pythia editing

     

     

    Naert et al. (Nature Biotechnology) present Pythia editing, a deep learning solution forecasting optimal context-dependent repair templates enabling predictable, accurate genome editing in diverse cellular contexts, both in vivo (Xenopus and adult mouse brains) and in vitro.

     

    Pythia Engineering Suite

     

     

    Read More...

  • There is no replacement for animal models in medical research

     

    Please read and share this opinion piece written by Carole LaBonne in support for animal models in medical research. 

    Published in STAT

    and

    Developmental Biology

    Please send your feedback on the FDA-NIH workshop held on July 7, 2025 - Reducing Animal Testing - see link to video

     

     

    Read More...

  • Call for Xenopus antibodies

     

    Dr. Dominique Alfandari seeks requests for producing Xenopus antibodies. Fill out the form to make your suggestions.

     

    Read More...

  • Xenbase YouTube Channels

     

    Check out videos about Xenbase and Xenopus frogs on our YouTube channels:

    Latest Videos

    Xenbase Tutorials

    Older Videos

    View, share, and embed video links for your classes, research talks, or viewing pleasure.

     

    Please like and subscribe!

     

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  • CRISPR-mediated knock-in editing in Xenopus

     

    Ran et al. generated a retinal regeneration model and a tumor model using targeted integration in X. tropicalis (PNAS). Kagawa et al. provide a step-by-step protocol for knock-in targeted integration in X. laevis (DGD). 

     

     

    Read More...
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AboutXenopusAbout XenbaseFullySupported Species[+]Xenopus tropicalis(Westernclawed frog)Xenopus laevis(Africanclawed frog)PartiallySupported Species[+]AmbystomamexicanumNanoranaparkeriLithobatescatesbeianaHymenochirusboettgeriLiterature& CommunityReagents& ProtocolsStockCentersExternalGenomic Resources If you use Xenbase in your research, pleasecite us!

Xenopus is an essential vertebrate model system forbiomedical research

  • Share 83% human disease genes
  • Ease of genomic manipulation
  • Large eggs and embryos with rapid external development
  • Ease of housing
  • Produce hardy eggs year-round
  • Learnmore aboutXenopus


X. tropicalis
Xenopus tropicalis (the western clawed frog)
The tropical clawed frog,Xenopustropicalis [Pipidae], is native to several countries ofsouthwestern Africa including notably Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria,Senegal, and Sierra Leone. Sometimes also called the Westernclawed frog and previouslySiluranatropicalis,X. tropicalis is fullyaquatic likeX. laevis and inhabitsmostly rainforests in West Africa. It is a smaller species thanX. laevis, with adult males measuring3-4cm and females 4.5-5.5cm from snout to vent. Typical ofXenopus species, it has a flattened body with a mottled orblotchy dark gray, green and/or brown dorsal skin, with a pale orunpigmented belly.X. tropicalis isanother Xenopus species widely used in biological and biomedicalresearch. While there are fewer eggs per brood inX. tropicalis than inX. laevis, the former may be bettersuited for certain genetic studies due to its simpler, diploidgenome.X. tropicalis was the firstfrog to have it's genome sequenced in 2010. TheX. tropicalis genome, currently availablein annotation v10.0 on Xenbase, has considerable sequence andgene order conservation with other tetrapod vertebrates includingmammals, birds, reptiles and fish.

Learn more about the genomics ofXenopus.

X. laevis
Xenopus laevis (the African clawed frog)

The African clawed frog,Xenopuslaevis [Pipidae], is endemic to the African Rift Valley andsouthern Africa with introduced populations in Europe, Asia andNorth America. It is a large, fully aquatic species with aflattened appearance and pronounced sexual dimorphism; Males aregenerally smaller (4.5-10cm) than females (6-15cm). Theforelimbs are held extended, while hindlimbs are large muscularwith fully webbed toes. Both hands and feet have distinct blacktoe tips resembling claws. Adults have dorsal skin patterns ofblotchy green, gray and brown with lighter colored bellies,while albino varieties are also common in captivity. It is themost widely usedXenopus species in biomedical research,with a long history of use in embryology, cell biology anddevelopmental biology. The genome ofX.laevis, sequenced in 2016, is allotetraploid due to ahybridization event that occurred 17–18 MYA between two extinctdiploid ancestors. X. laevis thus carries 2 subgenomes, referredto as the ‘Long’ and ‘Short’ chromosomes. We assign a ‘.L’ or‘.S’ suffix respectively to gene symbols to indicate to whichancestral genome they belong. It is estimated that X. tropicalisandX. laevis, divergedapproximately 48 MYA. TheX. laevisgenome annotation v10.1 is available on Xenbase and otherresources.


Learn more about the genomics ofXenopus.

Nanorana parkeri
Nanorana parkeri (the Tibetan frog)
The Tibetan frog,Nanorana parkeri[Dicroglossidae], is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and theHimalayan mountain regions in China, Nepal, India and Bhutan. Itis commonly known as Parker’s slow frog, the mountain slow frog,the Himalaya frog, or the Xizang Plateau frog. Adults have olivegreen dorsal skin with brown or black stripes, including acharacteristic pair of stripes from the snout to each side of theface. These frogs have adaptations to high elevations thatinclude changes to the cardiovascular system and tolerance to UVradiation and hypoxia. They breed naturally in high altitudemarshes and streams and can also be found in highland forests,grasslands and rivers.

The genome ofN. parkeri wassequenced in 2015 and has current assembly v1.0 available onXenbase via these links below:

JBrowse,BLAST,Download

Hymenochirus boettgeri
Hymenochirus boettgeri (the Congo dwarf clawed frog)
The Congo dwarf clawed frog,Hymenochirusboettgeri [Pipidae], is found in the Democratic Republic ofCongo, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon,Equatorial Guinea. Previously known asXenopusboettgeri, or otherwise commonly as the Zaire dwarf clawed frogor the dwarf African clawed frog, it is now considered theclosest outgroup for theXenopus genus. Smaller than otherXenopus frogs, they have long and thin legs, clawed hindfeet, tapered heads and gray-brown dorsal skin with small darkspots. The natural habitat is slow moving or still waters inrainforest lowlands, although it is a common species in theaquarium trade worldwide. The genome ofH.boettgeri was sequenced in 2021 and the current assembly v1.0 isavailable on Xenbase via these links below:

JBrowse,BLAST,Download

Ambystoma mexicanum
Ambystoma mexicanum (the Mexican axolotl)
The Mexican axolotl,Ambystomamexicanum [Ambystomatidae], is endemic to only two lakes, LakeXochimilco and Lake Chalco, near Mexico City, Mexico. It is alarge species of neotenic salamander reaching lengths of 30cmwith short limbs and protruding gills. The axolotl’s skin is darkin the wild however an albino variety is commonly bred incaptivity for the aquarium trade. Prominently known for itsneoteny, it remains in its larval body form into adulthood,however it can metamorphose into the Mexican salamander inconditions of environmental desiccation. The axolotl is anemerging model organism notably for the study of tissueregeneration and repair, neurulation, genomics, eye and heartdevelopment and other topics.

Sequenced in 2021, the axolotl genome assembly v6.0is available on Xenbase via these links below:

JBrowse,BLAST,Download

Lithobates catesbeianus
Lithobates catesbeianus (the American bullfrog)

The American bullfrog,Rana(Lithobates) catesbeianus [Ranidae], is native to Canada,Mexico and the United States, however is invasive to severalcountries in Europe, Asia and South America. Previously known asRana catesbeiana, it was reassigned to the genus Lithobates in2006 and has since been argued that Lithobates may best beconsidered a subgenus of the genus Rana. It is also known by itshomotypic synonym as Aquarana catesbeiana.

These are the largest frogs in North America, with the largerfemales growing up to 180mm in length from snout to vent. Maleshave large, defining tympanums wider in diameter than the eyes.Adults have green dorsal skin with a dark, netlike pattern ontop, however skin colour varies by region. They live and breedin vegetation-covered shallow waters of lakes and marshes.Bullfrogs are territorial of breeding sites and prey on anyanimal smaller than themselves including other amphibians,insects, fish, mice and crayfish. They are an important sourceof food consumption and are used for pest control in certainregions. The genome ofL.catesbeianus was sequenced in 2017 with the v2.1 assemblycurrently available on Xenbase via these links below:

JBrowse,BLAST,Download


XenbaseTheXenopus model organism knowledgebase
Xenbase is a web-accessible resource that integrates all thediverse biological, genomic, genotype and phenotype dataavailable fromXenopus research.Learnmore about Xenbase.

The internationalXenopus community has established fiveXenopusstock centers for obtaining frogs and other resources.Learn moreaboutXenopus stock centers.
NationalXenopus Resource
EuropeanXenopus Resource Center
TEFOR Paris-Saclay

Xenopus Laevis Research Resource for Immunobiology
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