Unicode 15.0 Core Specification Bookmarks

This page contains links to sections, tables, and figures of the core specification forThe Unicode Standard, Version 15.0. SeeUnicode 15.0.0 for full context about the Unicode Standard.

• Preface
  • Why Unicode?
  • Organization of This Standard
  • The Unicode Character Database
  • Unicode Code Charts
  • Unicode Standard Annexes
  • Unicode Technical Standards and Unicode Technical Reports
  • Updates and Errata
  • Acknowledgements
• 1 Introduction
  • Figure 1-1. Wide ASCII
  • 1.1 Coverage
    • Standards Coverage
    • New Characters
  • 1.2 Design Goals
    • Figure 1-2. Unicode Compared to the 2022 Framework
  • 1.3 Text Handling
    • Characters and Glyphs
    • Text Elements
• 2 General Structure
  • 2.1 Architectural Context
    • Basic Text Processes
    • Text Elements, Characters, and Text Processes
      • Figure 2-1. Text Elements and Characters
    • Text Processes and Encoding
  • 2.2 Unicode Design Principles
    • Table 2-1. The 10 Unicode Design Principles
    • Universality
    • Efficiency
    • Characters, Not Glyphs
      • Figure 2-2. Characters Versus Glyphs
      • Table 2-2. User-Perceived Characters with Multiple Code Points
      • Figure 2-3. Unicode Character Code to Rendered Glyphs
    • Semantics
    • Plain Text
    • Logical Order
      • Figure 2-4. Bidirectional Ordering
      • Figure 2-5. Writing Direction and Numbers
    • Unification
      • Figure 2-6. Typeface Variation for the Bone Character
    • Dynamic Composition
      • Figure 2-7. Dynamic Composition
    • Stability
    • Convertibility
  • 2.3 Compatibility Characters
    • Compatibility Variants
    • Compatibility Decomposable Characters
  • 2.4 Code Points and Characters
    • Figure 2-8. Abstract and Encoded Characters
    • Types of Code Points
      • Table 2-3. Types of Code Points
  • 2.5 Encoding Forms
    • Figure 2-9. Overlap in Legacy Mixed-Width Encodings
    • Figure 2-10. Boundaries and Interpretation
    • Figure 2-11. Unicode Encoding Forms
    • UTF-32
    • UTF-16
    • UTF-8
  • 2.6 Encoding Schemes
    • Table 2-4. The Seven Unicode Encoding Schemes
    • Figure 2-12. Unicode Encoding Schemes
  • 2.7 Unicode Strings
  • 2.8 Unicode Allocation
    • Planes
    • Allocation Areas and Blocks
    • Assignment of Code Points
  • 2.9 Details of Allocation
    • Figure 2-13. Unicode Allocation
    • Plane 0 (BMP)
      • Figure 2-14. Allocation on the BMP
    • Plane 1 (SMP)
      • Figure 2-15. Allocation on Plane 1
    • Plane 2 (SIP)
    • Plane 3 (TIP)
    • Other Planes
  • 2.10 Writing Direction
    • Figure 2-16. Writing Directions
  • 2.11 Combining Characters
    • Figure 2-17. Combining Enclosing Marks for Symbols
    • Sequence of Base Characters and Combining Characters
      • Figure 2-18. Sequence of Base Characters and Combining Characters
      • Figure 2-19. Reordered Indic Vowel Signs
      • Figure 2-20. Properties and Combining Character Sequences
    • Multiple Combining Characters
      • Figure 2-21. Multiple Combining Characters
      • Table 2-5. Interaction of Combining Characters
      • Table 2-6. Nondefault Stacking
    • Ligated Multiple Base Characters
      • Figure 2-22. Ligated Multiple Base Characters
    • Exhibiting Nonspacing Marks in Isolation
    • “Characters” and Grapheme Clusters
  • 2.12 Equivalent Sequences
    • Figure 2-23. Equivalent Sequences
    • Normalization
      • Figure 2-24. Canonical Ordering
    • Decompositions
      • Figure 2-25. Types of Decomposables
    • Non-decomposition of Certain Diacritics
  • 2.13 Special Characters
    • Special Noncharacter Code Points
    • Byte Order Mark (BOM)
    • Layout and Format Control Characters
    • The Replacement Character
    • Control Codes
  • 2.14 Conforming to the Unicode Standard
    • Characteristics of Conformant Implementations
    • Unacceptable Behavior
    • Acceptable Behavior
    • Supported Subsets
• 3 Conformance
  • 3.1 Versions of the Unicode Standard
    • Stability
    • Version Numbering
    • Errata and Corrigenda
    • References to the Unicode Standard
    • Precision in Version Citation
    • References to Unicode Character Properties
    • References to Unicode Algorithms
  • 3.2 Conformance Requirements
    • Code Points Unassigned to Abstract Characters
    • Interpretation
    • Modification
    • Character Encoding Forms
    • Character Encoding Schemes
    • Bidirectional Text
    • Normalization Forms
    • Normative References
    • Unicode Algorithms
    • Default Casing Algorithms
    • Unicode Standard Annexes
  • 3.3 Semantics
    • Definitions
    • Character Identity and Semantics
  • 3.4 Characters and Encoding
    • Table 3-1. Named Unicode Algorithms
  • 3.5 Properties
    • Types of Properties
    • Property Values
    • Default Property Values
    • Classification of Properties by Their Values
    • Property Status
      • Table 3-2. Normative Character Properties
      • Table 3-3. Informative Character Properties
    • Context Dependence
    • Stability of Properties
    • Simple and Derived Properties
    • Property Aliases
    • Private Use
  • 3.6 Combination
    • Combining Character Sequences
    • Grapheme Clusters
    • Application of Combining Marks
      • Figure 3-1. Enclosing Marks
  • 3.7 Decomposition
    • Compatibility Decomposition
    • Canonical Decomposition
  • 3.8 Surrogates
  • 3.9 Unicode Encoding Forms
    • Table 3-4. Examples of Unicode Encoding Forms
    • UTF-32
    • UTF-16
      • Table 3-5. UTF-16 Bit Distribution
    • UTF-8
      • Table 3-6. UTF-8 Bit Distribution
      • Table 3-7. Well-Formed UTF-8 Byte Sequences
    • Encoding Form Conversion
    • Constraints on Conversion Processes
    • U+FFFD Substitution of Maximal Subparts
      • Table 3-8. U+FFFD for Non-Shortest Form Sequences
      • Table 3-9. U+FFFD for Ill-Formed Sequences for Surrogates
      • Table 3-10. U+FFFD for Other Ill-Formed Sequences
      • Table 3-11. U+FFFD for Truncated Sequences
  • 3.10 Unicode Encoding Schemes
    • Table 3-12. Summary of UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, and UTF-16
    • Table 3-13. Summary of UTF-32BE, UTF-32LE, and UTF-32
  • 3.11 Normalization Forms
    • Normalization Stability
    • Combining Classes
    • Specification of Unicode Normalization Forms
    • Starters
      • Table 3-14. Combining Marks and Starter Status
    • Canonical Ordering Algorithm
      • Table 3-15. Reorderable Pairs
    • Canonical Composition Algorithm
    • Definition of Normalization Forms
  • 3.12 Conjoining Jamo Behavior
    • Definitions
    • Hangul Syllable Decomposition
      • Table 3-16. Hangul Characters Used in Examples
    • Hangul Syllable Composition
    • Hangul Syllable Name Generation
    • Sample Code for Hangul Algorithms
  • 3.13 Default Case Algorithms
    • Definitions
      • Table 3-17. Context Specification for Casing
    • Default Case Conversion
    • Default Case Folding
    • Default Case Detection
      • Table 3-18. Case Detection Examples
    • Default Caseless Matching
• 4 Character Properties
  • 4.1 Unicode Character Database
  • 4.2 Case
    • Definitions of Case and Casing
      • Table 4-1. Relationship of Casing Definitions
      • Table 4-2. Case Function Values for Strings
    • Case Mapping
      • Table 4-3. Sources for Case Mapping Information
  • 4.3 Combining Classes
    • Figure 4-1. Positions of Common Combining Marks
    • Reordrant, Split, and Subjoined Combining Marks
  • 4.4 Directionality
  • 4.5 General Category
    • Table 4-4. General Category
  • 4.6 Numeric Value
    • Ideographic Numeric Values
      • Table 4-5. Primary Numeric Ideographs
      • Table 4-6. Ideographs Used as Accounting Numbers
  • 4.7 Bidi Mirrored
  • 4.8 Name
    • Table 4-7. Types of Character Name Aliases
    • Unicode Name Property
      • Table 4-8. Name Derivation Rule Prefix Strings
    • Code Point Labels
      • Table 4-9. Construction of Code Point Labels
    • Use of Character Names in APIs and User Interfaces
  • 4.9 Unicode 1.0 Names
  • 4.10 Letters, Alphabetic, and Ideographic
  • 4.11 Properties for Text Boundaries
  • 4.12 Characters with Unusual Properties
    • Table 4-10. Unusual Properties
• 5 Implementation Guidelines
  • 5.1 Data Structures for Character Conversion
    • Issues
    • Multistage Tables
      • Figure 5-1. Two-Stage Tables
  • 5.2 Programming Languages and Data Types
    • Unicode Data Types for C
  • 5.3 Unknown and Missing Characters
  • 5.4 Handling Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16
  • 5.5 Handling Numbers
  • 5.6 Normalization
    • Figure 5-2. Normalization
  • 5.7 Compression
  • 5.8 Newline Guidelines
    • Definitions
      • Table 5-1. Hex Values for Acronyms
      • Table 5-2. NLF Platform Correlations
    • Line Separator and Paragraph Separator
    • Recommendations
  • 5.9 Regular Expressions
  • 5.10 Language Information in Plain Text
    • Requirements for Language Tagging
    • Language Tags and Han Unification
  • 5.11 Editing and Selection
    • Consistent Text Elements
      • Figure 5-3. Consistent Character Boundaries
  • 5.12 Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks
    • Keyboard Input
      • Figure 5-4. Dead Keys Versus Handwriting Sequence
    • Truncation
      • Figure 5-5. Truncating Grapheme Clusters
  • 5.13 Rendering Nonspacing Marks
    • Figure 5-6. Inside-Out Rule
    • Figure 5-7. Fallback Rendering
    • Figure 5-8. Bidirectional Placement
    • Figure 5-9. Justification
    • Canonical Equivalence
      • Table 5-3. Typing Order Differing from Canonical Order
      • Table 5-4. Permuting Combining Class Weights
    • Positioning Methods
      • Figure 5-10. Positioning with Ligatures
      • Figure 5-11. Positioning with Contextual Forms
      • Figure 5-12. Positioning with Enhanced Kerning
  • 5.14 Locating Text Element Boundaries
  • 5.15 Identifiers
  • 5.16 Sorting and Searching
    • Culturally Expected Sorting and Searching
    • Language-Insensitive Sorting
    • Searching
    • Sublinear Searching
      • Figure 5-13. Sublinear Searching
  • 5.17 Binary Order
    • UTF-8 in UTF-16 Order
    • UTF-16 in UTF-8 Order
  • 5.18 Case Mappings
    • Titlecasing
    • Complications for Case Mapping
      • Figure 5-14. Uppercase Mapping for Turkish I
      • Figure 5-15. Lowercase Mapping for Turkish I
      • Figure 5-16. Casing of German Sharp S
    • Reversibility
    • Caseless Matching
    • Normalization and Casing
      • Table 5-5. Casing and Normalization in Strings
  • 5.19 Mapping Compatibility Variants
  • 5.20 Unicode Security
  • 5.21 Ignoring Characters in Processing
    • Characters Ignored in Text Segmentation
    • Characters Ignored in Line Breaking
    • Characters Ignored in Cursive Joining
    • Characters Ignored in Identifiers
    • Characters Ignored in Searching and Sorting
    • Characters Ignored for Display
  • 5.22 U+FFFD Substitution in Conversion
• 6 Writing Systems and Punctuation
  • 6.1 Writing Systems
    • Figure 6-1. Overriding Inherent Vowels
    • Table 6-1. Typology of Scripts in the Unicode Standard
  • 6.2 General Punctuation
    • Figure 6-2. Forms of CJK Punctuation
    • Blocks Devoted to Punctuation
    • Format Control Characters
    • Space Characters
      • Table 6-2. Unicode Space Characters
    • Dashes and Hyphens
      • Table 6-3. Unicode Dash Characters
    • Paired Punctuation
    • Language-Based Usage of Quotation Marks
      • Figure 6-3. European Quotation Marks
      • Table 6-4. Models of Visual Relationship between Quote Glyphs
      • Table 6-5. East Asian Quotation Marks
      • Figure 6-4. Asian Quotation Marks
      • Table 6-6. Opening and Closing Forms
    • Apostrophes
    • Other Punctuation
      • Table 6-7. Names for the @
    • Archaic Punctuation and Editorial Marks
      • Figure 6-5. Examples of Ancient Greek Editorial Marks
      • Figure 6-6. Use of Greek Paragraphos
    • Indic Punctuation
      • Table 6-8. Unicode Danda Characters
    • CJK Punctuation
      • Figure 6-7. CJK Parentheses
    • Unknown or Unavailable Ideographs
    • CJK Compatibility Forms
• 7 Europe-I
  • 7.1 Latin
    • Figure 7-1. Alternative Glyphs in Latin
    • Table 7-1. Preferred Rendering of Cedilla versus Comma Below
    • Figure 7-2. Diacritics on i and j
    • Figure 7-3. Vietnamese Letters and Tone Marks
    • Letters of Basic Latin: U+0041–U+007A
    • Letters of the Latin-1 Supplement: U+00C0–U+00FF
    • Latin Extended-A: U+0100–U+017F
    • Latin Extended-B: U+0180–U+024F
    • IPA Extensions: U+0250–U+02AF
    • Phonetic Extensions: U+1D00–U+1DBF
    • Latin Extended Additional: U+1E00–U+1EFF
    • Latin Extended-C: U+2C60–U+2C7F
    • Latin Extended-D: U+A720–U+A7FF
    • Latin Extended-E: U+AB30–U+AB6F
    • Latin Extended-F: U+10780–U+107BF
    • Latin Ligatures: U+FB00–U+FB06
  • 7.2 Greek
    • Greek: U+0370–U+03FF
      • Table 7-2. Nonspacing Marks Used with Greek
      • Figure 7-4. Variations in Greek Capital Letter Upsilon
    • Greek Extended: U+1F00–U+1FFF
      • Table 7-3. Greek Spacing and Nonspacing Pairs
    • Ancient Greek Numbers: U+10140–U+1018F
  • 7.3 Coptic
    • Figure 7-5. Coptic Numerals
  • 7.4 Cyrillic
    • Cyrillic: U+0400–U+04FF
    • Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500–U+052F
    • Cyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0–U+2DFF
      • Figure 7-6. Combination of Titlo Letters
    • Cyrillic Extended-B: U+A640–U+A69F
    • Cyrillic Extended-C: U+1C80–U+1C8F
    • Cyrillic Extended-D: U+1E030–U+1E08F
  • 7.5 Glagolitic
    • Glagolitic: U+2C00–U+2C5F
    • Glagolitic Supplement: U+1E000–U+1E02F
  • 7.6 Armenian
  • 7.7 Georgian
    • Georgian: U+10A0–U+10FF
    • Georgian Extended: U+1C90–U+1CBF
    • Georgian Supplement: U+2D00–U+2D2F
      • Figure 7-7. Georgian Scripts and Casing
  • 7.8 Modifier Letters
    • Spacing Modifier Letters: U+02B0–U+02FF
      • Figure 7-8. Tone Letters
    • Modifier Tone Letters: U+A700–U+A71F
  • 7.9 Combining Marks
    • Figure 7-9. Double Diacritics
    • Figure 7-10. Positioning of Double Diacritics
    • Figure 7-11. Use of CGJ with Double Diacritics
    • Figure 7-12. Interaction of Combining Marks with Ligatures
    • Combining Diacritical Marks: U+0300–U+036F
    • Combining Diacritical Marks Extended: U+1AB0–U+1AFF
      • Figure 7-13. Positioning of Combining Parentheses
    • Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement: U+1DC0–U+1DFF
      • Table 7-4. Typicon Kavyka Symbols
    • Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols: U+20D0–U+20FF
      • Figure 7-14. Use of Vertical Line Overlay for Negation
    • Combining Half Marks: U+FE20–U+FE2F
      • Figure 7-15. Double Diacritics and Half Marks
    • Combining Marks in Other Blocks
• 8 Europe-II
  • 8.1 Linear A
  • 8.2 Linear B
    • Linear B Syllabary: U+10000–U+1007F
    • Linear B Ideograms: U+10080–U+100FF
    • Aegean Numbers: U+10100–U+1013F
  • 8.3 Cypriot Syllabary
    • Table 8-1. Similar Characters in Linear B and Cypriot
  • 8.4 Cypro-Minoan
  • 8.5 Ancient Anatolian Alphabets
    • Lycian: U+10280–U+1029F
    • Carian: U+102A0–U+102DF
    • Lydian: U+10920–U+1093F
  • 8.6 Old Italic
    • Figure 8-1. Distribution of Old Italic
  • 8.7 Runic
  • 8.8 Old Hungarian
  • 8.9 Gothic
  • 8.10 Elbasan
  • 8.11 Caucasian Albanian
  • 8.12 Vithkuqi
  • 8.13 Old Permic
    • Table 8-2. Combining Marks Used in Old Permic
  • 8.14 Ogham
  • 8.15 Shavian
• 9 Middle East-I
  • 9.1 Hebrew
    • Hebrew: U+0590–U+05FF
    • Alphabetic Presentation Forms: U+FB1D–U+FB4F
  • 9.2 Arabic
    • Arabic: U+0600–U+06FF
      • Figure 9-1. Directionality and Cursive Connection
      • Figure 9-2. Using a Joiner
      • Figure 9-3. Using a Non-joiner
      • Figure 9-4. Combinations of Joiners and Non-joiners
      • Figure 9-5. Placement of Harakat
      • Figure 9-6. Dammatan Styles
      • Table 9-1. Arabic Digit Names
      • Table 9-2. Glyph Variation in Eastern Arabic-Indic Digits
      • Figure 9-7. Arabic Signs Spanning Numbers
    • Arabic Cursive Joining
      • Table 9-3. Primary Arabic Joining Types
      • Table 9-4. Derived Arabic Joining Types
      • Table 9-5. Arabic Glyph Types
    • Arabic Ligatures
      • Figure 9-8. Lam-alef with Marks
      • Table 9-6. Arabic Ligature Notation
    • Arabic Joining Groups
      • Table 9-7. Dual-Joining Arabic Characters
      • Table 9-8. Right-Joining Arabic Characters
      • Table 9-9. Letter heh Shapes
      • Table 9-10. Forms of the Arabic Letter yeh
      • Table 9-11. Glyph Variation for U+0626 Yeh with Hamza Above
    • Combining Hamza
      • Table 9-12. Arabic Letters With Hamza Above
    • Other Letters for Extended Arabic
    • Arabic Letters in Other Languages
      • Table 9-13. Glyph Variation for U+0645 Meem
    • Arabic Supplement: U+0750–U+077F
    • Arabic Extended-A: U+08A0–U+08FF
    • Arabic Presentation Forms-A: U+FB50–U+FDFF
    • Arabic Presentation Forms-B: U+FE70–U+FEFF
  • 9.3 Syriac
    • Syriac: U+0700–U+074F
      • Figure 9-9. Syriac Abbreviation
      • Figure 9-10. Use of SAM
      • Table 9-14. Miscellaneous Syriac Diacritic Use
    • Syriac Shaping
      • Table 9-15. Syriac Final Alaph Glyph Types
      • Table 9-16. Dual-Joining Syriac Characters
      • Table 9-17. Right-Joining Syriac Characters
      • Table 9-18. Syriac Alaph Glyph Forms
      • Table 9-19. Syriac Ligatures
    • Syriac Supplement: U+0860–U+086F
  • 9.4 Samaritan
    • Table 9-20. Samaritan Performative Punctuation Marks
  • 9.5 Mandaic
    • Table 9-21. Dual-Joining Mandaic Characters
    • Table 9-22. Right-Joining Mandaic Characters
  • 9.6 Yezidi
• 10 Middle East-II
  • 10.1 Old North Arabian
  • 10.2 Old South Arabian
    • Table 10-1. Old South Arabian Numeric Characters
    • Table 10-2. Number Formation in Old South Arabian
  • 10.3 Phoenician
  • 10.4 Imperial Aramaic
    • Table 10-3. Number Formation in Aramaic
  • 10.5 Manichaean
    • Table 10-4. Dual-Joining Manichaean Letters
    • Table 10-5. Right-Joining Manichaean Letters
    • Table 10-6. Left-Joining Manichaean Letters
    • Table 10-7. Non-Joining Manichaean Letters
    • Table 10-8. Manichaean Ligatures
  • 10.6 Pahlavi and Parthian
    • Inscriptional Parthian: U+10B40–U+10B5F
    • Inscriptional Pahlavi: U+10B60–U+10B7F
      • Table 10-9. Inscriptional Parthian Shaping Behavior
    • Psalter Pahlavi: U+10B80–U+10BAF
  • 10.7 Avestan
    • Table 10-10. Avestan Shaping Behavior
  • 10.8 Chorasmian
  • 10.9 Elymaic
  • 10.10 Nabataean
  • 10.11 Palmyrene
  • 10.12 Hatran
• 11 Cuneiform and Hieroglyphs
  • 11.1 Sumero-Akkadian
    • Cuneiform: U+12000–U+123FF
      • Table 11-1. Cuneiform Script Usage
    • Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation: U+12400–U+1247F
    • Early Dynastic Cuneiform: U+12480–U+1254F
  • 11.2 Ugaritic
  • 11.3 Old Persian
  • 11.4 Egyptian Hieroglyphs
    • Egyptian Hieroglyphs: U+13000–U+1342F
    • Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls: U+13430–U+1345F
      • Figure 11-1. Vertical and Horizontal Formatting of Hieroglyphs
      • Figure 11-2. Insertion and Overlay Formatting of Hieroglyphs
      • Figure 11-3. Use of U+13439 to Insert at Middle
      • Figure 11-4. Rendering Enclosures
      • Figure 11-5. Complex Cluster Formatting of Hieroglyphs
      • Table 11-2. Complex Hieroglyphs and Nonequivalent Sequences
      • Figure 11-6. Rotation of Hieroglyphs
    • Editorial Marks
      • Figure 11-7. Use of Blanks
      • Figure 11-8. Use of Lost Signs
      • Figure 11-9. Damage Modifiers for Hieroglyphs
      • Table 11-3. Brackets used with Egyptian Hieroglyphs
      • Figure 11-10. Use of Square Brackets with Hieroglyphs
  • 11.5 Meroitic
  • 11.6 Anatolian Hieroglyphs
• 12 South and Central Asia-I
  • 12.1 Devanagari
    • Devanagari: U+0900–U+097F
    • Principles of the Devanagari Script
      • Table 12-1. Devanagari Vowel Letters
      • Figure 12-1. Dead Consonants in Devanagari
      • Table 12-2. Devanagari Atomic Consonants
      • Figure 12-2. Conjunct Formations in Devanagari
      • Figure 12-3. Multi-Consonant Conjuncts in Devanagari
      • Table 12-3. Devanagari Consonant Conjuncts
      • Figure 12-4. Preventing Conjunct Forms in Devanagari
      • Figure 12-5. Half-Consonants in Devanagari
      • Figure 12-6. Independent Half-Forms in Devanagari
      • Figure 12-7. Half-Consonants in Oriya
      • Figure 12-8. Consonant Forms in Devanagari and Oriya
    • Rendering Devanagari
      • Figure 12-9. Rendering Order in Devanagari
      • Table 12-4. Sample Devanagari Half-Forms
      • Table 12-5. Sample Devanagari Ligatures
      • Table 12-6. RA + Vocalic Letter Ligature Forms
      • Table 12-7. Sample Devanagari Half-Ligature Forms
      • Table 12-8. Marathi and Nepali Allographs
    • Devanagari Digits, Punctuation, and Symbols
    • Extensions in the Main Devanagari Block
      • Figure 12-10. Use of Apostrophe in Bodo, Dogri and Maithili
      • Figure 12-11. Use of Avagraha in Dogri
      • Table 12-9. Devanagari Vowels Used in Bihari Languages
      • Table 12-10. Prishthamatra Orthography
    • Devanagari Extended: U+A8E0–U+A8FF
    • Devanagari Extended-A: U+11B00–U+11B5F
    • Vedic Extensions: U+1CD0–U+1CFF
  • 12.2 Bengali (Bangla)
    • Table 12-11. Bangla Vowel Letters
    • Table 12-12. Diphthong Vowel Letters in Kokborok
    • Table 12-13. Assamese Consonant-Vowel Combinations
    • Table 12-14. Bangla Consonant-Vowel Combinations
    • Figure 12-12. Requesting Bangla Consonant-Vowel Ligature
    • Figure 12-13. Blocking Bangla Consonant-Vowel Ligature
    • Figure 12-14. Bangla Syllable tta
    • Table 12-15. Use of Apostrophe in Bangla
  • 12.3 Gurmukhi
    • Table 12-16. Gurmukhi Vowel Letters
    • Table 12-17. Gurmukhi Conjuncts
    • Table 12-18. Additional Pairin and Addha Forms in Gurmukhi
    • Table 12-19. Use of Joiners in Gurmukhi
  • 12.4 Gujarati
    • Table 12-20. Gujarati Vowel Letters
    • Table 12-21. Gujarati Conjuncts
  • 12.5 Oriya (Odia)
    • Table 12-22. Oriya Vowel Letters
    • Table 12-23. Oriya Conjuncts
    • Table 12-24. Oriya Vowel Placement
    • Table 12-25. Ligation for the Syllable om
  • 12.6 Tamil
    • Tamil: U+0B80–U+0BFF
      • Figure 12-15. Kssa Ligature in Tamil
    • Tamil Vowels
      • Table 12-26. Tamil Vowel Letters
      • Figure 12-16. Tamil Vowel Reordering
      • Figure 12-17. Tamil Two-Part Vowels
      • Figure 12-18. Tamil Vowel Splitting and Reordering
      • Figure 12-19. Vowel Reordering Around a Tamil Conjunct
      • Figure 12-20. Confusable Vowels in Tamil
    • Tamil Ligatures
      • Figure 12-21. Tamil Ligatures with i
      • Table 12-27. Tamil Ligatures with u
      • Figure 12-22. Spacing Forms of Tamil u
      • Figure 12-23. Tamil Ligatures with ra
      • Figure 12-24. Tamil Ligatures for shri
      • Figure 12-25. Traditional Tamil Ligatures with aa
      • Figure 12-26. Traditional Tamil Ligatures with o
      • Figure 12-27. Traditional Tamil Ligatures with ai
      • Figure 12-28. Vowel ai in Modern Tamil
      • Table 12-28. Confusable Tamil Digits
    • Tamil Supplement: U+11FC0–U+11FFF
    • Tamil Named Character Sequences
      • Table 12-29. Tamil Vowels, Consonants, and Syllables
  • 12.7 Telugu
    • Table 12-30. Telugu Vowels
  • 12.8 Kannada
    • Kannada: U+0C80–U+0CFF
    • Principles of the Kannada Script
      • Table 12-31. Kannada Vowel Letters
      • Figure 12-29. Indicating Retroflexion in Badaga Vowels
    • Rendering Kannada
  • 12.9 Malayalam
    • Malayalam: U+0D00–U+0D7F
      • Table 12-32. Malayalam Vowel Letters
    • Malayalam Orthographic Reform
      • Table 12-33. Malayalam Orthographic Reform
    • Rendering Malayalam
      • Table 12-34. Malayalam Conjuncts
      • Table 12-35. Candrakkala Examples
      • Table 12-36. Use of Joiners in Malayalam
      • Table 12-37. Malayalam Conjuncts Involving Chillus
      • Table 12-38. Malayalam /sasa/ and /uua/
      • Table 12-39. Malayalam /ṉṟa/ and /ṉṯa/
      • Table 12-40. Legacy Encoding of Malayalam Chillus
    • Malayalam Numbers and Punctuation
• 13 South and Central Asia-II
  • 13.1 Thaana
    • Table 13-1. Thaana Glyph Placement
  • 13.2 Sinhala
    • Sinhala: U+0D80–U+0DFF
      • Table 13-2. Sinhala Vowel Letters
      • Table 13-3. Sinhala Named Character Sequences
      • Table 13-4. Sinhala Ligated Conjuncts
      • Table 13-5. Irregular Vowel Sign Ligatures of Sinhala
    • Sinhala Archaic Numbers: U+111E0–U+111FF
  • 13.3 Newa
    • Table 13-6. Murmured Resonants in Nepal Bhasa
  • 13.4 Tibetan
    • Figure 13-1. Tibetan Syllable Structure
    • Figure 13-2. Justifying Tibetan Tseks
  • 13.5 Mongolian
    • Mongolian: U+1800–U+18AF
      • Table 13-7. Letter Usage in Mongolian Writing Systems
      • Figure 13-3. Mongolian Glyph Convergence
      • Figure 13-4. Mongolian Consonant Ligation
      • Figure 13-5. Mongolian Positional Forms
      • Figure 13-6. Mongolian Free Variation Selector
      • Figure 13-7. Mongolian Gender Forms
      • Figure 13-8. Mongolian Vowel Separator
    • Mongolian Supplement: U+11660–U+1167F
  • 13.6 Limbu
    • Table 13-8. Positions of Limbu Combining Characters
  • 13.7 Meetei Mayek
    • Meetei Mayek: U+ABC0–U+ABFF
    • Meetei Mayek Extensions: U+AAE0–U+AAF6
  • 13.8 Mro
  • 13.9 Warang Citi
  • 13.10 Ol Chiki
  • 13.11 Chakma
  • 13.12 Lepcha
    • Table 13-9. Lepcha Syllabic Structure
  • 13.13 Saurashtra
  • 13.14 Masaram Gondi
    • Figure 13-9. Masaram Gondi Consonant Clusters
    • Figure 13-10. Rendering of ra in Masaram Gondi
    • Table 13-10. Various Signs in Masaram Gondi
  • 13.15 Gunjala Gondi
    • Figure 13-11. Gunjala Gondi Conjunct Formation
  • 13.16 Wancho
  • 13.17 Toto
  • 13.18 Tangsa
• 14 South and Central Asia-III
  • 14.1 Brahmi
    • Table 14-1. Brahmi Vowel Letters
    • Figure 14-1. Consonant Ligatures in Brahmi
    • Table 14-2. Brahmi Positional Digits
  • 14.2 Kharoshthi
    • Kharoshthi: U+10A00–U+10A5F
      • Figure 14-2. Geographical Extent of the Kharoshthi Script
      • Figure 14-3. Kharoshthi Number 1996
    • Rendering Kharoshthi
      • Figure 14-4. Kharoshthi Rendering Example
      • Table 14-3. Kharoshthi Vowel Signs
      • Table 14-4. Kharoshthi Vowel Modifiers
      • Table 14-5. Kharoshthi Consonant Modifiers
      • Table 14-6. Examples of Kharoshthi Virama
      • Figure 14-5. Subjoined Forms of ya
  • 14.3 Bhaiksuki
  • 14.4 Phags-pa
    • Figure 14-6. Phags-pa Syllable Om
    • Table 14-7. Phags-pa Positional Forms of I, U, E, and O
    • Table 14-8. Contextual Glyph Mirroring in Phags-pa
    • Table 14-9. Phags-pa Standardized Variants
    • Figure 14-7. Phags-pa Reversed Shaping
  • 14.5 Marchen
  • 14.6 Zanabazar Square
    • Figure 14-8. Conjunct Stacking in Zanabazar Square
  • 14.7 Soyombo
  • 14.8 Old Turkic
  • 14.9 Old Sogdian
  • 14.10 Sogdian
  • 14.11 Old Uyghur
• 15 South and Central Asia-IV
  • 15.1 Syloti Nagri
  • 15.2 Kaithi
  • 15.3 Sharada
  • 15.4 Takri
    • Table 15-1. Takri Vowel Letters
  • 15.5 Siddham
    • Figure 15-1. Siddham Consonant Cluster
    • Table 15-2. Siddham Punctuation Characters
  • 15.6 Mahajani
  • 15.7 Khojki
    • Table 15-3. Khojki Vowels
  • 15.8 Nag Mundari
  • 15.9 Khudawadi
    • Table 15-4. Khudawadi Vowel Letters
    • Table 15-5. Representation of Arabic Sounds in Khudawadi
  • 15.10 Multani
  • 15.11 Tirhuta
    • Table 15-6. Tirhuta Vowel Letters
  • 15.12 Modi
    • Table 15-7. Modi Vowel Letters
    • Figure 15-2. Modi Shaping for ra
  • 15.13 Nandinagari
    • Nandinagari: U+119A0–U+119FF
  • 15.14 Grantha
    • Grantha: U+11300–U+1137F
    • Rendering Grantha
      • Figure 15-3. Splitting Large Conjunct Stacks in Grantha
      • Table 15-8. Rendering of Explicit Virama Forms in Grantha
      • Table 15-9. Additional Svara Marks used in Grantha
  • 15.15 Dives Akuru
  • 15.16 Ahom
  • 15.17 Sora Sompeng
  • 15.18 Dogra
• 16 Southeast Asia-I
  • 16.1 Thai
    • Table 16-1. Glyph Positions in Thai Syllables
  • 16.2 Lao
    • Table 16-2. Glyph Positions in Lao Syllables
    • Table 16-3. Additional Characters for Pali and Sanskrit
  • 16.3 Myanmar
    • Myanmar: U+1000–U+109F
      • Table 16-4. Modern Burmese Syllabic Structure
    • Myanmar Extended-A: U+AA60–U+AA7F
    • Khamti Shan
      • Table 16-5. Khamti Shan Tone Marks
    • Aiton and Phake
    • Myanmar Extended-B: U+A9E0–U+A9FF
  • 16.4 Khmer
    • Khmer: U+1780–U+17FF
    • Principles of the Khmer Script
      • Table 16-6. Independent Khmer Vowel Characters
      • Table 16-7. Two Registers of Khmer Consonants
      • Table 16-8. Khmer Subscript Consonant Signs
      • Table 16-9. Khmer Composite Dependent Vowel Signs with Nikahit
      • Table 16-10. Khmer Subscript Independent Vowel Signs
      • Figure 16-1. Common Ligatures in Khmer
      • Figure 16-2. Common Multiple Forms in Khmer
      • Figure 16-3. Examples of Syllabic Order in Khmer
      • Figure 16-4. Ligation in Muul Style in Khmer
    • Khmer Symbols: U+19E0–U+19FF
  • 16.5 Tai Le
    • Table 16-11. Tai Le Tone Marks
    • Table 16-12. Myanmar Digits in Tai Le
  • 16.6 New Tai Lue
    • Table 16-13. New Tai Lue Vowel Placement
    • Table 16-14. New Tai Lue Registers and Tones
  • 16.7 Tai Tham
  • 16.8 Tai Viet
    • Table 16-15. Tai Viet Symbols and Punctuation
  • 16.9 Kayah Li
  • 16.10 Cham
    • Table 16-16. Cham Syllabic Structure
  • 16.11 Pahawh Hmong
    • Figure 16-5. Pahawh Hmong Syllable Structure
  • 16.12 Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
  • 16.13 Pau Cin Hau
  • 16.14 Hanifi Rohingya
• 17 Southeast Asia-II
  • 17.1 Philippine Scripts
    • Tagalog: U+1700–U+171F
    • Hanunóo: U+1720–U+173F
    • Buhid: U+1740–U+175F
    • Tagbanwa: U+1760–U+177F
    • Principles of the Philippine Scripts
      • Table 17-1. Hanunóo and Buhid Vowel Sign Combinations
  • 17.2 Buginese
    • Figure 17-1. Buginese Ligature
  • 17.3 Balinese
    • Table 17-2. Balinese Base Consonants and Conjunct Forms
    • Table 17-3. Sasak Extensions for Balinese
    • Figure 17-2. Writing dharma in Balinese
    • Table 17-4. Balinese Consonant Clusters with u and u:
  • 17.4 Javanese
    • Figure 17-3. Representation of Javanese Two-Part Vowels
  • 17.5 Rejang
  • 17.6 Batak
  • 17.7 Sundanese
    • Sundanese: U+1B80–U+1BBF
      • Table 17-5. Modern Sundanese Syllabic Structure
    • Sundanese Supplement: U+1CC0–U+1CCF
  • 17.8 Makasar
  • 17.9 Kawi
    • Table 17-6. Kawi Base Consonants and Conjunct Forms
    • Table 17-7. Kawi Independent Vowels with Composite Representations
    • Table 17-8. Kawi Vocalic Liquids with Conjunct Forms
    • Table 17-9. Kawi Dependent Vowels with Composite Representations
• 18 East Asia
  • 18.1 Han
    • CJK Unified Ideographs
    • Blocks Containing Han Ideographs
      • Table 18-1. Blocks Containing Han Ideographs
      • Table 18-2. Small Extensions to CJK Blocks
    • General Characteristics of Han Ideographs
      • Table 18-3. Common Han Characters
      • Figure 18-1. Han Spelling
      • Figure 18-2. Semantic Context for Han Characters
    • Principles of Han Unification
      • Figure 18-3. Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model
    • Unification Rules
      • Figure 18-4. CJK Source Separation
      • Table 18-4. Source Encoding for Sword Variants
      • Figure 18-5. Not Cognates, Not Unified
    • Abstract Shape
      • Figure 18-6. Ideographic Component Structure
      • Figure 18-7. The Most Superior Node of an Ideographic Component
      • Table 18-5. Ideographs Not Unified
      • Table 18-6. Ideographs Unified
    • Han Ideograph Arrangement
      • Table 18-7. Han Ideograph Arrangement
    • Radical-Stroke Indices
    • Mappings for Han Ideographs
    • CJK Compatibility Ideographs: U+F900–U+FAFF
    • CJK Compatibility Supplement: U+2F800–U+2FA1D
    • Kanbun: U+3190–U+319F
    • Symbols Derived from Han Ideographs
    • CJK and Kangxi Radicals: U+2E80–U+2FD5
    • CJK Additions from HKSCS and GB 18030
    • CJK Strokes: U+31C0–U+31EF
    • Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation: U+16FE0–U+16FFF
  • 18.2 Ideographic Description Characters
    • Figure 18-8. Examples of Ideographic Description Characters
    • Figure 18-9. Using the Ideographic Description Characters
  • 18.3 Bopomofo
    • Table 18-8. Mandarin Tone Marks
    • Table 18-9. Minnan and Hakka Tone Marks
  • 18.4 Hiragana and Katakana
    • Hiragana: U+3040–U+309F
    • Katakana: U+30A0–U+30FF
    • Katakana Phonetic Extensions: U+31F0–U+31FF
    • Small Kana Extension: U+1B130-U+1B16F
    • Kana Supplement: U+1B000–U+1B0FF
    • Kana Extended-A: U+1B100–U+1B12F
      • Figure 18-10. Japanese Historic Kana for e and ye
      • Figure 18-11. Hentaigana Distinct Parent Ideographs
      • Figure 18-12. Other Hentaigana Examples
    • Kana Extended-B: U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF
      • Figure 18-13. Vertical Layout with Interlineation
      • Figure 18-14. Vertical Layout without Interlineation
      • Figure 18-15. Horizontal Layout with Interlineation
      • Figure 18-16. Horizontal Layout without Interlineation
  • 18.5 Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
  • 18.6 Hangul
    • Hangul Jamo: U+1100–U+11FF
    • Hangul Jamo Extended-A: U+A960–U+A97F
    • Hangul Jamo Extended-B: U+D7B0–U+D7FF
    • Hangul Compatibility Jamo: U+3130–U+318F
      • Table 18-10. Separating Jamo Characters
    • Hangul Syllables: U+AC00–U+D7A3
      • Table 18-11. Line-Based Placement of Jungseong
  • 18.7 Yi
  • 18.8 Nüshu
  • 18.9 Lisu
    • Table 18-12. Lisu Tone Letters
    • Table 18-13. Punctuation Adopted in Lisu Orthography
  • 18.10 Miao
  • 18.11 Tangut
    • Tangut: U+17000–U+187FF
    • Tangut Supplement: U+18D00–U+18D8F
    • Tangut Components: U+18800–U+18AFF
  • 18.12 Khitan Small Script
    • Figure 18-17. Cluster Patterns in Khitan Small Script
• 19 Africa
  • 19.1 Ethiopic
    • Ethiopic: U+1200–U+137F
      • Table 19-1. Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WAA
      • Table 19-2. Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WE
    • Ethiopic Extensions
  • 19.2 Osmanya
  • 19.3 Tifinagh
    • Figure 19-1. Tifinagh Contextual Shaping
    • Figure 19-2. Tifinagh Consonant Joiner and Bi-consonants
  • 19.4 N’Ko
    • Table 19-3. N’Ko Diacritic Usage
    • Table 19-4. N’Ko Tone Diacritics on Vowels
    • Figure 19-3. Examples of N’Ko Ordinals
    • Table 19-5. N’Ko Letter Shaping
  • 19.5 Vai
  • 19.6 Bamum
    • Bamum: U+A6A0–U+A6FF
    • Bamum Supplement: U+16800–U+16A3F
  • 19.7 Bassa Vah
  • 19.8 Mende Kikakui
    • Table 19-6. Number Formation in Mende Kikakui
  • 19.9 Adlam
  • 19.10 Medefaidrin
• 20 Americas
  • 20.1 Cherokee
  • 20.2 Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
    • Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics: U+1400–U+167F
      • Figure 20-1. Position of Carrier Syllable Finals
    • Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended: U+18B0–U+18FF
    • Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A: U+11AB0–U+11ABF
  • 20.3 Osage
    • Table 20-1. Combining Marks used in Osage
  • 20.4 Deseret
    • Figure 20-2. Short Words Equivalent to Deseret Letter Names
    • Table 20-2. IPA Transcription of Deseret
• 21 Notational Systems
  • 21.1 Braille
  • 21.2 Western Musical Symbols
    • Figure 21-1. Examples of Specialized Music Layout
    • Figure 21-2. Precomposed Note Characters
    • Figure 21-3. Alternative Noteheads
    • Figure 21-4. Augmentation Dots and Articulation Symbols
    • Table 21-1. Examples of Ornamentation
  • 21.3 Byzantine Musical Symbols
  • 21.4 Znamenny Musical Notation
  • 21.5 Ancient Greek Musical Notation
    • Table 21-2. Representation of Ancient Greek Vocal and Instrumental Notation
  • 21.6 Duployan
    • Duployan: U+1BC00–U+1BC9F
    • Shorthand Format Controls: U+1BCA0–U+1BCAF
  • 21.7 Sutton SignWriting
    • Sutton SignWriting: U+1D800–U+1DAAF
• 22 Symbols
  • 22.1 Currency Symbols
    • Figure 22-1. Alternative Glyphs for Dollar Sign
    • Currency Symbols: U+20A0–U+20CF
      • Table 22-1. Currency Symbols Encoded in Other Blocks
  • 22.2 Letterlike Symbols
    • Letterlike Symbols: U+2100–U+214F
      • Figure 22-2. Alternative Glyphs for Numero Sign
    • Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols: U+1D400–U+1D7FF
    • Mathematical Alphabets
      • Figure 22-3. Wide Mathematical Accents
      • Figure 22-4. Style Variants and Semantic Distinctions in Mathematics
      • Table 22-2. Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
    • Fonts Used for Mathematical Alphabets
      • Figure 22-5. Easily Confused Shapes for Mathematical Glyphs
    • Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols: U+1EE00–U+1EEFF
  • 22.3 Numerals
    • Decimal Digits
      • Table 22-3. Script-Specific Decimal Digits
      • Figure 22-6. CJK Ideographic Numbers
    • Other Digits
      • Table 22-4. Compatibility Digits
      • Figure 22-7. Regular and Old Style Digits
    • Non-Decimal Radix Systems
    • Acrophonic Systems and Other Letter-based Numbers
    • Coptic Epact Numbers: U+102E0–U+102FF
    • Rumi Numeral Symbols: U+10E60–U+10E7E
    • Siyaq Numerical Notation Systems
    • CJK Numerals
    • Fractions
      • Figure 22-8. Alternate Forms of Vulgar Fractions
    • Common Indic Number Forms: U+A830–U+A83F
  • 22.4 Superscript and Subscript Symbols
    • Superscripts and Subscripts: U+2070–U+209F
  • 22.5 Mathematical Symbols
    • Mathematical Operators: U+2200–U+22FF
      • Table 22-5. Mathematical Operators Disunified from Punctuation
    • Supplements to Mathematical Symbols and Arrows
    • Supplemental Mathematical Operators: U+2A00–U+2AFF
    • Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A: U+27C0–U+27EF
    • Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B: U+2980–U+29FF
    • Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows: U+2B00–U+2B7F
    • Arrows: U+2190–U+21FF
    • Supplemental Arrows
    • Standardized Variants of Mathematical Symbols
  • 22.6 Invisible Mathematical Operators
  • 22.7 Technical Symbols
    • Control Pictures: U+2400–U+243F
    • Miscellaneous Technical: U+2300–U+23FF
      • Figure 22-9. Usage of Crops and Quine Corners
      • Table 22-6. Use of Mathematical Symbol Pieces
      • Figure 22-10. Usage of the Decimal Exponent Symbol
    • Optical Character Recognition: U+2440–U+245F
    • Symbols for Legacy Computing: U+1FB00-U+1FBFF
  • 22.8 Geometrical Symbols
    • Box Drawing and Block Elements
    • Geometric Shapes: U+25A0–U+25FF
    • Geometric Shapes Extended: U+1F780–U+1F7FF
      • Table 22-7. Geometric Shape Collections
  • 22.9 Miscellaneous Symbols
    • Table 22-8. Blocks with Characters Often Shown as Emoji
    • Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
    • Emoticons: U+1F600–U+1F64F
    • Transport and Map Symbols: U+1F680–U+1F6FF
    • Dingbats: U+2700–U+27BF
    • Ornamental Dingbats: U+1F650–U+1F67F
    • Alchemical Symbols: U+1F700–U+1F77F
    • Mahjong Tiles: U+1F000–U+1F02F
    • Domino Tiles: U+1F030–U+1F09F
    • Playing Cards: U+1F0A0–U+1F0FF
    • Chess Symbols: U+1FA00–U+1FA6F
    • Yijing Hexagram Symbols: U+4DC0–U+4DFF
    • Tai Xuan Jing Symbols: U+1D300–U+1D356
    • Ancient Symbols: U+10190–U+101CF
    • Phaistos Disc Symbols: U+101D0–U+101FF
  • 22.10 Enclosed and Square
    • Enclosed Alphanumerics: U+2460–U+24FF
    • Enclosed CJK Letters and Months: U+3200–U+32FF
    • CJK Compatibility: U+3300–U+33FF
      • Table 22-9. Japanese Era Names
    • Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement: U+1F100–U+1F1FF
    • Enclosed Ideographic Supplement: U+1F200–U+1F2FF
• 23 Special Areas and Format Characters
  • 23.1 Control Codes
    • Representing Control Sequences
    • Specification of Control Code Semantics
      • Table 23-1. Control Codes Specified in the Unicode Standard
  • 23.2 Layout Controls
    • Line and Word Breaking
      • Table 23-2. Letter Spacing
    • Cursive Connection and Ligatures
      • Figure 23-1. Prevention of Joining
      • Figure 23-2. Exhibition of Joining Glyphs in Isolation
      • Figure 23-3. Effect of Intervening Joiners
    • Prepended Concatenation Marks
    • Combining Grapheme Joiner
    • Bidirectional Ordering Controls
      • Table 23-3. Bidirectional Ordering Controls
    • Stateful Format Controls
      • Table 23-4. Paired Stateful Controls
      • Table 23-5. Paired Stateful Controls (Deprecated)
  • 23.3 Deprecated Format Characters
  • 23.4 Variation Selectors
  • 23.5 Private-Use Characters
    • Private Use Area: U+E000–U+F8FF
    • Supplementary Private Use Areas
  • 23.6 Surrogates Area
  • 23.7 Noncharacters
  • 23.8 Specials
    • Byte Order Mark (BOM): U+FEFF
      • Table 23-6. Unicode Encoding Scheme Signatures
      • Table 23-7. U+FEFF Signature in Other Charsets
    • Specials: U+FFF0–U+FFF8
    • Annotation Characters: U+FFF9–U+FFFB
      • Figure 23-4. Annotation Characters
    • Replacement Characters: U+FFFC–U+FFFD
  • 23.9 Tag Characters
    • Tag Characters: U+E0000–U+E007F
    • Deprecated Use for Language Tagging
• 24 About the Code Charts
  • 24.1 Character Names List
    • Images in the Code Charts and Character Lists
    • Special Characters and Code Points
    • Character Names
    • Informative Aliases
    • Normative Aliases
    • Cross References
    • Information About Languages
    • Case Mappings
    • Decompositions
    • Standardized Variation Sequences
    • Positional Forms
    • Block Headers
    • Subheads
  • 24.2 CJK and Other Ideographs
    • CJK Unified Ideographs
      • Table 24-1. IRG Sources
      • Figure 24-1. CJK Chart Format for the Main CJK Block
      • Figure 24-2. CJK Chart Format for CJK Extension A
    • Compatibility Ideographs
      • Figure 24-3. CJK Chart Format for Compatibility Ideographs
      • Figure 24-4. Annotations Identifying CJK Unified Ideographs
    • Tangut Ideographs
  • 24.3 Hangul Syllables
• A Notational Conventions
  • A.1 Typographic Conventions
    • Code Points
    • Character Names
    • Character Blocks
    • Sequences
    • Properties and Property Values
    • Miscellaneous
    • Operators
      • Table A-1. Operators
  • A.2 Extended BNF
    • Table A-2. Extended BNF
    • Character Classes
      • Table A-3. Character Class Examples
  • A.3 Rendering
    • Figure A-1. Example of Rendering
• B Unicode Publications and Resources
  • B.1 The Unicode Consortium
    • The Unicode Technical Committee
    • Other Activities
  • B.2 Unicode Publications
  • B.3 Other Unicode Online Resources
    • Unicode Online Resources
    • How to Contact the Unicode Consortium
• C Relationship to ISO/IEC 10646
  • C.1 History
    • Table C-1. Timeline
  • C.2 Encoding Forms in ISO/IEC 10646
    • Zero Extending
      • Table C-2. Zero Extending
  • C.3 UTF-8 and UTF-16
    • UTF-8
    • UTF-16
  • C.4 Synchronization of the Standards
  • C.5 Identification of Features for Unicode
  • C.6 Character Names
  • C.7 Character Functional Specifications
• D Version History of the Standard
  • Table D-1. Versions of Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646
• E Han Unification History
  • E.1 Development of the URO
  • E.2 Continuing Research on Ideographs
    • Ideographic Rapporteur Group
    • Ideographic Research Group
  • E.3 CJK Sources
• F Documentation of CJK Strokes
  • Table F-1. CJK Strokes
• I Index