A note about terminology:It’s important to note that in TypeScript 1.5, the nomenclature has changed.“Internal modules” are now “namespaces”.“External modules” are now simply “modules”, as to align withECMAScript 2015’s terminology, (namely thatmodule X { is equivalent to the now-preferrednamespace X {).

This post outlines the various ways to organize your code using namespaces (previously “internal modules”) in TypeScript.As we alluded in our note about terminology, “internal modules” are now referred to as “namespaces”.Additionally, anywhere themodule keyword was used when declaring an internal module, thenamespace keyword can and should be used instead.This avoids confusing new users by overloading them with similarly named terms.

First steps

Let’s start with the program we’ll be using as our example throughout this page.We’ve written a small set of simplistic string validators, as you might write to check a user’s input on a form in a webpage or check the format of an externally-provided data file.

Validators in a single file

ts
interfaceStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string):boolean;
}
letlettersRegexp = /^[A-Za-z]+$/;
letnumberRegexp = /^[0-9]+$/;
classLettersOnlyValidatorimplementsStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string) {
returnlettersRegexp.test(s);
  }
}
classZipCodeValidatorimplementsStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string) {
returns.length ===5 &&numberRegexp.test(s);
  }
}
// Some samples to try
letstrings = ["Hello","98052","101"];
// Validators to use
letvalidators: { [s:string]:StringValidator } = {};
validators["ZIP code"] =newZipCodeValidator();
validators["Letters only"] =newLettersOnlyValidator();
// Show whether each string passed each validator
for (letsofstrings) {
for (letnameinvalidators) {
letisMatch =validators[name].isAcceptable(s);
console.log(`'${s}'${isMatch?"matches":"does not match"} '${name}'.`);
  }
}

Namespacing

As we add more validators, we’re going to want to have some kind of organization scheme so that we can keep track of our types and not worry about name collisions with other objects.Instead of putting lots of different names into the global namespace, let’s wrap up our objects into a namespace.

In this example, we’ll move all validator-related entities into a namespace calledValidation.Because we want the interfaces and classes here to be visible outside the namespace, we preface them withexport.Conversely, the variableslettersRegexp andnumberRegexp are implementation details, so they are left unexported and will not be visible to code outside the namespace.In the test code at the bottom of the file, we now need to qualify the names of the types when used outside the namespace, e.g.Validation.LettersOnlyValidator.

Namespaced Validators

ts
namespaceValidation {
exportinterfaceStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string):boolean;
  }
constlettersRegexp = /^[A-Za-z]+$/;
constnumberRegexp = /^[0-9]+$/;
exportclassLettersOnlyValidatorimplementsStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string) {
returnlettersRegexp.test(s);
    }
  }
exportclassZipCodeValidatorimplementsStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string) {
returns.length ===5 &&numberRegexp.test(s);
    }
  }
}
// Some samples to try
letstrings = ["Hello","98052","101"];
// Validators to use
letvalidators: { [s:string]:Validation.StringValidator } = {};
validators["ZIP code"] =newValidation.ZipCodeValidator();
validators["Letters only"] =newValidation.LettersOnlyValidator();
// Show whether each string passed each validator
for (letsofstrings) {
for (letnameinvalidators) {
console.log(
`"${s}" -${
validators[name].isAcceptable(s)?"matches":"does not match"
}${name}`
    );
  }
}

Splitting Across Files

As our application grows, we’ll want to split the code across multiple files to make it easier to maintain.

Multi-file namespaces

Here, we’ll split ourValidation namespace across many files.Even though the files are separate, they can each contribute to the same namespace and can be consumed as if they were all defined in one place.Because there are dependencies between files, we’ll add reference tags to tell the compiler about the relationships between the files.Our test code is otherwise unchanged.

Validation.ts

ts
namespaceValidation {
exportinterfaceStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string):boolean;
  }
}

LettersOnlyValidator.ts

ts
///<referencepath="Validation.ts"/>
namespaceValidation {
constlettersRegexp = /^[A-Za-z]+$/;
exportclassLettersOnlyValidatorimplementsStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string) {
returnlettersRegexp.test(s);
    }
  }
}

ZipCodeValidator.ts

ts
///<referencepath="Validation.ts"/>
namespaceValidation {
constnumberRegexp = /^[0-9]+$/;
exportclassZipCodeValidatorimplementsStringValidator {
isAcceptable(s:string) {
returns.length ===5 &&numberRegexp.test(s);
    }
  }
}

Test.ts

ts
///<referencepath="Validation.ts"/>
///<referencepath="LettersOnlyValidator.ts"/>
///<referencepath="ZipCodeValidator.ts"/>
// Some samples to try
letstrings = ["Hello","98052","101"];
// Validators to use
letvalidators: { [s:string]:Validation.StringValidator } = {};
validators["ZIP code"] =newValidation.ZipCodeValidator();
validators["Letters only"] =newValidation.LettersOnlyValidator();
// Show whether each string passed each validator
for (letsofstrings) {
for (letnameinvalidators) {
console.log(
`"${s}" -${
validators[name].isAcceptable(s)?"matches":"does not match"
}${name}`
    );
  }
}

Once there are multiple files involved, we’ll need to make sure all of the compiled code gets loaded.There are two ways of doing this.

First, we can use concatenated output using theoutFile option to compile all of the input files into a single JavaScript output file:

tsc --outFile sample.js Test.ts

The compiler will automatically order the output file based on the reference tags present in the files. You can also specify each file individually:

tsc --outFile sample.js Validation.ts LettersOnlyValidator.ts ZipCodeValidator.ts Test.ts

Alternatively, we can use per-file compilation (the default) to emit one JavaScript file for each input file.If multiple JS files get produced, we’ll need to use<script> tags on our webpage to load each emitted file in the appropriate order, for example:

MyTestPage.html (excerpt)

html
<scriptsrc="Validation.js"type="text/javascript"/>
<scriptsrc="LettersOnlyValidator.js"type="text/javascript"/>
<scriptsrc="ZipCodeValidator.js"type="text/javascript"/>
<scriptsrc="Test.js"type="text/javascript"/>

Aliases

Another way that you can simplify working with namespaces is to useimport q = x.y.z to create shorter names for commonly-used objects.Not to be confused with theimport x = require("name") syntax used to load modules, this syntax simply creates an alias for the specified symbol.You can use these sorts of imports (commonly referred to as aliases) for any kind of identifier, including objects created from module imports.

ts
namespaceShapes {
exportnamespacePolygons {
exportclassTriangle {}
exportclassSquare {}
  }
}
importpolygons =Shapes.Polygons;
letsq =newpolygons.Square();// Same as 'new Shapes.Polygons.Square()'

Notice that we don’t use therequire keyword; instead we assign directly from the qualified name of the symbol we’re importing.This is similar to usingvar, but also works on the type and namespace meanings of the imported symbol.Importantly, for values,import is a distinct reference from the original symbol, so changes to an aliasedvar will not be reflected in the original variable.

Working with Other JavaScript Libraries

To describe the shape of libraries not written in TypeScript, we need to declare the API that the library exposes.Because most JavaScript libraries expose only a few top-level objects, namespaces are a good way to represent them.

We call declarations that don’t define an implementation “ambient”.Typically these are defined in.d.ts files.If you’re familiar with C/C++, you can think of these as.h files.Let’s look at a few examples.

Ambient Namespaces

The popular library D3 defines its functionality in a global object calledd3.Because this library is loaded through a<script> tag (instead of a module loader), its declaration uses namespaces to define its shape.For the TypeScript compiler to see this shape, we use an ambient namespace declaration.For example, we could begin writing it as follows:

D3.d.ts (simplified excerpt)

ts
declarenamespaceD3 {
exportinterfaceSelectors {
select: {
      (selector:string):Selection;
      (element:EventTarget):Selection;
    };
  }
exportinterfaceEvent {
x:number;
y:number;
  }
exportinterfaceBaseextendsSelectors {
event:Event;
  }
}
declarevard3:D3.Base;