Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets Sa 28142 *Sa₁ligature 5105 PAN *Sa₁ligature [disjunct:*a₅] 5106 PMP *ha₂ligature 11881 POC *aligature Note: AlsoPangasinanya ‘linking particle’. 32921 11383 11384 Note: I am indebted to David Zorc for bringing this comparison to my attention. 28143 5107 PAN *Sa₂locativeparticle [disjunct:*qa₁] 5108 Note: AlsoMongondowo- ‘at, in, with words that indicate direction’,Motua ‘postposition: from, with, by’. This particle appears to be fossilized in several reflexes ofPOc *a nusa ‘name of an island’ (cf. *nusa). For a discussion of the ‘adhesive locative’ inAustronesian languages seeBlust (1989a). 33860 *Sa-₂marker ofinstrumentalnouns 12676 PAN *Sa-₂marker ofinstrumentalnouns 12677 PMP *ha-marker ofinstrumentalnouns Note: This comparison was first proposed byDahl (1978). 28066 *SabaNclothusedtocarry achildon theback 4951 PAN *SabaNclothusedtocarry achildon theback [doublet:*SebaN] 4952 PMP *habanclothusedtocarry achildon theback Note: AlsoRhadeabăn ‘blanket’. 28067 4953 4954 Note: AlsoSaisiyat (Taai)pinan-abaL-an (apparently reshaped on the model ofamiʃ ‘north’:pinan-amiʃ-an-an ‘north wind’),Casiguran Dumagatbalát ‘strong wind from the west (from the mountains, considered a bad wind which blows in stormy weather)’,Mentawaibarä ‘west, west wind’,Proto-Sangiric *baRet ‘west wind’,Mongondowwagat ‘rainy season’,Woliobara ‘west, west monsoon’,Rembongbarak ‘west wind’,Eraiharak ‘west, west wind’,Soboyobara ‘north’. There is no doubt that this term referred to the west monsoon of island Southeast Asia and portions of western Melanesia, in contradistinction to the east monsoon, *timuR (q.v.). Apart from a few anomalous glosses (Kavalanbalat,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)evaǥat) the references to cardinal directions in the reflexes are consistent with a west wind centered very near the Equator. InAmis (23 degrees n. latitude) this is described as a ‘south’ wind, throughout most of the Philippines (5-18 degrees n. latitude) it is described as a ‘south’ or ‘southwest’ wind, in most of the languages of Indonesia (5 degrees n. latitude to 10 degrees s. latitude) it is described as a ‘west’ wind, and inMerina, the standard dialect ofMalagasy (23 degrees s. latitude) the meaning is ‘north’ (presumably a secondary semantic development after the Malagasy migration from southeast Borneo). In the western Pacific the orientation of the west monsoon to the north-south axis appears to be somewhat different. The languages of the Admiralty Islands (all within 2 degrees s. latitude) and a number of those in southeastern Papua (roughly 10 degrees s. latitude) refer to the west monsoon as a ‘northwest’ wind, whereas the languages of both western and eastern Indonesia at corresponding latitudes refer to it as a ‘west’ wind. Further east, beyond the reach of the monsoon, the term survives as the name of a strong storm wind without reference to cardinal direction. 28071 4958 PAN *Sabijtwins of thesamesex [disjunct: *apij] 10953 4959 Note: The gloss of *Sabij clearly implies a lexical distinction between twins of the same sex and twins of opposite sex, but no etymon which can be associated with the latter meaning has yet been found. Given the limited data in support of this reconstruction it is possible that the meaning was simply ‘twins’, and that a convergent semantic restriction developed independently both inPaiwan and inRoviana. 28072 *Sabitlongclothwrappedaroundbodyandused forcarrying 4960 PAN *Sabitlongclothwrappedaroundbodyandused forcarrying 4961 PMP *habitlongclothwrappedaroundbodyandused forcarrying 28075 *SadiRihousepost 4964 PAN *SadiRihousepost 11882 PMP *hadiRihousepost 4965 PCEMP *adiRihousepost 4966 POC *ariRihousepost 4967 PCEMP *hadiRi bubuŋ-ancenterpost,mainhousepost Note: AlsoCasiguran Dumagatadígi ‘housepost’ (probably an Ilokano loan),Kelabitdiri ‘house post’,Kiputpəlirəy ‘house post’,Old Javaneseḍiri ‘stand, stand upright, remain standing; be in function, reign; standing alone, outstanding, surpassing all others’,Buginesealliri ‘house post’,Chamorrohaligi ‘fence post, pillar, house post used for structural support’ (probably aTagalog loan).Nataoran Amissalili appears for expected **sarili; the comparative data for thisAmis dialect are not yet sufficient to determine whether the assimilation in this form is regular or sporadic, but the cognation of the form is hardly in question. In this connection it is worth noting that among theFormosan aborigines only the Amis, Kavalan and Ketagalan (the latter now extinct) built houses elevated on posts (Ferrell 1969:33). The necessity of positingPAn *SadiRi ‘house post’ leaves no alternative but to conclude that this type of residential structure has great antiquity among Austronesian-speaking peoples, and that the house types of the Atayal, Tsou, Paiwan, Rukai, Bunun, and Yami, which are constructed either directly on the ground, or in a shallow excavation, represent architectural innovations. Such innovations may well have been motivated by a need to adjust to the colder conditions of life in the mountains, or by a need for protection from the seasonal typhoons that periodically sweep westward across the Pacific to southern Taiwan. Finally, accounts such as that ofCunningham (1964) andSchulte Nordholt (1971:428ff) make it clear that the dualistic cosmological symbolism embodied in theAtoni house distinguishes ‘male’ and ‘female’ posts, associated respectively with the right and left sides. Although the similar dualistic distinction inManam appears to be based on the length of the post itself rather than on its position within the larger domestic structure, it appears very likely from this linguistic symbolism that speakers ofPCEMP made use of some type of dualistic symbolism which was expressed as a male/female contrast in certain of the supporting posts for the house. 28076 4968 4969 11883 28082 *Sajeksmell;tosmell(transitive) 4976 PAN *Sajeksmell;tosmell(transitive) 4977 11884 4978 4979 4980 4981 Note: AlsoAmishanek ‘a bad odor, smell’,Tbolimelek ‘kiss’,Singhi Land Dayakkoduk ‘to smell (something)’,Atoniat nɛk ‘to kiss’,Mono-Aluaho ‘to sniff, smell’,Rovianaaho-a ‘to kiss (someone/something)’,vari aho ‘kiss one another’. Although only the general meaning ‘to smell (transitive)’ can confidently be associated withPAn *Sajek, it is clear from the distribution of semantic reflexes thatPMP *hajek referred specifically to the traditional nose kiss ofMP-speaking peoples. 28089 *SakuCtransportpiecemeal;tranportthroughrepeatedtrips 4988 PAN *SakuCtransportpiecemeal;tranportthroughrepeatedtrips 4989 PMP *hakuttransportpiecemeal;transportthroughrepeatedtrips 4990 PWMP *maŋ-hakuttransportpiecemeal;transportthroughrepeatedtrips Note: The fundamental idea expressed in this comparison is that of removing a material from one location to another as result of repeated trips between the two sites. The natural prototype for such a concept may have been the activity of the mason bee in securing mud for its nest (see*hakut hakut). However, if this activity served as a model for the semantics of *SakuC it appears that its distinctive feature (repeated trips over the same route) had already been abstracted and put to more general use byPAn times. 28092 *Salasforest,wilderness,woods 4993 PAN *Salasforest,wilderness,woods 4994 PMP *halasforest,wilderness,woods,jungle 4995 PWMP *ka-halas-an(glossuncertain) 4996 PWMP *halas-anforestedarea,wilderness 4997 PMP *halas + "dark"primaryforest,primevaljungle 4998 PWMP *halas Rayaprimaryforest,virginjungle(lit.'bigforest') Note: AlsoLampunglas ‘forest, jungle’,Ngadhakala ‘thicket, forest, jungle’.Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed both *halas (in the form *alas) and *quCaN (in the form *hutan) meaning ‘forest’. It is now clear, however, thatPMP *halas was a general term for ‘forest, jungle’, whilePMP *qutan (alsoPAn *quCaN?) referred to a particular category of flora which is perhaps best described byBrown's (1984) term ‘grerb’ (‘small plant relative to the plant inventory of a particular environment whose parts are chiefly herbaceous (green, leafy, nonwoody)’. It thus included various grasses, herbs, bushes and the like (some of which were useful and some not) which probably were conceptually united by their being noncultivated plants associated with the wilderness. 29950 *Samaqaplant:LactucaindicaLinn.,andSonchusoleraceusLinn. 6630 PAN *Samaqaplant:LactucaindicaLinn.,andSonchusoleraceusLinn. Note: AlsoSeediq (Tkdaya)sama balay,Tsousamaka,Saaroasamaʔə. This comparison was first noted byLi (1994). 30098 6818 PAN *SameCiaplant:Solanumnigrum 11885 PMP *hametiaplant:Solanumnigrum Note: AlsoKanakanabunamíci,Saaroaɬamici,Rukai (Maga)amicu,Rukai (Tona)amici,Itbayatenhumti ‘Solanum nigrum Linn.’,Ilokanoamtík ~agamtík ‘nightshade plant,Solanum nigrum’,Hanunóountí ‘a small wild herbaceous plant (Solanum nigrum Linn.); the young leaves are used as a green vegetable by the Hanunóo’,Maranaomoti ‘morel plant:Solanum nigrum L.’,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)muti ‘a plant:Solanum nigrum’,Javaneseranti ‘tomato’,Manggaraikenti ‘a wild vegetable:Solanum nigrum’. This word shows multiple irregular variations, making any reconstruction difficult. I have arbitrarily chosen to comparePaiwansametsi with forms in other languages that are ambiguous for initial *S or zero. Finally, I am indebted to R. David Zorc for drawing my attention to theItbayaten andManobo (Western Bukidnon) forms, and for reminding me that he proposed an alternative reconstruction, *SamŭCi, inZorc (1982:118). Zorc’s motivation for positing an unstressed high back vowel in this form was to relate the otherwise unexplained high back vowels inMaga Rukaiamicu (metathesis of *i and *u), Itbayaten humti (metathesis of *a and *u), Hanunóo untí (metathesis of *a and *u),Maranaomoti, andManobo (Western Bukidnon)muti. The precarious nature of this reconstruction, however, should be obvious, since: it requires the assumption of 1) two different metathesis patterns in three different languages, 2) an irregular loss of *S- inHanunóo andManobo (Western Bukidnon) (this would be equally true if these forms were assigned to the present reconstruction), 3) syncope of an unstressed low vowel *a inItbayaten andHanunóo, and 4) an irregular loss of prepenultimate *a (rather than reduction to schwa) inManobo (Western Bukidnon). Moreover, it forces us to assume that the well-known syncope of schwa /VC__CV also applied to other vowels, including both *u and *a. I know of no evidence that might justify this assumption, which should be apparent in any of these languages that undergo rightward stress shift through suffixation (none of them shows a syncope pattern when this happens). Add to this the fact that the initial consonants of theKanakanabu,Javanese, andManggarai forms, the medial vowel of theKanakanabu,Saaroa andRukai forms, and the final consonant of theIlokano form are unexplained by either reconstruction, and it appears clearly preferable to settle on *SameCi and leave the rest of these apparently related but wildly irregular forms unexplained. 30280 *Samudaplant,sesame:Sesamumindicum 7191 PAN *Samudaplant,sesame:Sesamumindicum Note: Since most varieties of sesame are native to subsaharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent, the antiquity of sesame in Taiwan is unclear. Nonetheless the forms given here exhibit regular sound correspondences, are glossed ‘sesame’ in both sources, and appear to be directly inherited in both languages. It is possible that the referent is a similar plant which is yet to be botanically identified. 29924 6599 Note: It is unclear whether this word originally referred to sea otters, river otters or both. Within recorded history sea otters have not extended as far south as Taiwan, so our best guess is that *Sanaq referred exclusively to river otters. 26318 2633 PAN *haŋutsmell,odor [doublet:*haŋus₂] 2634 Note: AlsoTagalogaŋót ‘stench peculiar to stagnant liquids’,Mamanwahaŋod ‘to smell,Nggela aŋo ‘to emit a sour smell, as of urine’. 28110 *SapaRunroll amat,spreadout amat 5016 PAN *SapaRunroll amat,spreadout amat 5017 PMP *hampaRunroll amat,spreadout amat 5018 PAN *S<um>apaRunroll,spreadout amat 5019 PWMP *hapaR-anamat Note: AlsoSaisiyat (Taai)ʃ 28112 5021 PAN *Sapejiqsmarting,stingingpain [doublet:*hapejes,*hapejis] 5022 PMP *hapejiqsmarting,stingingpain Note: AlsoMalagasyfery ‘wound, hurt, ulcer, sore’,Ibanpediʔ ‘sharp pain, sting, smart’,Old JavanesepəDe,pəDay ‘to smart (of the eyes; from sleep, bright light, etc.)’,Balinesepedih ‘angry, express anger’.Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *pe[dD]iq ‘hurt, ache’, but his comparison was restricted to languages of western Indonesia. TheMalay reflex of *Sapejiq does not show the expected development of an original trisyllable with medial *e (cf.Blust 1982). 30368 *Sapiqflattened 7407 PAN *Sapiqflattened 7408 PMP *hapiqflattened, as plantsto theground 28113 *Sapitpresstogether,pressbetweentwosurfaces 5023 PAN *Sapitpresstogether,pressbetweentwosurfaces 5025 PMP *hapitpresstogether,pressbetweentwosurfaces;part of theloom 5026 5027 PWMP *maŋ-hapitpinch,squeeze,enclose 5028 PWMP *paŋ-hapitinstrumentusedtopress 5029 PWMP *hapit-anpinchingapparatus 5030 PWMP *hapit hapitpinchingapparatus Note: AlsoBurueseafi-h ‘press, clamp’. With root*-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’.Dempwolff (1934-38) includedSa'aäpi ‘hold under the arm, hold close to the body’,Tonganʔapiʔapi ‘crowded or crammed’, andSamoanapiapi ‘narrow’,apit-ia ‘be wedged in, be confined’ as reflexes of *ha(m)pit ‘hold together’, but I regard these as non-cognate. In addition to their general verbal meanings, reflexes ofPWMP *hapit have two recurrent nominal senses: 1. the members of a wedding party who flank (‘squeeze in’) the bride or groom at the wedding ceremony, and 2. a part of the indigenous backstrap loom. The distribution of forms with the former meaning is limited to two known languages (Bahasa Indonesia,Makassarese), and probably is due to borrowing. Reflexes of *hapit which refer to a part of the backstrap loom are, however, more widespread (Karo Batak,Sundanese,Balinese,Sasak,Tae'), and are less likely to be products of diffusion. More difficult is the problem of achieving an exact gloss: with reference to the loomPWMP *hapit evidently designated a structure consisting of two wooden slats between which the warp threads were pinched. Judging from the glosses inSundanese andTae', this structure extended across the lap of a seated weaver, and was bound at its ends by thongs which extended around her padded hips so as to control the desired tension on the warp threads. 28114 5031 PAN *SapSapfeel,grope [doublet:*kapkap,*SapuSap] 5032 28116 5034 PAN *SapuSapfeel,grope [doublet:*SapSap] 5035 Note: AlsoTagalogapuháp ‘feel out by extending the hand’,Bikolhapíhap ‘rub gently; caress, fondle, pet, stroke’. 28117 *Sapuyfire 5036 PAN *Sapuyfire 5037 PMP *hapuyfire 5038 PEMP *apifire 5039 POC *apifire 5040 5041 5042 5043 PWMP *maR-hapuybuild afire (?) 5044 PMP *pa-hapuy-anfirewood,what isusedtomake afire 6738 POC *papianfirewood,what isusedtomake afire Note: AlsoNukuorolahhie ‘firewood’.Walsh and Biggs (1966) giveRarotonganvaʔie ‘firewood’, but this appears asvaie, with unexplained zero reflex for medial *f in their reported source (Savage 1962). Although the Oceanic forms can be regularly derived fromPMP *pa-hapuy-an, and althoughPOc preserved *api ‘fire’ it is unlikely that the morphological relationship between *api and *papian was apparent to speakers ofPOc, which had already undergone such a thorough morphological restructuring that many original morpheme boundaries were completely concealed from the average speaker. Except for the reportedMaori variantfafia, all Polynesian reflexes show an irregular fronting of the final vowel, a change that presumably had already occurred inPPn, perhaps giving rise to doublets *fafie and *fafia. 5045 PWMP *paŋ-hapuy(glossuncertain) 5046 PWMP *paR-hapuy-anfireplace,hearth 5047 PWMP *h<in>apuy(glossuncertain) 5048 PAN *S<um>apuy(glossuncertain) 5049 PMP *h<um>apuy(glossuncertain) 5050 PWMP *hapuy-anfireplace,hearth 5051 PWMP *hapuy hapuy₁firefly 5052 PWMP *hapuy hapuy₂tree sp. Note: AlsoKankanaeyapey ‘fire; burning; conflagration; combustion; light’,Kapampanganapíʔ ‘fire, flame, spark’,Balineseampi ‘fire’,Sasakperapen ‘smithy, forge’ (Javanese loan),Rotinesehaʔi ‘fire’,Letiw~ai ‘fire’,Lakalaihavi ‘fire’. Many reflexes of *Sapuy are affixed in a variety of ways. Some of the cross-linguistic agreements in morphologically complex forms of this morpheme appear to reflect affixed proto-forms, while others appear to be products of convergence. Among the latter are the following: 1)Ifugaw (Batad)i-apuy ‘that with which something is burned, i.e. a fire’,Tontemboani-api ‘the time specified for a woman who is about to give birth to be exposed to heat; that which is used for warming her’; In addition, *hapuy hapuy ‘firefly’ may be a convergent innovation (cf.PWMP *qali-petpet ‘firefly’), and various other reduplicated forms of *hapuy almost certainly are products of historically independent innovations, as withKaro Batakapi api ‘caterpillar with hairs that cause strong itching’,Old Javaneseapuy apuy ‘light a fire; sit near a fire (?)’, andTontemboanapi api ‘kind of bird, named from its red breast’. 28126 5061 PAN *SaRuŋsnore,groan, etc. [doublet:*heReŋ,*heRuŋ] 5062 Note: AlsoHanunóo,Cebuanoháguk ‘snore’. 28128 5064 PAN *Sasakripe;cooked [doublet:*esak] 5065 PMP *hasakripe;cooked [doublet:*esak] 5066 PAN *ma-Sasakripe;cooked [doublet:*esak] 11886 11887 28129 5067 5068 5069 5070 5071 PWMP *paŋ-hasaqpersonorinstrumentthatgrindsorsharpens 5072 PWMP *paŋ-hasaq-anwhetting,sharpening 5073 PAN *Sasaq-anwhetstone,grindstone 5074 PMP *hasaq-anwhetstone,grindstone 5075 PWMP *hasaq-enbesharpened;thingsharpened 5076 POC *asaq-isharpen(transitive) Note: AlsoBununasaq ‘rub, grind, whet, sharpen’ (Nihira 1983 [1932]),Bintuluaseʔ ‘whetting, sharpening’,Ibanasah ‘sharpen’,Gedagedyase ‘sharpen, abrade, rub (down), file, pulverize’,Lautata ‘scrape, sharpen by rubbing’,Sa'aata-ata ‘diamond-shaped yam grater; to grate’. The etymon of this widespread cognate set clearly referred to the sharpening of worn tool edges, and not merely to grating or grinding in general. It is compatible with a hypothesis that either edge-ground stone tools or metal tools of some type were in use amongPAn speakers (c. 4,000 B.C.).Paiwantataq is assumed to result from assimilation of *S to *s prior to the regular change *s > /t/. 28130 *SateDaccompany,escort;send,return 5077 PAN *SateDaccompany,escort;send,return 5078 PMP *hateDaccompany,escort,conduct,convey;send;return;escort thebridetoherhusband;gift offoodat awedding;sendbridewealthpayments 11888 PEMP *atedaccompany,escort,conduct,convey;send;return;escort thebridetoherhusband;gift offoodat awedding;sendbridewealthpayments 5079 5080 5081 PAN *pa-SateDsend (?) 5082 PWMP *paŋ-hateDpersonwho leadsor escortsanother; means ofleadingorescorting 5083 PWMP *h<in>ateDwasescortedorbrought;personescorted,thingbrought 5084 PAN *S<um>ateDaccompany,escort 5085 PMP *h<um>ateDaccompany,escort 5086 PAN *SateD-anescort,accompany(imperative) 5087 PMP *hateD-anescort,accompany(imperative) 5088 PWMP *hateD-enbeescorted,bedelivered Note: AlsoItbayatenhatid ‘deliver, accompany’,Tirurayodor ‘go along, accompany’,Acehneseeuntat ‘escort, accompany, convey, bring, transfer’,Balinese (High)ater ‘lead (an animal), escort, lead away (prisoners)’,Sasakanter ‘escort, accompany’,Tondanoantar ‘wedding gold’ (=Malay loan with semantic change?),Banggaiantok,maŋ-antok-kon ‘lead, escort, bring’,Bimaneseoto ‘escort, accompany’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *ha(n)teD ‘bring, escort, conduct, deliver’. However, this gloss fails to account for the fact that reflexes of *SateD refer not just to this general semantic range, but more specifically to 1. a ceremonial escorting of the bride to the wedding or to her new husband (in connection with patrilocal residence?), and 2. to some form of material exchange, probably involving bridewealth (Bikol,Mongondow,Numfor). The clear references to food exchanges or distribution -- whether connected with marriage or not -- in at leastJavanese,Madurese,Sasak,Makassarese andPalauan further suggests that by at leastPWMP times *hateD included as an important part of its denotation gifts of food from a wedding feast which were evidently carried home for consumption. 28131 *Sauniin alittlewhile,momentarily,later 5089 PAN *Sauniin alittlewhile,momentarily,later 28138 5100 5101 Note: If theAmis andPhilippine forms are cognate the latter show an irregular loss of expected initialh-. 28133 5091 PAN *Sawakwaist,back of thewaist 5092 PMP *hawakwaist,back of thewaist 5093 5094 PWMP *hawak-anwaistline Note: AlsoHanunóoáwak ‘back of waist’,Kelabitawaʔ ‘waist’,Malohawaʔ ‘waist’,Dairi-Pakpak Batakawak ‘waist, hips’,Rejangawaʔ ‘body, abdomen, trunk’. The precise semantic agreement in the glosses ofKavalansawaq andHanunóoháwak ‘back of the waist’, and the somewhat wavering 30000 *Sawikibetelnut:nut ofArecacatechu 6693 PAN *Sawikibetelnut:nut ofArecacatechu Note: AlsoHoanyaabiki,Sirayaaviki,Rukai (Tona)θaviki ‘areca nut’. The history of betel chewing in South and Southeast Asia is complex, and the details remain to be fully worked out (Zumbroich 2008). In attested Austronesian-speaking societies from Taiwan to the western Pacific the fruit of the areca palm is chewed as a mild stimulant, either by individuals alone or as part of a social ‘lubricant’, in some cases connected with formal events such as wedding engagements. More exactly, what is chewed is the betel quid, a packet consisting of an outer leaf wrapping the nut and a small quantity of lime made by crushing the shells of marine molluscs or coral. In Taiwan the practice has spread in recent centuries to the Han Chinese community, who must have learned it from the native populace. This word was replaced inPMP by *buaq. 28137 5098 PAN *SawSawwash,rinse [doublet: *NawNaw,*rawraw] 5099 Note: AlsoAmissasaw ‘generic word for wash’. 29875 *SayaNtermite 6534 PAN *SayaNtermite [doublet:*aNay] Se 28159 *SebaNcarry achildwith acarryingcloth 5124 PAN *SebaNcarry achildwith acarryingcloth 5125 PMP *hebancarry achildwith acarryingcloth 5126 PAN *S<in>ebaNwhat iscarriedon theback 5127 PMP *h<in>ebanwhat iscarriedon theback Note: AlsoPangasinanebá,ebák ‘to carry (esp. a child)’,Bikolhagbán ‘carry something bulky wrapped in cloth’.Arndt (1961) citesNgadhaeba undercéba, but the alphabetical order shows that this is a misprint forceba (/eba/). InPMP this form clearly meant ‘carry a child with a carrying cloth’; such a specific gloss cannot yet be assigned toPAn *SebaN. 28160 5128 PAN *SebuCpluck,pullup (asweeds) 5129 PMP *hebutpluck,pullup (asweeds) Note: With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’. 28168 5137 5138 Note: Javaneseeŋkak probably is borrowed fromMalay. With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’. 30297 *Sekedstop anactivity,take abreak,rest 7232 PAN *Sekedstop anactivity,take abreak,rest Note: AlsoKavalantqez ‘to stop, to rest for awhile when walking’. 33201 *SekuChunchedover,stoop-shouldered 11703 PAN *SekuChunchedover,stoop-shouldered 11704 PMP *hekuthunchedover,stoop-shouldered 33861 12678 12679 Note: With root*-lem₁ ‘dark’. Possibly a convergent development. 28183 *Sematongue 5155 PAN *Sematongue 5156 PMP *hematongue Note: AlsoPuyumasema ‘tongue’ (<Paiwan),Lampungemah ‘tongue’,Manggarai,Ngadhalema,Kamberalàma ‘tongue’. Alternatively, theAtayal,Saisiyat andPuyuma forms can be assigned to *sema, and theAmis andPaiwan forms to a doublet *Sema. The vowel length inSelarumā,Buruesemaa- is unexplained, and it is possible that these forms reflectPCEMP *maya. 28182 5152 5153 5154 Note: AlsoBinukidhumáy,Kalaganumay,Mamanwahomay,Manobo (Sarangani)omay ‘husked rice’,Palawan Batakomay,Toba Batakeme,Malayimai ‘cooked rice’. Dempwolff posited *imay ‘rice’, but based his reconstruction entirely onToba Batakeme,Malayimai. AlthoughPAn *Semay apparently meant ‘cooked rice’, the meaning ofPPh *hemay is less certain. Both in northern Luzon and inSangir of northern Sulawesi,PPh *hemay is reflected in the meaning ‘rice in the field; unhusked rice’, andPPh *ka-hemay-an ‘rice field’ supports a similar gloss for the unaffixed stem. At the same time, however, a number of languages in the central Philippines agree withFormosan reflexes and with such variant forms in western Indonesia asToba Batakeme andMalayimai in supporting a gloss ‘cooked rice’. In either case there are competing forms for the meaning in question. PAn *pajay clearly meant ‘rice in the field; unhusked rice’, and in this sense evidently persisted inPPh. Although reflexes of both *kaen-en and *nasi mean ‘cooked rice’ in widely separated languages, the former set of terms almost certainly developed this sense as a result of convergent change from an original meaning ‘what is eaten’, while some reflexes of the latter probably are borrowings ofMalaynasi ‘cooked rice’. 28184 *Semutsmothering,suffocating 5157 PAN *Semutsmothering,suffocating 5158 Note: I assume thatSaisiyat has assimilated the reflex of *u to the other three vowels in the only form of this word that is given inLi (1978). 28202 5227 PAN *Señawtowash [doublet:*Siñaw] 5228 30281 7192 7193 Note: AlsoPuyumaaŋaɖ ‘a breath’,aŋaɖ-an ‘windpipe, bronchial tubes’. 30272 7174 7175 PMP *heŋawexudeorescape, ofair,gasesorsimilar substances (?) Note: AlsoMaranaoseŋaw ‘breath; vapor’. The semantic differerence between this andPAn *Seŋad is unclear. Reflexes of the latter uniformly mean to ‘to breathe’, whereas reflexes ofPAn *Seŋaw are more diverse, and hence more difficult to assign to a uniform meaning. 28187 *Sepatfour 5161 PAN *Sepatfour 5162 PMP *epatfour 5163 PEMP *patfour 5164 5165 PPh *ika-epatfourth 5166 PMP *ka-epatfourth 5167 PWMP *ka-epat-anfourth 5168 PAN *ma-Sepat(glossuncertain) 5169 PMP *ma-epatdividedintofour (?) 5170 5171 5172 PWMP *maR-epatbecomefour,divideintofour (intr.) 5173 5174 5175 PWMP *paR-epatone-fourth 5176 PWMP *paR-epat-an(?) 5177 5178 PMP *paR-epat-endivideintofour (?) 5179 5180 5181 5182 5183 PWMP *epat-enbedividedintofour 5184 5185 5186 PAN *pat-afour(incountingcertain referents) 5187 PWMP *pat-aŋfour (combinationform) 5188 PCEMP *pat-ifour Note: AlsoTarokokn-spat-an ‘in four days’,Karo Batakp-empat-en ‘the fourth day’,Kamberaka-patu-ŋu ‘by fours, four at a time’.Itbayatenkak-ápat ‘a fourth part, one-fourth’,Pangasinankak-ápat ‘one-fourth, quarter’ appears to be a valid comparison, but without wider attestation I hesitate to assign it toPPh. Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of *Sepat and its reflexes is the exceptionally large number of morphologically complex forms which can be reconstructed. Some of these contain productive affixes which also occur with other numerals. Others, as *pat-a, *pat-aŋ, and *pat-i, contain presumptive suffixes which do not occur elsewhere, and are of dubious morphological status. In addition to those forms which have been reconstructed, the following morphologically similar reflexes of *Sepat are assumed to be products of convergent development: 1.Puyuma (Tamalakaw)kaR-pa-apat ‘four each’,Bikolkag-apát ‘fourteen’, In addition,Wolioparapa ‘fourth part, quarter’ may be aMalay loan, thus considerably weakening the evidence for *paR-epat. One continuing puzzle is the source of initial /h/- in a few scattered reflexes ofPAn *Sa-Sepat, but not of *Sepat (e.g.Itbayatenhaʔ-pat,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)heʔe-pat,Dampelash-apat). The most straightforward explanation is that /h/- in these cases reflects the consonant ofSa-. The difficulty with adopting this explanation is that 1. there is good evidence thatPAn *Sepat irregularly becamePMP *epat, not **hepat, and 2. in the three languages mentionedPAn *a-enem is also reflected with /h/- (Itbayatenhaʔ-nem,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)heʔ-enem,Dampelash-onoŋ).Dampelas even adds /h/- before the historically secondary vowel inh-oalu ‘eight’ (from *wa-walu >owalu >oalu). For the time being, then, I assume that these instances of /h/- are historically secondary, although the basis for a convergent development remains unclear. 28191 *Sepidream 5192 PAN *Sepidream [doublet:*Sipi] 5193 PMP *hepidream 30671 8208 PAN *SeReCtobindtightly;belt [doublet:*beRet] 8209 8210 8211 8212 PWMP *maŋ-heRettighten,makefirm, of abinding 8213 PAN *S<um>eReCtighten,fastenfirmly 8214 PMP *h<um>eRettighten,fastenfirmly 8215 Note: AlsoPazehm-axes ~m-axet ‘tight (of a belt or clothes)’,Kanakanabuma-ʔərəcə ‘tight’,Rukai (Maga)u-rəcə ‘tie two strings’,Hanunóohuʔút ‘tightness, tight fit, referring to clothes’,Kalamian Tagbanwakeet ‘tighten something’,Maranaoliget ‘selfish, greedy, miser; tight’,magaget ‘tight (as a dress)’,Tirurayeget ‘a string; holding something tightly’,erat ‘tight, narrow’,Tboliget ‘tightness, as of screws; strictness, as of rules; tight, strict’,Yakanhaget ‘firm, secure, tight’,Malayjerat ‘running noose; of noose-snares for birds and small mammals, also of a strangler’s noose as used by thugs’,serat ‘jammed in an opening; stuck; held fast’,Malay (Jakarta)jiret ‘noose trap’,Old Javanesehret ‘restraint, check, resistance’,aŋ-hret ‘to restrain, hold back, keep in check’.Tsuchida (1976:166) united thePazeh, Tsouic and Rukai forms together withMalay(h)erat underPAn *qeReC, but the fuller comparison cited here does not support this interpretation. 28197 5199 PAN *Sesiflesh,meat [doublet: *isiʔ] 5200 Note: AlsoAtayalhiʔ ‘flesh; body; person; self’,Kavalanʔsiʔ ‘meat’,Acehneseasòe ‘contents, stuffing, cargo, flesh (living or dead, but not slaughtered’.Mills (1981:65) posits "Proto-Indonesian" *( )a(n)si( ) ‘contents, flesh’, butAcehneseasòe is the only form in his comparison which cannot be assigned to *Sesi. 28198 5201 5202 11889 Note: AlsoHawueté ‘cut, cut off’. 28199 *Seyaqshyness,embarrassment;shame 5203 PAN *Seyaqshyness,embarrassment;shame 11890 PMP *heyaqshyness,embarrassment;shame 5204 5205 PAN *ma-Seyaqshy,embarrassed;ashamed 5206 PMP *ma-heyaqshy,embarrassed;ashamed 5208 PCEMP *ma-mayaqshy,embarrassed,ashamed Note: AlsoSeediqsiqa ‘shame, modesty, reserve’,m-siqa ‘ashamed, modest, reserved’,k-siqa ‘imperative and negative ofm-siqa’,Hanunóohúya, ‘shame, modesty’,huya-húya ‘sensitive plant’,Mongondoworaʔ ‘shyness, shame’. This comparison is a noteworthy example of how fossilized morphology together with regular sound change can thoroughly disguise the connection of related forms, even when recurrent phonological correspondences have been established. Thus, without knowledge of the morphology,Tagaloghiyáʔ could correspond only to **ia in mostOceanic languages. The development ofCMP,South Halmahera-West New Guinea, andOC forms has been: *ma-Seyaq >ma-siaq >ma-hiaq >maiaq >mayaq, and thus exactly parallels the development ofPAn *ma-SuabPOc *mawap ‘to yawn’. Following the reanalysis ofPAn *ma-Seyaq asPCEMP *mayaq, manyCEMP languages reinterpreted this historically stative/attributive form as nominal (‘shame, shyness’) and added a historically secondary stative/attributive prefix *ma-, yieldingPCEMP *mayaq ‘shyness, shame’, *ma-mayaq ‘shy, ashamed’. The parallel developments inSangirma-mea andBanggaima-maa are assumed to be products of convergence, since a reflex of *Seyaq is retained as a separate morpheme in otherWMP languages. 28200 5209 PAN *Seyupblowingon (afire, etc.) [doublet:*tiup] 5210 PMP *heyupblowingon (afire, etc.) 5211 PWMP *maŋ-heyupblow,blowon (afire, etc.) 5212 PWMP *maR-heyuptoblow, as thewind 5213 5214 5215 5216 PWMP *heyup heyuphollowcane forblowingon thefire 5217 5218 Note: AlsoBontokayóp ‘blow on, as a fire in order to make it flame’. Some liberties have been taken in the comparison of morphologically complex reflexes of *Seyup and *tiup in order to argue for the antiquity of certain morphologically complex forms of *Seyup. One other item that can be added to the comparison for *Seyup Seyup in this connection isMalaytiup-tiup ‘mouth organ’,Malay (Baba)tiop-tiop api ‘bellows’. 28201 5219 PAN *Sezamborrow,lend [doublet:*hinzam] 5220 5221 PPh *ipa-hedámlendsomething (?) 5222 PPh *ma-hedám(glossuncertain) 5223 PPh *maŋ-hedamborrow 5224 PAN *pa-Sezamlend 5225 5226 Note: Singhi Land Dayakñam is assumed to benjam, with the type of nasal-obstruent sequence that has been called an "implosive" nasal (Coady and McGinn 1982) or a "funny" nasal (Durie 1985). The parallel suffixation inMalaymem-injam-kan ‘lend something to someone’ andWoliopa-ada-aka ‘lend (something)’ is assumed to result from a historically independent ‘capture’ of the preposition *aken in both languages.Tagaloghíram-an ‘person from whom or place from which one may borrow something or things’,Malaypinjam-an ‘thing borrowed; loan’ may point toPWMP *hezam-an, but theMalay suffix could reflect *-en. Finally, it is noteworthy that at least three widely separatedWMP languages (Kiput,Javanese,Sangir) make a lexical distinction between the borrowing of an object that must itself be returned (e.g. a book), and the borrowing of an object that can be returned in kind (e.g. rice, money). Although these distinct glosses cannot yet be assigned to different reconstructed forms, it appears unlikely that such a distinction would develop independently. If not, *Sezam presumably referred to only one type of borrowing, while some other verb yet to be reconstructed referred to the other. Si 28274 *Si-₁verbalprefixmarkinginstrumentalorbenefactivevoice 5333 PAN *Si-₁verbalprefixmarkinginstrumentalorbenefactivevoice 5334 PMP *i-verbalprefixmarkinginstrumentalorbenefactive voice’ Note: ThePMP reflex ofPAn *Si- should be *hi-. This morpheme shows an irregular loss of the initial consonant in all diagnosticMP witnesses (mostly in the Philippines). 28275 5335 PAN *Si-₂originate from,come from 5336 PMP *hi-originate from,come from Note: Apparently distinct from the locative focus marker *i. Reflexes of *Si are common in the names of language groups in northern Luzon. 32371 *Si-₃towear,putonclothes, etc. 10693 PAN *Si-₃towear,putonclothes, etc. Note: These examples were first cited byTeng (2014). 29925 *SidiFormosanserow,mountaingoat 6600 PAN *SidiFormosanserow,mountaingoat 30282 *Sijapbroom 7194 PAN *Sijapbroom Note: Ting (1978) cites thePuyuma form in thePinaski,Ulibulibuk,Kasabakan andKatipul dialects, butTsuchida (1980) does not give it for theTamalakaw dialect, nor doesCauquelin (2011) give it forNanwang Puyuma. 26451 *Sika-prefix forordinalnumbers 2836 PAN *Sika-prefix forordinalnumbers 11621 PMP *ika-prefix forordinalnumerals 11622 POC *ka-prefix forordinalnumerals 30312 7262 7263 PAN *ma-Sikadashamed;shy;modest Note: This form appears to be synonymous withPAn *ma-Siaq ‘shy, ashamed’. So far no way has been found to distinguish these two reconstructions semantically. 28223 *Sikammat 5250 PAN *Sikammat 5251 PMP *hikammat Note: AlsoPaiwansekam ‘mat’,Binukidikam ‘mat’,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)ikam ‘mat’. 28224 *Sikanfish 5252 PAN *Sikanfish 5253 PMP *hikanfish 5254 PEMP *ikanfish Note: AlsoBunun (Northern)kaːn ‘fish’,Wolioikane,isa ‘fish’. In addition to functioning in isolation as the generic term for ‘fish’, this widely distributed form is the head element in many fish names. 28226 *Sikettie,bind,attachto bytying 5256 PAN *Sikettie,bind,attachto bytying 5257 PMP *hikettie,bind,attachto bytying 5258 PWMP *maŋ-hikettotie,bindtogether 5259 5260 5261 PWMP *hiket-entied,boundtogether Note: AlsoSekareket ‘tie, bind’.Dempwolff (1934-38) includedSamoaniʔo ‘wind, coil (as string or rope between two parts of the body)’ in this comparison. However, theSamoan form and similar forms in otherPolynesian languages (e.g.Niueiko ‘to coil, wind around’) appear to be distinct. This item may contain the root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’, and hence end in *C. 28241 5277 5278 Note: Tsuchida (1976:234) reconstructsProto-South Formosan *S₁imaR ‘grease, fat’. 28246 5283 5284 5285 Note: The forms brought together here show two general irregularities: 1. the expected reflex of *S- in all fourWMP languages ish-, and 2. the expected reflex of the last syllable vowel in allCEMP languages is-u. Given these problems it would be easy to posit only aPPh reconstruction *ímu and a distinctPCEMP (or evenPCMP) reconstruction *imi. However, it is well-known that pronouns commonly undergo irregular sound changes, in part because of their high text frequency, and in part because of the tendency for pronoun systems to be restructured while retaining the elements that compose them (Blust 1977).PAn *Simu evidently contains the element *-mu seen also inPAn *kamu ‘2p. pl.’. The relationship of this form to the pronoun system reconstructed inBlust (1977) remains problematic, and the supporting evidence for it needs to be examined critically through closer attention to the historical development of the languages from which this evidence is drawn. 28250 5291 5292 Note: The function of this affix remains unclear, although it seems likely that it contributed a sense of intensification to the meaning of the verb stem. 30374 *Sinaaplant:Erechtites spp. 7418 PAN *Sinaaplant:Erechtites spp. Note: According toMerrill (1954:132) this plant is an introduction from the Americas, raising questions about the referent of *Sina. However, several species ofErechtites are known in the central and southern Philippines, where they are designated by native terms unrelated to this reconstruction (Madulid 2001). The comparison cited here was first noted byLi (1994:259), who reconstructed ‘Proto-Formosan’ *sina. 28249 5289 PAN *SiNuqbeads,necklace [doublet:*uNuq] 5290 Note: AlsoAtayalsniuu ‘necklace’.Tsuchida (1976:165) proposesProto-South Formosan *S₁iɬuq ‘beads’. 28276 5337 PAN *Siñawtowash [doublet:*Señaw] 5338 PMP *hiñawwashhands,feetorface 5339 PAN *Siñaw-anplacewhereonewashes 5340 PMP *hiñaw-anplacewhereonewashes Note: With root *-ñaw ‘wash, bathe, rinse’. 28286 *Siŋussniff,sniffle (aswith arunnynose) 5351 PAN *Siŋussniff,sniffle (aswith arunnynose) 5352 PMP *hiŋussniff,sniffle (aswith arunnynose) Note: AlsoKavalansiŋut ‘sniff’,Hiligaynoníŋus ‘to sniffle, draw air audibly’,Cebuanoíŋus-íŋus ‘kind of peppery dish made from chicken intestines’,Niasiŋo ‘nasal mucus; to sniffle; catarrh’,Simaluriŋol,Minangkabauiŋur ‘snot’.PAn *s normally becamePaiwant, but is reflected ass in some other forms that contained *S (as *liseSaq >ƚiseqes ‘nit, egg of a louse’). With root *-ŋus ‘snout’. 30467 7661 PWMP *Siŋussniffle,snuffup;snot Note: AlsoYakanmag-eŋŋus ‘to sniff up something (as when having a cold)’. 28252 *SipaRoppositeside(esp. of ariver) 5294 PAN *SipaRoppositeside(esp. of ariver) 5295 PMP *hipaR₂oppositeside(esp. of ariver) 5296 PWMP *di hipaRon theoppositeside(esp. of ariver) Note: AlsoSeediqsipao ‘opposite side (of valley, stream)’. Possibly identical toPMP *hipaR ‘brother-in-law, sister-in-law’ (reflecting aPMP exogamous dualistic social organization). 28253 *Sipescockroach 5297 PAN *Sipescockroach 5298 PMP *ipescockroach 5299 POC *iposcockroach Note: Saisiyathipih shows ‘sibilant assimilation’ (Blust 1995). With irregular loss of *S- inPMP, parallel to the change inPAn *Sepat >PMP *epat ‘four’. AlsoPazehhepet ‘cockroach’,Malaylipas ‘cockroach; gen. for a number ofBlattidae’.Dempwolff (1934-38) attributedSamoanipo ‘edible sea-worm:Sipunculus spp.’ to this etymon, but this and similar forms in otherOceanic languages are now attributed toPOc *impo ‘edible sea worm:Sipunculus spp.’ (q.v.). 28254 *Sipidream 5300 PAN *Sipidream [doublet:*lupi,*Sepi] 5301 PMP *hipidream 5302 5303 PWMP *paŋ-hipiadream 5304 PMP *h<in>ipiadream; wasdreamt by 5305 PCEMP *nipidream 5306 5307 Note: AlsoBintulu,Melanau (Mukah)nupey,Ujirnupiʔ,Ngaju Dayakma-nupi,Malagasyma-nofy,Belaitndupay,Kelabitmupih,Modang (Long Glat)empi-n,Totoliupi-an,Wuvulu,Auamevi,Sorime-mep,Naunamehi-meh,LoumImpIp ‘dream’.Malaymimpi,Sangirmipi, and similar forms cited under *h-um-ipi may actually reflectPAn*mi-Sepi (cp.Proto-Atayalic *sepi,Paiwanmi-sepi ‘dream’), although unambiguous reflexes of *Sepi are thus are confined to theFormosan languages. The relationship ofSaisiyatʔishpiʔ ‘to dream’ to these forms remains unclear. 30002 6696 Note: Thaoshupilh was also recorded ascupish andlhupish (Blust 2003:350). It is assumed that theThao form shows metathesis of the vowels, andPaiwansupu shows assimilation of the first vowel to the second. Other than this the correspondences are regular, and there is no compelling reason to believe that this is a loan distribution.PAn *SipuR was replaced inPMP by *ihap. 28265 *SiRupsip, assouporricewine from abowl 5318 PAN *SiRupsip, assouporricewine from abowl [doublet:*hiRup,*SiRup] 5319 PMP *hiRupsip, assouporricewine from abowl 5320 5321 5322 PWMP *hiRup-anplace ofdrinking 5323 PWMP *hiRup-enwassipped by Note: AlsoSasakiup ‘sip, slurp, drink noisily’. TheCentral Cordilleran forms show irregular /g/ for expected /l/, and may be loans. This verb evidently referred to drinking in small quantities by inhalation, as in sipping hot soup from a bowl. It contrasted with *inum, the ordinary verb for ‘to drink’. 30252 7127 PAN *SiSiNomenbird:Alcippe spp. Note: This intriguing comparison shows that omen birds, which played a role in the cultures of many documented Austronesian-speaking societies, already had a similar function in PAN society (as they did among the classical Romans). The exact referent of this term remains unclear, although it evidently included birds of the genusAlcippe (thrushes), and its cultural significance apparently was to give warning of the possible negative consequences of engaging in some planned activity. 31161 *Siwanine 9164 PAN *Siwanine 9165 PMP *siwanine 9166 PWMP *in-siwa(glossuncertain) 9167 9168 PAN *Sika-Siwaninth 9169 PMP *ika-siwaninth 9170 Note: AlsoLong Semadohliwaʔ,Tringsiwaʔ,Kelabitiwaʔ,Sa'banewaʔ,Taboyan,Lawangansie,Ma'anyansuey,Siangsuoy,Gayō,Karo Bataksiwah,Sasaksiwaʔ ‘nine’,Munasiua ‘nine (form used in counting and prefixed to nouns)’,Rembongsiwaʔ,Atoniseɔʔ,Nggelahiua ‘nine’. The appearance of an unexplained final glottal stop in a few widely-scattered languages raises questions about a possible doublet, and the appearance of–iua rather than–iwa inMuna andNggela raises other questions that are difficult to answer on the basis of available evidence. For an explanation of the basis for the irregular change fromPAn *S toPMP *s in this word cf.Blust (1995). 28273 5331 5332 Note: AlsoTagaloghiwís ‘aslant, as a staircase’,Cebuanohiwíʔ ‘crooked, winding or twisting; slanting to one side, or askew’. The final consonant correspondence may be irregular, but there is little evidence to decide the matter. ForPAn *d- >Amist-, cf. *duSa >tosa ‘two’. Su 32236 10522 PAN *Su-takeoff,remove (+noun) Note: This comparison was first brought to my attention by Victoria Chen. 28293 *Suabyawn 5359 PAN *Suabyawn 5360 PMP *huab₂yawn 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 Note: AlsoBintuluteñe-bab ‘a yawn’,Melanau (Mukah)tuab ‘ a yawn’,Malaykuap ‘yawn’,Chamorromagap ‘yawn’,Yamdenan-maup ‘to yawn’,Mussaumamama ‘to yawn’,Tolaimauviap ‘to yawn’,Motamamaova ‘to gape, yawn’,Tonganmamao ‘to yawn’,Niuemāmao ‘to yawn’,Samoanmāvava ‘yawn’,Rennellesemababa ‘to yawn; to open or be open, as aTridacna’,Nukuoromaava ‘yawn, belch’. Irregular reflexes of *Suab are quite common, particularly in theOC languages. The cognation of suchOC forms asSeimatmaw (where only -/w/ remains from the original stem) withWMP forms such asKelabituab is clear from the fairly abundant intermediate forms that reflectPAn *ma-Suab ( >ma-huab >ma-uab >mawab). A perfect parallel is seen inPAn *ma-Seyaq,POc *mayaq ‘shy, ashamed’. In both cases the boundary between the stative prefix *ma- and the stem has been lost in allCEMP witnesses. The only non-CEMP language in which a similar loss of morpheme boundary has taken place isChamorro (withmagap, for expected **magwap ‘yawn’). Following the reanalysis of *ma-uab as *mawab a number ofCEMP languages have either introduced a new stative marker, or have reduplicated the first syllable of the new stem. It remains unclear how many of these added syllables (if any) are the result of convergent developments. 28294 5368 5369 PMP *huajiyoungersibling of thesamesex;youngerparallelcousin of thesamesex 5370 PCEMP *wajiyoungersibling of thesamesex;youngerparallelcousin of thesamesex 5371 PWMP *maR-huajibein asiblingrelationship 5372 PWMP *paR-huajiyoungersibling of thesamesex;youngerparallelcousin of thesamesex 5373 PWMP *si huajinickname foryoungestchild 5374 PMP *ta-huajiyoungersibling of thesamesex;youngerparallelcousin of thesamesex 5375 POC *taciyoungersibling of thesamesex;youngerparallelcousin of thesamesex 5376 PAN *Suaji-ancalledorregarded assiblings (?) 5377 PWMP *huaji-ŋyoungersibling of thesamesex(vocative);youngerparallelcousin of thesamesex(vocative) 6971 PMP *huaji-qyoungersibling of thesamesex(vocative);youngerparallelcousin of thesamesex(vocative) Note: AlsoManggaraiasé ‘younger sibling of the same sex’; friend’,Nalinali ‘sibling of the same sex’,Lausāsi ( =sa asiʔ) ‘younger sibling of the same sex’.Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed doublets *a(ŋ)ji ‘sibling, consanguine (generally younger)’ and *qa(ŋ)ji ‘sibling, consanguine (generally of the opposite sex)’. The far richer evidence now available supports a trisyllabic etymon, but recurrent, mutually corroboratory irregularities leave open the possibility that we should reconstruct both *Suaji and *Saji. As evidence for the latter, disyllabic variant, we can citeProto-Rukai*agi,Ifugawagí,Balangawagí,Kallahan (Kayapa)agí,Pangasinanagí,Sambal (Botolan)ali,Kalamian Tagbanwaariʔ,ATAhari,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)hazi,Maranaoari and various forms in western Indonesia (some of which -- likeMalayadé-k -- can regularly reflect either variant). The presence of *-u- is, however, clearly supported by allFormosan reflexes noted to date apart fromProto-Rukai*agi, by many reflexes in the northern Philippines, byTunjunggari-n, byMentawaibagi, and by a number of reflexes inCMP languages. Because noFormosan reflex is known to make us of a relative sex distinction,PAn *Suaji must be reconstructed with the meaning ‘younger sibling’. However, agreement between at leastManobo (Ata),Tboli andToba Batak suggest thatPMP *huaji meant ‘younger sibling of the same sex’. It is clear thatPMP had four sibling terms: *betaw ‘sister’ (man speaking)’, *ñaRa ‘brother (woman speaking)’, *huaji and *kaka. Whether a relative sex distinction was or was not made in the terms *huaji and *kaka, there can be no doubt that the former referred to younger and the latter to elder siblings. In bothNgaju Dayak andSouthern Toraja relative sex is used in the definition of cross-sibling terms, yet reflexes of *huaji and *kaka evidently apply to siblings of either sex regardless of sex of speaker. It is possible thatPMP possessed a similar system, and that the more specific references to younger or elder siblings of thesame sex evolved independently inWMP andCEMP languages as a result of a tendency to divide up semantic space into mutually exclusive categories. I find this scenario less convincing than the hypothesis thatPMP *kaka and *huaji contained a relative sex component which became otiose and disappeared in those societies that lost descent groups (with which relative sex has an established positive correlation cross-culturally). In addition to its literal sibling referents bothPAn *Suaji andPMP *huaji evidently referred to relatives in general, a fact noted as early as 1933 by F.A.E. van Wouden, who proposed an explanation for it (van Wouden 1968 [1935]:120). Finally, it appears likely from agreements in such widely scattered languages asKaro Batak,Balinese,Sasak andGedaged thatPMP *huaji could refer in certain contexts to the afterbirth or placenta (also cp.Numfornaʔik ‘sibling of the same sex; afterbirth, placenta’, where the same semantic association is found with a morpheme that does not reflect *huaji). 30001 *Suawyawn 6694 PAN *Suawyawn [doublet:*Suab] 6695 Note: AlsoBununsu-sua ‘to yawn’. Unlike the doublet *Suab, which occurs as an unaffixed base in many languages, to date reflexes of *Suaw have been found only in affixed forms. I have supplied the base form in square brackets to show that thePAn word almost certainly was *Suaw. 28303 *SulaRsnake 5386 PAN *SulaRsnake 5387 PMP *hulaRsnake Note: AlsoPuyuma (Tamalakaw)unan ‘snake’,Kankanaeyúeg ‘snake, either venomous or not, but often applied more exclusively to the venomous ones’,Sundaneseoray ‘snake’,Balineseula ‘snake’. 28306 5390 5391 5392 5393 Note: With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’. 28308 5395 5396 5397 PWMP *ka-hulijonewholiesnexttoanother 30313 *SulSultomasturbate 7264 PAN *SulSultomasturbate Note: For another example of the development of medial geminates inKavalan from earlier heterorganic consonant clusters in reduplicated monosyllables cf.PAn *tastas >Kavalantattas ‘rent, ripped’. 28309 *SuluRlowerorletdown, ason arope 5398 PAN *SuluRlowerorletdown, ason arope 5399 PMP *huluRlowerorletdown, ason arope;payoutfishline;launch aboat 5400 5401 5402 PWMP *maŋ-huluRlowersomething,payoutrope 5403 5404 5405 PWMP *huluR-anwhat isgiventosomeone Note: AlsoManobo (Western Bukidnon)ulug ‘drop something, cause something to fall’,Melanau (Mukah)ulur ‘pay out rope’,Javaneseulur ‘extend, get let out (e.g. rope); act of letting out (rope, etc.)’,Balineseulur ‘hang loose, be slack, grow slack’. 28317 *Sunichirping ofbirds;noise,sound 5415 PAN *Sunichirping ofbirds;noise,sound 5416 PMP *hunichirp,tweet,crow,producesound (ofbirds) 11891 5417 PWMP *pa-hunimake asoundornoise 5418 PAN *S<um>unitochirp,tocrow,tosoundoff(birds) 11892 PMP *h<um>unitochirp,tocrow,tosoundoff(birds) 5419 PWMP *huni hunimusicalinstrument Note: AlsoMalaybuñi ‘sound; melody; impression made by sound; meaning’;ber-buñi ‘give out sound’. I assume that the palatal nasal inMaloh andBalinese is a product of assimilation to the following high front vowel. 28318 *SuNuswithdraw,pullout,extract 5420 PAN *SuNuswithdraw,pullout,extract 5421 PMP *hunuswithdraw,pullout,extract 5422 POC *unuswithdraw,pullout,extract 5423 POC *unus-iwithdraw,pullout,extract Note: AlsoAmishodoc ‘pull out, draw, as a sword’,Chuukesewútti ‘pull out, draw out, extract (nails, splinters, etc.)’,Rarotonganunuʔi ‘pull out or draw out with force’. This term appears to have applied prototypically to the drawing of a knife or sword from its sheath. 28314 5411 5412 PMP *hupiqflowerspathe ofarecapalm Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) includedFijianubi ‘to cover; a cover, cloak’, which I exclude. TheWMP cognates cited here clearly support a reconstruction meaning ‘flower spathe of areca palm’. The meaning ofPAn *Supiq is less clear, and it is possible that thePaiwan form is not cognate with the others cited here. 28324 5429 PAN *SuqSuqdripordrainout [disjunct:*SuSuq] 5430 28328 *SuRaswashbodyparts,cookingoreatingutensils 5434 PAN *SuRaswashbodyparts,cookingoreatingutensils(butnotclothes) 5435 PMP *huRaswashbodyparts,cookingoreatingutensils(butnotclothes) 5436 PEMP *uRaswashbodyparts,cookingoreatingutensils(butnotclothes) 5437 5438 5439 PWMP *paŋ-huRasinstrument forwashing 5440 5441 5442 PWMP *huRas-iwash (imper.) Note: AlsoItbayatenoyas ‘idea of washing’,Pangasinanorás ‘wash, clean by washing’,Kapampanganos ‘wash (dishes, feet), wash an object’,Kalamian Tagbanwauwas ‘rinse off’,Toba Batakurgas ‘wash, purify’,Sasakoas ‘to clean, wash (objects, not clothes)’,Bare'ema-ugas-i ‘bathe wounds’. Several languages show an unexplained loss of *R in this form. These includeBontokowás,Kankanaeyúas (both of these languages, however, show loss of *R in at least one other morpheme),Kapampanganos,Kalamian Tagbanwauwas andSasakoas.Li (1978:176) givesSaisiyatS-om-olʸaS ‘rub rusty metal with force, grate’ as a reflex of *SuRas, but this association is dubious on semantic grounds. 33553 *SuRaytopass, oftime;topasstimeidly 12286 PAN *SuRaytopass, oftime;topasstimeidly 12287 Note: This comparison was first noted schematically byZorc (1986:163), who positedPPh *húRay ‘stop; wait’. 29926 *SuReNasnow 6601 PAN *SuReNasnow Note: AlsoPazehhahela ‘snow’. Given the origin of the Austronesian languages on Taiwan it is clear that speakers ofPAn experienced snow and ice and so had a term to designate these referents. On leaving Taiwan and moving ever further into the tropics and then eastward into the Pacific snow and ice were not encountered again until speakers of Eastern Polynesian languages reached New Zealand and Hawaii many centuries later, at which time new terms had to be innovated. 28329 *SuRSuRdrawstring;tothread adrawstring 5443 PAN *SuRSuRdrawstring;tothread adrawstring 5444 PMP *huRhuRdrawstring;tothread adrawstring 28331 5446 5447 Note: InPPh this form appears to have referred to removal by pulling, as in stripping grain from the stalk by drawing it through the hand. On present evidence only the more diffuse meaning ‘pull, draw’ is assignable toPAn. 28332 5448 PAN *SuSuqdripordrainout [disjunct:*SuqSuq] 5449 28335 5452 PAN *Suyeʔabtoyawn [doublet:*Suab] 5453 28345 *Suʔu2sg. agent/possessor 5463 PAN *Suʔu2sg. agent/possessor 5464 5465 a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*S
Formosan Paiwan sa clause-linking particle: and, and then WMP Pangasinan a linking particle, uniting adjectives or descriptive phrases with verbs and nouns, relative sentences to main sentences, etc. OC Label a a binding particle between nouns; genitive particle Formosan Puyuma a- stative prefix a-dawil far u-dawil Go away! dawil-aw be far from WMP Bikol ha- affix prefixed to adjectives denoting height, length and depth Cebuano ha- affix added to adjectives referring to degree lapad flat, level surface ha-lapad wide, broad Formosan Atayal sa particle of subjugation, and particle with various prepositional and demonstrative usages; at, in, on, to, by; that; there WMP Malagasy a- a prefix used likean-,am-, andi-, to make a noun into a preposition; e.g.morona '(the) edge',amorona 'at the edge';nosy 'an island',anosy 'on an island' Tontemboan a- (followed or not followed by a nasal), prefix that expresses the dative or locative: to, in, at, on, toward, with, over Mongondow a- prefixed marker of location;a monik 'above, on top',a monag 'below, underneath' OC Tolai a preposition: to, in, of, at Chuukese a- locative prefix, at Mota a- simple preposition, locative; at; before infinitive verb, to; used before the names of places; forms compound preposition,avune 'on', etc. Samoan a- particle occurring in certain nominal constructions, especially with locatives Maori a- particle used before names of places and local nouns when they (a) stand as subject in a sentence, (b) are repeated by way of explanation Formosan Pazeh sa- instrumental focus; something used to..., tools Amis sa- instrument to accompish a task (asik ‘to sweep’,sa-asik ‘broom’) WMP Malagasy a- a verbal prefix joined to roots andforming a passive verb (thus fromfafi ‘sowing’ we geta-fafi, used of the seed sown, in correlation to the passive verbfafazana from the same root, used of theground sown Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) aval a cover and the belt for carrying a baby on the back WMP Itbayaten ahban cloth for carrying a baby, cloth or blanket used for carrying an infant ahban-en carry an infant in a piggyback manner Bontok ʔabán blanket or length of cloth used for carrying children; carry a child using a carrying blanket Gaddang abban carry a child in a blanket Bikol mag-habán carry something cradled in cloth high on the back near the shoulders (as one might carry a small child) Formosan Kavalan balat east wind sbalat east wind Amis safalat south wind WMP Itbayaten havayat west wind (blows from late July to September) Casiguran Dumagat abágat southwest monsoon winds Tagalog habágat west or southwest wind; monsoon Bikol habágat south wind Hanunóo ʔabágat southwest monsoon; or, indefinitely, any very strong wind; year Aklanon habágat south wind Hiligaynon bagat-nan south Cebuano habágat strong wind that hits Cebu from the southwest, common from June to September habagat-an southwest Maranao abagat southwest monsoon pag-abagat-an south Manobo (Western Bukidnon) evaɣat the strongest wind, the Northeast monsoon Tiruray barat the rainy season Ngaju Dayak barat west; west wind; storm Paku barat wind Malagasy avaratra north varatra thunder, thunderbolt Iban barat west, western, westerly Malay barat West; etym. associated withribut, i.e. strong Westerly winds Acehnese barat west, westerly Karo Batak barat west, western Toba Batak barat west Sundanese barat west Old Javanese barat strong wind, storm; west Javanese barat strong wind occurring usually during the rainy season Sasak barat storm; to storm baret west Tae' baraʔ big, terrific, violent, of rain and wind Makassarese baraʔ west wind, west monsoon Palauan ŋəbárd west, west wind CMP Manggarai warat rainy season (primarily in January and February); violent storm Rembong warat west monsoon Ngadha vara wind, storm; stormy Kambera waratu west, west wind Hawu wa west, the island of Sumba Rotinese fa-k seawind, west wind Erai harak west, western Leti warta west, west wind Selaru harat west, westward Yamdena barat west, western, west monsoon; also used for 'year' Kei barat, warat west, west monsoon, rainy season Dobel fara west Kamarian halat west Asilulu halat west, west wind, west monsoon Buruese fahat west monsoon Tifu fahat west SHWNG Buli pāt west, west wind Numfor barek west wam-barek west wind, west monsoon OC Ere ahay wind, northwest monsoon Likum yahay west wind Wuvulu afaa northwest wind Aua afaa storm wind Mussau apae strong wind, storm wind Mendak avat typhoon, gale Bali (Uneapa) lavarata strong wind and rain Kairiru yavar wind type Manam awara northwest wind Gitua yavara Northwest wind; blows from December-March, brings rain to Gitua Keapara yabara northwest wind Mailu avara northwest monsoon Motu lahara northwest wind, and season Kilivila yavata north (wind) Tawala yawalata rain (light) from southwest during dry season Molima yavalata northwest wind Fijian cavā a hurricane, storm of wind Tongan afā hurricane, gale or very severe storm Samoan afā storm, gale, hurricane Rennellese ahaa storm Maori āwhā gale, storm; rain Formosan Paiwan savid things without exception, identical (as children born at the same time and all of same sex) OC Roviana avisi twins, when of same sex 'Āre'āre rapi a twin; two stones in one fruit Formosan Amis safit long cloth used as a band to tie a baby on one's back; cloth used as a belt; cloth used as a headdress; cloth wrapped around the feet to help climb betel nut tree WMP Ifugaw (Batad) abit wedge anything between waistband of loincloth and body Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) abit plaited rattan carrying strap Karo Batak abit the long cloth that is fixed under the armpits by women Dairi-Pakpak Batak abit sarong Toba Batak ambit carry a child in the arms Nias awi girdle, belt (for women) Formosan Amis salili<A post (Chen 1982:141) WMP Ilokano adígi post; pillar. Any of the principal posts on which the whole frame or skeleton of the house is built; any of the four posts that support the frame of a loom Isneg adíxi any of the seven principal posts on which the whole frame or skeleton of the house is built Itawis aríhi post Umiray Dumaget aregi housepost Tagalog halígi post, pillar Bikol harígi post, pillar, column Aklanon halígi(h) column, post, mainstay, support (of house) Hiligaynon halígi post, pillar Cebuano halígi post; pillar or strong member of an organization; head, mainstay on which a group rests; outstanding person in a specific field of endeavor; penis (humorous); use as a post Mansaka arigi post (of a house) Tiruray liley the main posts in house construction Murut (Paluan) alii pillar, post Bisaya (Limbang) rigi house post Berawan (Long Terawan) dəkkIh house post Berawan (Long Jegan) dəkkəy house post Kayan jiheʔ post or support of house Kayan (Uma Juman) jihiʔ house post Melanau (Mukah) dii house post Lawangan ori post Ma'anyan ari post Malagasy andry pillar, post Iban diri stand, uphold, erect, cause to stand Malay diri an erect attitude ber-diri standing Acehnese diri ridge post, used to support the ridge pole of a house Mentawai arigi posts upon which a house rests; posts that support the veranda of a house; posts under a sleeping platform Sangir dihi post, leg (as of a table) dihi-m bale house post Tontemboan ariʔi house post Mongondow oʔigi post under a house or bridge, pillar Totoli olii house post Dampelas elii house post Balantak oriiʔ pole, post Tae' aʔriri center post of a house Wolio arii post, stake, pile (standing) CMP Bimanese riʔi post riʔi uma house post Manggarai siri housepost Rembong diri housepost Solorese rii housepost Kédang lili house post Rotinese di post, pole, pillar, upright (for supporting a house) Atoni ni pillar ni ainaf maternal pillar ni monef masculine pillar Tetun rii column, pillar, post, pier, or stake ema rii-n an upright person, tall and straight Leti riri house post Wetan riri post, mast Yamdena diri post, pillar na-m-dir stand, stand up Fordata n-diri stand, stand up Kei dir stand up straight Teluti hili post Paulohi riri house post Saparua riri post Asilulu lili post, pillar lili tema the northernmost house post (which is considered sacred) Boano₂ lili post Wakasihu lile post Batu Merah lili post SHWNG Buli li post, pillar, corner post li pupuŋ-an main post, center post Numfor rir post, pile, pillar Waropen ri pile, post under a house OC Manam ariri pillar ariri moane male post (long) ariri aine female post (short) Numbami alili pillar, housepost Lau lili side posts Sa'a lili door posts CMP Yamdena didiŕ buŋ-an center post, main housepost SHWNG Buli li pupuŋ-an center post, main housepost Formosan Puyuma saɖu many (objects, animals; but not human beings) Puyuma (Tamalakaw) sazu many, much (of non-human) (Tsuchida 1980) WMP Yami aro many; much aro-aro more Itbayaten aro many, plenty, abundant, numerous Ilokano adú many, much, plenty ad-adú more ag-adú to augment, increase um-adú to augment, increase ka-adú total number, quantity man-ag-adú multiplying; a variety of mushroom sagg-adú many for each ka-adú-an majority Atta (Pamplona) aru many Agta (Central Cagayan) addu many Isneg adú many, much, plenty Itawis arú many Bontok maŋ-adú increase in volume, of a river in flood Kankanaey adú many; much; a great many; a great deal; plenty of; numerous maŋ-in-adú rain heavily, pour with rain (used only in tales) Ifugaw adú many, much Casiguran Dumagat ádu a great amount; crowd; to increase, become many; many, a lot, much Narum adew much, many Kiput adəw much, many Dohoi aroʔ many CMP Erai aru much, many OC Arosi aru many; of men, islands, etc. Formosan Saisiyat s-om-azek to smell Atayal sok to smell Proto-Atayalic *sauk to smell Pazeh sa-sazek to smell, perceive odor Sakizaya mi-sanək to sniff, smell Amis sanek a bad odor, smell Amis (Central) sanek to sniff, smell something WMP Itbayaten harek idea of kissing hard for respect Ilokano agék to kiss Sambal (Botolan) alek to kiss Ayta Abellan alek to kiss Tagalog halík to kiss Bikol hadók a kiss Hanunóo ʔáruk kiss, kissing, i.e., with the nose, sniffing lightly against the nose or cheek of another Aklanon haeók to kiss Hiligaynon halúk kiss, peck on the cheek Cebuano halúk kiss, sniff, putting the nose next to the person kissed; to kiss Maranao arek kiss Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hazek to smell, to kiss Tiruray ʔarek to kiss Bonggi adek sniff, smell Murut (Timugon) alok sniff, smell Bisaya arek sniff, kiss Belait n-adaʔ to sniff, smell Berawan (Long Terawan) m-areʔ to sniff, kiss Narum adak sniff, smell, kiss Sebop m-arek to sniff, smell Kenyah (Long Anap) m-adek sniff, smell Kayan arek a kiss, to kiss Kiput adək sniff, smell, kiss Melanau (Mukah) adek sniff, smell, kiss Bukat m-arək to smell Tunjung k-arak sniff, smell Old Javanese arek kiss Balinese adek smell, be smelt, follow a scent Proto-Sangiric *adik to kiss Mongondow ayok kiss CMP Soboyo hayoʔ to sniff, smell SHWNG Numfor yās native manner of kissing, by sniffing the face OC Seimat aso-i to sniff, smell Wuvulu ato to sniff, smell Lakalai aso to sniff, smell (something) Ali las to sniff, smell Molima yaso to smell (something) Gilbertese aro-boi smell, scent, the sense of smell arok-i to smell or scent an odor Rotuman aso to kiss WMP Ida'an Begak meŋ-arok sniff, smell Melanau (Mukah) meŋ-adek sniff, smell Lahanan ŋ-arek sniff, smell Balinese ŋ-adek to smell (something) Mongondow moŋ-ayok to kiss Banggai moŋ-oyok-i<A to kiss WMP Itbayaten harek-an to kiss Ilokano agk-án to kiss Tagalog halik-án kiss someone Bikol hadók-an to kiss Hanunóo ʔaruk-án kissing Cebuano hagk-án-an go somewhere to kiss something as part of tradition Formosan Saisiyat sazek-en to smell WMP Balinese adek-in smell this! Formosan Kavalan saqut transport something Puyuma akuT transport Paiwan sakuts route over which things are moved s-m-akuts move objects from one place to another; move objects over same route more than one trip ma-sakuts be moved pa-sakuts cause things to be moved pa-sakuts-an place to which things will be moved WMP Itbayaten hakot idea of transporting Casiguran Dumagat akot transport something from one place to another Ayta Maganchi akot to haul, carry, bring along Tagalog hákot load, loading (in quantity); act of carrying or loading away, or transporting away Bikol hákot to transport, usually by carrying Hanunóo ʔákut packing, carrying on one's back, of slung over one's back mag-ʔákut transport goods in this manner Aklanon hákot get, gather, bundle up Hiligaynon hákut carry to another place, bring in successive loads, transport Cebuano hákut carry or haul something in several trips hakut-an-an place where something one hauls is obtained; place where things are hauled; something used in hauling things Maranao akot carry, transport Binukid hakut carry, ahul (something) in several trips Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hakut haul a quantity of something which requires more than one trip Mansaka akot carry repeatedly in order to move something from one place to another (this activity does not mean carrying a lot at once, but rather repeated trips until all is carried as planned) Banjarese hangkut to move (as house), transport Iban aŋkut carry in many loads or continuously, shift, remove, esp. of bringing in the harvest Maloh aŋkut take away Malay aŋkut carrying away piecemeal. Of loading and unloading cargo, transporting water a pail at a time, a mason-bee bringing mud for its nest Mongondow mog-akut go back and forth repeatedly in order to bring or carry something, put something down, or into something else, as rice, corn, firewood, etc. Kaidipang akuto to carry piecemeal Wolio aŋku bring, take somebody somewhere, accompany, conduct, render the last sad office to a dying person WMP Singhi Land Dayak ŋ-akot carry a child in a cloth Malay meŋ-aŋkut carry away piecemeal, transport Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ar-aras forest WMP Itbayaten axas forest-to-be Ifugaw ála(h) communal forest Cebuano i-hálas of the jungle; ignorant; become wild, ignorant bábuy-ŋ i-hálas wild pigs Modang (Long Glat) las forest, jungle Lawangan alas woods Malagasy ala a forest, a wood Samihim taun alah woods Malay alas jungle, forest (used in Java) Old Javanese alas wood, forest; also: quantity of flowers or plants growing in a thick cluster Javanese alas forest; jungle; non-irrigated agricultural land Madurese alas alas jungle Balinese alas uninhabited land, jungle, forest; desert, wilderness; wild Totoli alas jungle Tae' alaʔ bush, forest, jungle Buginese aleʔ forest aleʔ aleʔ bushes, weeds (as in an overgrown garden) Makassarese (Salayar) alasaʔ forest, jungle CMP Bimanese ara forest, jungle Rembong alas forest, jungle Kambera alahu dark woods Tetun alas forest, woods, thicket of scrub Talur alas forest Kisar alha forest, jungle Wetan ala large forest, wilderness Selaru alas forest, jungle Yamdena alas forest, jungle WMP Itbayaten ka-axas-an forest, woods Ifugaw k-alláh-an private forest Maranao k-alas-an forest, woods Binukid k-alas-an forest, jungle, woods Old Javanese k-ālas-an overgrown by the forest WMP Ifugaw aláh-an forested zone Malay oraŋ hutan alas-an a forest dweller Javanese alas-an uncultivated, uncivilized woŋ alas-an forest-dweller; boor Balinese alas-an wilderness, inaccessible wild area WMP Malagasy ála maízina dense forest (lit. 'dark forest') CMP Kambera na alahu kapàtaŋu impenetrable forest (lit. 'dark forest') WMP Malagasy ala be a great or thick forest (lit. 'big forest') Madurese alas rajā primeval forest; virgin jungle (lit. 'big forest') Formosan Kavalan sami common sow thistle:Sonchus oleraceus Linn. Pazeh sama a plant:Sonchus oleraceus Linn. sama binayu a plant,Lactuca indica, used to reduce fever (binayu = ‘mountain, forest’) Amis samaʔ tender edible greens which look somewhat like dandelions Thao shamaq low-lying plant with purple berries and long soft leaves that are boiled and eaten for their antifebrile properties:Lactuca indica Bunun (Takituduh) samaq a plant,Lactuca indica Kanakanabu samaʔə plant sp.:Lactuca indica Rukai (Budai) sama plant sp.:Lactuca indica Paiwan samaq an herb:Lactuca indica Formosan Tsou mici a plant:Solanum nigrum Paiwan sametsi a plant:Solanum nigrum WMP Isneg amsí the nightshade,Solanum nigrum L. Its young leaves are used for vegetables; eating these cooked young leaves cures theit-itól disease of the eyes Bontok ʔamtí a tall herb used for pig food, and cultivated as a vegetable substitute:Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) Kankanaey amtí nightshade:Solanum nigrum Linn.; a common solanaceous weed with white flowers and small black berries Ifugaw amtí nightshade:Solanum nigrum Linn.; a common solanaceous weed with white flowers and small black berries Ifugaw (Batad) amtí black nightshade: a broad-leafed plant,Solanum nigrum [Sol.] planted in upland fields … or on mounds … along a pondfield dyke. The leaves and young shoots are boiled and eaten as a side dish Formosan Kavalan samuz sesame:Sesamum indicum Saisiyat ʃamor sesame:Sesamum indicum Formosan Kavalan sani otter Thao shanaq river otter Paiwan sanaq otter Formosan Paiwan saŋutj to sniff; rub noses s<m>aŋutj to rub noses (in affection); to kiss WMP Yami aŋot stinky m-aŋot very stinky Itbayaten haŋot smell, odor haŋot-en to smell Ibatan aŋot the odor, smell of something Ilokano áŋot odor, smell na-áŋot stinking, ill-smelling Isneg aŋ-aŋót-an to smell; to seek or find in the manner of dogs Bikol háŋot the smell of green wood; the smell of certain unidentifiable odors in the air; the taste of certain vegetables like celery, carrots ma-háŋot the smell of green wood; the smell of certain unidentifiable odors in the air; the taste of certain vegetables, like celery or carrots Tae' aŋoʔ pungent odor of putrid things, or of something that is burned, as cat feces, odor of urine that has dried in clothing WMP Itbayaten haŋot-en to smell Ilokano aŋót-en to smell Formosan Kavalan s-m-apaR to lay mats (Li 1982:490) Seediq s-m-apaw spread a mat (Li 1982a:176) spag-i spread the mat! Paiwan s-m-apa spread out (on ground); put pad of leaves between burden and one's back WMP Sambal (Tina) apáy mat Ngaju Dayak ampar what is spread out (mats, carpets, etc.) Malagasy ámpatra stretched out, as the legs, or a corpse immediately after death Banjarese hampar spread out a mat Iban ampar spread (as a cloth on a table) Malay (h)ampar spreading out horizontally (of bedrock, outspread carpets, pitching tents, opening out mats, spreading wings) Acehnese hampa to spread out; to be spread out, as a stone that from above appears stretched out and flat Karo Batak ampar lie on the ground apar-apar a little mat in a bird cage; an old pad under a new sitting or sleeping mat Toba Batak ampar-an a broad mat Lampung apay mat Sundanese ŋ-ampar to spread out (as a mat) sa-ampar samak as far as the mat stretches ( = to border on) Javanese ampar floor ampar-an mat to sit on Sasak apah anything used to sit on (mat, cushion, etc.) Tae' ampaʔ spread out; mat ampaʔ-i spread out on, over, cover with ti-ampaʔ spread out, as a mat; dispersed, as a multitude of people Proto-South Sulawesi *a(m)pa(r) unroll, spread out Buginese appaʔ layer, mat Makassarese aparaʔ spread out (as a carpet) Formosan Kavalan s-m-apaR to lay mats (Li 1982b:490) Seediq s-m-apaw spread a mat (Li 1982a:176) Paiwan s-m-apa spread out (on ground); put pad of leaves between burden and one's back WMP Toba Batak m-ampar be scattered, of cattle, things people, hamlets, etc. Buginese m-appaʔ use a protective lining or mat WMP Toba Batak ampar-an a broad mat Javanese ampar-an mat to sit on Formosan Paiwan sapediq be tender-footed; feet hurt (cited assa-pediq) WMP Itbayaten hapdi hairy appendages of plant leaf ma-hapdi itching caused by riceplant, corn, caterpillar Ibanag na-feggi stinging pain Sambal (Tina) aplíʔ pain Sambal (Botolan) ma-ʔapliʔ stinging pain Tagalog hapdíʔ smarting, excruciating pain Bikol hapdíʔ smarting or burning of the eyes Aklanon hápdiʔ cause pain, smart, hurt a lot; be in pain, feel a smarting pain Hiligaynon hápdiʔ painful, smarting pain; pain sting Maranao pediʔ longing for particular food, hunger for something particular; appetite Subanon ompodiʔ sting Tiruray fedéʔ (of a wound) smarting; (of the stomach) feeling hunger pangs Tboli hedék sting; smart (as salt in an open wound) Kadazan Dusun opodi smarting (of pain) Kelabit pedʰiʔ salty Berawan (Long Terawan) peci stinging, smarting (as a wound in contact with salt) Narum pətiʔ painful (of a wound) Bintulu pəɗiʔ hot (of the sun, water) Malay pedéh smart, ache (of an eye hurt by glare, of by the intrusion of smoke, or by the gases of a volcanic eruption Karo Batak pegih unenjoyable, as bitter medicine, sour spices pegih ukur very painful, suffer agony Sundanese pɨrih stinging of the eyes, shooting pain, as in the intestines; sharp, smarting pain Javanese perih hurt, sting Balinese perih painful Sasak pedih sad, mournful; stingy Bare'e poi smarting Formosan Thao ma-shapiq slightly flattened on the sides, of roundish objects (as a citrus fruit that has been pressed in on the sides) min-shapiq become flattened, of a round or other three-dimensional object WMP Cebuano hápiʔ for plants to bend flat to the ground (as corn bent flat by a strong wind) Formosan Paiwan sapitj book s-m-apitj put in a pile (papers, etc.) pa-sapitj put between others (as papers); put in a book WMP Tagalog hápit pressing tight between two hard objects hapít tight-fitting (said of dresses or the like); taut, tense Hanunóo hápit pressing tightly against something Iban apit squeeze, press; next in order Maloh apit pinch, nip Malay (h)apit pressure between two disconnected surfaces (as in a copying press or printing-press); torture by pressure Karo Batak apit clip; trap Simalungun Batak apit pinched, squeezed Sundanese hapit part of the native loom (that against which thegaleger sits pressed, and that the weaver wears) Old Javanese (h)apit enclosed, squeezed, pressed; "inserted", name of the 11th and 12th months Balinese apit place between two things, shut in on both sides; be between Sasak apit squeezed in apit baŋke the middle child apit part of the loom Gorontalo wapito touch, be touched Banggai ampit what is folded Tae' apiʔ part of the loom consisting of two wooden slats between which the thread is pinched. It is located in front of the weaver and is bound to the hip yoke with thongs of buffalo hide CMP Buruese api-h pinch, squeeze; pick up or hold with tongs OC Nggela avi pick up a stone from the oven with tongs WMP Karo Batak ŋ-apit pinch or squeeze something; lie between Old Javanese aŋ-apit enclose on both sides, flank; grip, clamp Balinese ŋ-apit place between two things, shut in on both sides Sasak ŋ-apit squeeze in Banggai maŋ-ampit to fold WMP Bahasa Indonesia peŋ-apit two people who stand on the right and left of the bride or groom Karo Batak peŋ-apit bamboo laths between which one presses something Makassarese paŋŋ-apiʔ young women who flank the bride; young men who flank the groom WMP Tagalog hapit-án pressing or tensing apparatus or machine Balinese apit-an a trap; a bet, wager; a sort of claw with which women fasten the warp in the loom WMP Karo Batak apit-apit the two lowest laths of the loom, between which the warp is pressed Javanese apit-apit on both sides Balinese apit-apit a split bamboo into which the ribs of the roof run Formosan Amis sapsap feel with one's hands; figuratively feel: find out Thao sh<m>apshap feel for something without seeing it; grope WMP Maranao apap grope, touch, feel apap-ʔapap touch gently, rub lightly, fondle Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) apuap grope (in a bag, or in the dark) WMP Ifugaw apúap act of feeling, groping, fumbling Ifugaw (Batad) apūap rub any part of the body with the open palm, as to rub an insect bite, an area that has been bumped Aklanon hapuháp feel around, feel for (something -- as when searching a thief for something stolen or for a weapon) Cebuano hapúhap stroke gently back and forth with little pressure Maranao apoʔap fumble, grope Manobo (Dibabawon) (h)apu(h)ap stroke with palm of hand Formosan Saisiyat hapoy fire Proto-Atayalic *hapu-niq, hapuy fire Pazeh hapwi, hapuy fire Thao apuy fire Bunun sapuđ fire Hoanya dzapu fire Tsou puzu fire Kanakanabu apúlu fire Siraya (Gravius) apuy fire Proto-Rukai *apoy fire Puyuma (Tamalakaw) apuy fire Paiwan sapuy a fire; artificial light WMP Itbayaten hapoy fire Ilokano apúy fire Isneg apúy fire Itawis afí fire, light Malaweg apúy fire Kalinga (Guinaang) apúy fire Bontok ʔapúy fire Ifugaw apúy fire Ifugaw (Batad) apúy set fire to something, revive a fire from coals Casiguran Dumagat apóy fire, firewood Pangasinan apóy fire; start a fire Sambal (Tina) apóy fire Ayta Abellan apoy fire Tagalog apóy fire, flame Hanunóo ʔapúy fire Palawan Batak ʔapóy fire Maranao apoy fire; work rapidly like fire; stimulate one to fever pitch Manobo (Ata) hapuy fire Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hapuy fire Maguindanao ápuy fire Tiruray ʔafey fire Klata opuy fire Molbog apuy fire Tboli ofi fire Dumpas apuy fire Kadazan Dusun t-apuy fire Tatana apuy fire Murut (Paluan) apuy fire Abai Sembuak afuy fire Kujau tapuy fire Minokok tapuy fire Lun Dayeh (Long Semado) apuy fire Tabun apoy fire Kelabit apuy fire Kenyah apuy fire Murik api fire Kayan apuy fire, a light Kayan (Long Atip) apuy fire Melanau (Mukah) apuy fire Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) apuy fire Bukat apuy fire Bekatan apoy fire Kejaman apuy fire Lahanan apuy fire Melanau (Matu) apuy fire Kanowit apoy fire Ngaju Dayak apuy fire Paku apuy fire Ma'anyan apuy fire Malagasy afo fire; calamity (fig.) Dusun Witu apuy fire Iban api fire, light, lamp, spark Maloh api fire Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) apuy fire Singhi Land Dayak opuy fire Proto-Chamic *apuy fire Tsat puy³³ fire Roglai (Northern) apuy fire Moken apuy fire Malay api fire; flame; light (of lighthouse); fiery Acehnese apuy fire Simalur axoe fire Karo Batak api fire Toba Batak api fire Mentawai api fire Lampung apuy fire Sundanese apuy fire (archaic) Old Javanese apuy, apwi fire Javanese api steam; warm oneself by the fire Madurese apoy fire Balinese api fire Sasak api fire Proto-Minahasan *api fire Tonsea api fire Tontemboan api fire Totoli (h)api fire Petapa Taje api fire Ampibabo-Lauje api fire Balantak apu fire Bare'e apu fire Tae' api fire Mori Atas apui fire Bungku api fire Koroni api fire Moronene api fire Proto-South Sulawesi *api fire Mandar api fire Makassarese api fire Bonerate api fire Popalia api fire Palauan ŋáu fire ŋuí-l labor pains Chamorro guafi fire, combustion, conflagration, burning mass of material; to anger, to vex CMP Bimanese afi fire Komodo api fire Manggarai api fire Ngadha api fire; burn Keo api fire Riung api fire Li'o api fire Sika api fire Adonara ape fire Kodi api fire Waiyewa api fire Anakalangu api fire Kambera epi fire Hawu ài fire Dhao/Ndao ai fire Helong ai fire Tetun ahi fire Vaikenu ai fire Erai ai fire East Damar ai fire Moa ai fire Luang ai fire Wetan ai fire (used in compounds only) Selaru ai fire Fordata yafu fire Kei yaf fire Kola ef fire Watubela afi fire Elat au fire Bonfia yāf fire Teluti yafo fire Paulohi afu fire Gah aif fire Proto-Ambon *apu(y) fire Laha au fire Hitu au fire Seit au fire Asilulu au fire Manipa au fire Boano₂ au fire Batu Merah aow fire Morella aow fire Amblau afu fire SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai laf fire Buli yap fire Misool (Coast) lap fire Mayá ꞌla¹²p fire As yap fire Minyaifuin yap fire Arguni yaf fire OC Ahus yah fire Kele yih fire Likum jeh fire Ponam jaf fire Sori jap fire Seimat ah fire Wuvulu afi fire Kaniet afi fire Lihir yeh fire Tanga if fire Arop yai fire Tarpia yap fire Gedaged ya fire, conflagration, combustion, ignition Gitua yap fire Yabem ja fire Numbami yawi fire Adzera zaf fire Motu lahi fire Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka ai fire Takuu ahi fire Luangiua ahi fire Sikaiana ahi fire Gilbertese ai fire; (fig.) fervor, passion, ardor; get red, glow Kosraean e fire Pohnpeian ahi fire Mokilese oai fire Chuukese ááf fire Woleaian yaf fire, flame, blaze Lehalurup ep fire Motlav n-ep fire Mota av fire Vatrata n-ev fire Lakona ev fire Merig av fire Nokuku ɔvi fire Peterara avi fire Northeast Ambae afi fire Leviamp n-ap̋ fire Makatea afi fire Tongan afi fire (in general) mata afi fire (single fire, not fire in general) Samoan afi fire; light (to light a fire with, i.e. smouldering stick etc.), brand Kapingamarangi ahi fire Rennellese ahi fire Anuta api fire Rarotongan aʔi fire, light: that which burns or sheds a light or heat Maori ahi fire Hawaiian ahi fire, match, lightning; burn in a fire, destroy by fire WMP Tagalog ma-apóy fiery Acehnese meu-ʔapuy burning, sending off sparks Tontemboan ma-api catch flame, burn; warm oneself by a fire WMP Ifugaw (Batad) maN-apuy set fire to; revive a fire Pangasinan maN-apoy start a fire Kadazan Dusun maŋ-apui to spark, to sparkle Iban ŋ-api make a fire flare up; cook with a fire Malay meŋ-api make mischief (proverbial) Bahasa Indonesia meŋ-api like fire, resembling fire, becoming fire Old Javanese aŋ-api purify by fire aŋ-apuy be on fire, to flame, blaze; set on fire, inflame, burn Tontemboan meŋ-api spew out fire, of volcanoes Bare'e meŋ-apu begin to cook with a new fire WMP Toba Batak maŋ-api-i lay wood on the fire Old Javanese aŋ-apuy-i set fire to; inflame, rouse to anger Madurese ŋ-apoy-e apply fire to, heat with fire WMP Ilokano ag-apúy cook rice Isneg max-apúy build a fire mag-apúy cook rice Casiguran Dumagat meg-apoy to collect firewood Malay ber-api containing fire; producing fire Toba Batak mar-api have fire, be fiery Balinese mah-api be fiery, be on fire Tae' maʔ-api-api play with fire WMP Itbayaten pa-hapoy-an something with which you build a fire Tontemboan pa-api-an piece of firewood; what one uses to start a fire OC Gilbertese aia firewood, fuel Woleaian fafiy(a) firewood Tongan fefie firewood, fuel Samoan fafie firewood Anuta papie firewood Rarotongan vaʔie firewood Maori wahie firewood Hawaiian wahie fuel, firewood; to serve as firewood WMP Ifugaw (Batad) paN-apuy what is used to make a fire Old Javanese paŋ-apuy set on fire WMP Maranao pag-apoi-an fireplace Malay per-api-an fireplace, hearth Toba Batak par-api-an hearth, fireplace Javanese pr-apè-n fireplace; place for an open fire, e.g. a blacksmith's forge WMP Ilokano in-apúy cooked rice Isneg in-apúy cooked rice Old Javanese in-api, in-apuy be on fire Formosan Paiwan s-m-apuy carry a torch or light WMP Ifugaw (Batad) um-apuy that with which something is burned, i.e. a fire Casiguran Dumagat um-apoy start a fire WMP Ifugaw (Batad) apuy-an that burned, as wood; that revived, i.e. coals Tagalog ápuy-an stove, fireplace; matchbox, tinderbox; lighter Melanau (Mukah) puy-an hearth Tontemboan api-an bring fire to, apply fire to WMP Karo Batak api api firefly Seko ampi-api firefly (Mills 1975:621) WMP Malagasy (Sakalava) afi-afy a tree Iban api a tree:Calophyllum obliquinervium Merr. Malay api api a mangrove-class (Loranthaceae);Avicenna sp., esp.Avicenna officinalis, very bright-colored, almost fiery amid darker neighbors Karo Batak api api tree sp. Toba Batak api api tree with reddish wood that yields good timber Nias afiʔafi kind of wood Sasak api api plant with dark red flowers and finger-shaped leaves Bare'e api tree sp. Makassarese api api tree that grows on swampy ground and riverbanks, used as firewood
2)Kapampanganmam-apiʔ ‘is sparking, is on fire’,Ngaju Dayakmam-apuy ‘roast (fish, etc.) over a fire’;Mandarme-api-aŋ ‘cooking place, hearth’,
3)Itbayatenmapa-hapoy ‘to produce fire’,Tontemboanmapa-api ‘warm oneself, stay by a fire’,
4)Paiwanpe-sapuy ‘catch on fire’,Isnegpag-apúy ‘allow (somebody) to cook rice’,Ngaju Dayakp-api ‘what is roasted in the fire’;
5)Paiwanpu-sapuy-an ‘fireplace’,Ifugawpun-apuy-án ‘fireplace, hearth’.Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) h-əm-aruŋ snore (Ting 1978) WMP Bikol hagúŋ-húŋ to hum (something), to buzz Aklanon hágoŋ groan, moan (due to severe pain or sickness) hagóŋ in death throes due to disease Cebuano háguŋ continuous humming, high-pitched sound Malay meŋ-aroŋ growl, of a dog Formosan Bunun sasak cooking, boiling WMP Kadazan Dusun ansak cook, ripen (intr.) Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) asak ripe; cooked Simalur ancaʔ cook, make ripe Sundanese asak ripe; cooked Formosan Bunun ma-sasak cook, boil; bear fruits, ripen; mature (of a woman) WMP Malagasy másaka ripe, cooked; agreed upon; matured, of thoughts or intentions Malay masak ripe (fruit or grain), cooked (food) Simalur m-ancaʔ cooked, ripe Palauan márək ripe (i.e. ready to eat); cooked Chamorro masa ripe, cooked CMP Kamarian masa-e cooked, ripe Alune masa cooked, done; ripe, mature SHWNG Buli masa cooked, ripe, complete OC Lou mwas cooked 'Āre'āre mata ripe, of fruit Formosan Bunun sasaq whet; rub; grind; sharpen Paiwan t-m-ataq<A to whet (on large stone) WMP Ilokano ása whet, hone, grind; polish, burnish; to gall, to chafe, to fret Ayta Abellan aha sharpen with a whetstone Tagalog hásaʔ whetting, sharpening Hanunóo ʔásaʔ whetting, sharpening Kadazan Dusun asa whetting, sharpening Kayan asa use a whetstone, sharpen a tool by abrasion Bintulu asəʔ to whet, sharpen Melanau (Mukah) asaʔ whetting, sharpening m-asaʔ whet, sharpen n-asaʔ be sharpened batew asaʔ whetstone Ngaju Dayak asa whetting, sharpening, grinding Malagasy asa whetting, sharpening vàto asàna stone used for grinding knives, etc., a grindstone Banjarese asah whetting, sharpening Iban ansah grind, sharpen Maloh ansaʔ grind, sharpen Malay asah grinding down; whetting; tooth-filing (the first rough filing isdaboŋ;asah is the final smoothing with the point of the whetstone) Acehnese asah whet, sharpen, file off (teeth) Simalur asa sharpen, whet Karo Batak asah whet, sharpen Dairi-Pakpak Batak asah whet, sharpen something on a heavy whetstone or touchstone; stone used to test the purity of gold Toba Batak asa whet, sharpen Simalungun Batak asah whet, sharpen Mentawai asa whet, sharpen Rejang aseaʔ sharpen butew aseaʔ grindstone (for chillies); whetstone Sundanese asah (of a smith) work tools through forging and whetting; in general, whetting, sharpening Old Javanese asah file, grind, scour Javanese asah-asah wash (dishes) Sasak asaʔ whetstone Sumbawanese asa whet, sharpen Sangir asa whetting, sharpening Proto-Minahasan *asaʔ whet, grind sharp Mongondow ataʔ whetting, sharpening mog-ataʔ whet, sharpen pot-ataʔ-an whetstone Dampelas asa whetting, sharpening Uma -ahaʔ whet, sharpen watu poʔ-ahaaʔ whetstone Bare'e asa whetting, sharpening Tae' asa grind, whet, sharpen Mori Bawah mo-aha to sharpen Buginese asa whet, sharpen aŋ-asa-ŋ place where sharpening is done Chamorro guasaʔ sharpen, make sharp CMP Kambera aha grind (rice) Watubela ahak sharpen Paulohi asa-e whet, sharpen Asilulu hasa sharpen by continuously rubbing one side of the blade on a whetstone Buruese asa-k sharpen, as a knife asa-n cutting edge, as of a knife Soboyo hasa whet, sharpen SHWNG Numfor yās whet, sharpen OC Kairiru yas sharpen something Manam ara sharpen Roviana asa-ia to grind, as an axe if very blunt; grate, likeluzu (sweet yam or potato), taro, etc. Eddystone/Mandegusu asa grate or rub, as nuts, etc.; pudding made by grating Bugotu a-aha grate, rub down on a stone (as taro) sharpen by rubbing Lau sata rub, rub down, sharpen by rubbing Sa'a sata-aʔi chafe, rub Arosi ata scrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing Mota asa rub, wash with rubbing asa-g rub something asa-ŋ rub hard, rub into shreds Fijian yaca grate, grind, file, rub eyes withcika (conjunctivitis) i yaca grater, grindstone WMP Sambal (Bolinaw) maŋ-ásaʔ sharpen Kadazan Dusun maŋ-asa sharpen, whet Ngaju Dayak maŋ-asa rub, grate, grind against one another (as two knives) Malagasy man-àsa sharpen, whet, grind, put a point on Singhi Land Dayak ŋ-asah sharpen Malay meŋ-asah dawat rub up ink on a palette Simalur maŋ-asa sharpen, whet Karo Batak ŋ-asah whet, sharpen Toba Batak maŋ-asa whet, sharpen Sundanese ŋ-asah whet, sharpen Old Javanese aŋ-asah file, grind, scour Javanese ŋ-asah sharpen, hone Sasak ŋ-asaʔ whet, sharpen Sangir maŋ-asa whet, sharpen Dampelas maŋ-asa whet, sharpen Bare'e maŋ-asa whet, sharpen WMP Malay tukaŋ peŋ-asah expert at tooth-filing Old Javanese paŋ-asah one who grinds or sharpens Bare'e watu mpaŋasa ndapaŋasaka labu whetstone used to sharpen a bush knife Tae' paŋ-asa that which is sharpened WMP Ilokano paŋ-asá-an whetstone, oilstone, hone Bahasa Indonesia peŋ-asah-an manner or action of whetting or sharpening Formosan Bunun sasaq-an grindstone Paiwan tataq-an large whetstone WMP Bontok ʔasá-ʔan whetstone, especially one used for putting a fine edge on a blade Tagalog hasaʔ-án whetstone Hanunóo ʔasaʔ-án whetstone Bahasa Indonesia asah-an instrument used to whet or sharpen Simalur (batu) asa-n whetstone Simalungun Batak asah-an whetstone Mentawai asa-an whetstone Sundanese batu asah-an whetstone Old Javanese asah-an grindings Javanese asah-an whetstone Tae' asa-n whetstone Makassarese (Salayar) asa-aŋ whetstone WMP Ilokano asá-en whet, hone, grind Kadazan Dusun asa-on be sharpened Malagasy asa-ìna be sharpened, be whetted, be pointed Bahasa Indonesia asah-an what has been sharpened Chamorro guasaʔ-on sharpener (for metal tools), grindstone, whetstone OC Manam ara-i sharpen Sa'a sat-e rub down, grind, sharpen on a stone Arosi ata-i scrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing ata-ata a rasp, scraper Bauro rata-i scrape, rub, sharpen with rubbing Pohnpeian ede sharpen, put an edge on something (transitive) adahd sharpen, put an edge on something (intransitive) Formosan Puyuma ʔatəɖ send, deliver Paiwan satjez return something; object which is being returned WMP Bontok ʔatəd share something with somebody Sambal (Botolan) atel escort Kapampangan atád escort away from home to another place Tagalog hatíd conduction, accompaniment; person conducting or convoying or taking something or someone to a destination Bikol hatód to escort, conduct; to convoy; convey or deliver; bring or accompany to a particular place Aklanon hatód to escort, take, deliver safely, conduct Hiligaynon hatúd deliver personally, carry a message Cebuano hatúd take something somewhere; make something reach a certain distance in time or space; something delivered Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hated deliver Mansaka atud deliver, escort, bring, carry Tboli eted deliver Kayan aten convey, take to im aten bua meduŋ men sepui please take some papaya fruit to our grandfather Kayan (Uma Juman) ater convey, take to a place Bintulu atəd command, order Malagasy atitra presented, conducted, conveyed, sent, returned Banjarese atar conduct, escort, convey ba-atar-an convey an engagement gift Maloh antat accompany, escort Rhade atăt to accompany, escort, guide Malay (h)antar conducting, escorting; bearing along; conveying; (Bazaar Malay) to send meŋ-hantar the processional conveyance of bridal gifts at a wedding Malay (Jakarta) (h)anter conducting, escorting Acehnese antat escort, accompany, convey, bring, transfer Lampung atot carry (rice) Sundanese antɨr escort, accompany; escort a corpse to the grave; futher; give in, give full rein to one's passions Old Javanese ater accompany, escort, take someone somewhere; bring, carry Javanese ater carry, take; take, accompany ater-ater foods for a ritual meal; take such foods to neighbors Madurese ater escort, accompany ter-ater contribution or gift which is taken to the home of the recipient (usually consists of food) Balinese ateh lead away, follow, accompany, escort (Low Bal.) Sasak ater bring food to someone who is working outside of the house Sumbawanese antat escort, accompany Proto-Minahasan *atəd transport, convey Mongondow atod escort, conduct, bring, take, carry pokog-atod time of the bringing of something (used in a fixed expression uttered at the time the marriage dowry is brought) antod take away, lead away Bare'e ata bring or escort someone to his destination Tae' antaʔ escort, accompany, take someone to his destination Buginese antaraʔ escort (as a bride to her wedding) Makassarese antaraʔ give presents at the end of the fasting month, and on Chinese and European New Year's Day; what one has brought back from a trip (fruits, etc.) to give as presents to the neighbors Palauan ŋádər gift of food accompanying bride when she is brought to prospective husband's family mərádər send/see person off; return; send back; bring (bride) to prospective husband's family SHWNG Numfor yaker escort, show a person out (as a rule this is festive) yaker bin escort a bride to her bridegroom; also the preparations connected with this: to wit, the bringing of bridewealth Formosan Bunun ma-satu take, carry (as a letter to someone) Puyuma ma-ʔatəɖ accompany someone to a destination (as in taking a child to school, or delivering goods) Puyuma (Tamalakaw) m-a-ʔatez escort a sick person or a drunk home WMP Kayan m-aten convey, take to; escort tei teloʔ maten hawaʔ let us go to escort the bride Bare'e ma-ata take or escort to a destination ma-ata mania-ña of a woman, to accompany her parents-in-law a distance as they return home after the wedding feast at which they have taken their son to the home of the bride WMP Tarakan ŋ-atad send Bahasa Indonesia meŋ-antar-(kan) send or accompany a person on his way antar-meŋ-antar accompany one another, send to one another (as gifts of food) Old Javanese aŋ-ater accompany, escort, take someone somewhere; bring, carry Tae' maŋ-antaʔ name of an offering to the gods (also calledmassuraʔ tallaŋ by which a pig is sacrificed at an offering place using bamboo poles with figures carved in them Makassarese aŋŋ-antaraʔ give presents at the end of the fasting month, and on Chinese and European New Year; offer to one's neighbors what one has brought back from a trip (as fruits or other things) Formosan Puyuma pa-ʔatəɖ to send (as a letter) Puyuma (Tamalakaw) pa-ʔatez send Paiwan pa-satjez cause something to be returned WMP Bikol pa-hatód that which is given by the parents of the bridegroom to the parents of the bride as a sign that the marriage contract has been fulfilled WMP Bahasa Indonesia peŋ-antar person who leads or escorts another; means of leading or escorting Buginese paŋ-antaraʔ person who leads or escorts another Makassarese paŋŋ-antaraʔ exchange presents at the end of the fasting month, or at Chinese or European New Year WMP Bintulu n-atəd be ordered Old Javanese in-ater was escorted, was brought Mongondow in-atod what has been brought; was brought, was escorted Formosan Puyuma ʔ<əm>atəɖ to deliver something to someone Paiwan s-m-atjez return something; send off a visitor WMP Kayan m-aten convey, take to; escort Old Javanese um-ater accompany, escort, take someone somewhere; bring, carry Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) atez-an escort a sick person or a drunk home (imperative) WMP Aklanon hátd-an imáw escort him (imperative) Cebuano hatd-án bring Ngaju Dayak hanter-an lead, guide, deliver Malagasy atèr-ana used of the person to whom anything is sent, etc. Bahasa Indonesia antar-an money, etc. given by the groom's family to his future parents-in-law; goods which are taken or sent on request; person who escorts or accompanies Balinese ateh-an export WMP Hiligaynon hatd-un be delivered personally; what is delivered personally hatd-un be delivered personally; what is delivered personally Malagasy atèr-ina be offered, be presented, be sent, be returned Formosan Atayal soni today (up till this moment, opposite ofkira 'the rest of today') (Egerod 1980) saoni a little while ago; today (Tsuchida 1976) Amis anu-sauni after, later (Tsuchida 1976) Tsou ósni immediately Kanakanabu saúni today nuu-saúni in a little while mii-saúni a little while ago Paiwan sawni a short while nu-sawni in a little while, later today ka-sawni earlier today; a little while ago (today) WMP Bontok ʔawní wait; make something last; some unspecified time in the future; soon; later Kankanaey auní stay! hold! wait! auní auní et indicates the future with verbs auní si maauauní by and by; soon; anon; ere long; in a moment; in a minute Ifugaw (Batad) awni exclamation roughly equivalent to 'wait!', 'later!' Formosan Amis saw question particle indicating that the speaker expects the answer to be obvious WMP Hanunóo ʔáw interrogative particle Cebuano aw particle preceding a statement made to correct oneself; particle preceding an afterthought; particle preceding a statement or question meaning 'is that so?' and shows surprise; particle preceding a predetermined answer Tiruray ʔaw appears first in questions, and formally marks the following as a query Formosan Kavalan sawaq waist, back of the waist Thao awak an area of the body corresponding roughly to the waist; vulnerable areas of the side and back between the rib cage and the pelvic bone WMP Itawis áwak waist Bontok ʔáwak body Kankanaey áwak body Ifugaw áwak loins, or waist Pangasinan áwak waist Sambal (Tina) awak waist Bikol háwak body, torso, physique; stalk of plants; shaft of an arrow mani-háwak take the form of something Hanunóo háwak back of the waist (NOTE: No general term for waist) Aklanon háwak waist Hiligaynon háwak waistline Cebuano háwak waist hawak-un tend to suffer from backaches Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hawak waist of a person; by extension, waist of a garment; hold someone around the waist Mansaka awak waist Kadazan Dusun t-avak waist, hips, loins Tingalan (West) awak waist Malay awak body; trunk of body; self; -- whence it is used as a pronoun (I, we, -- connoting a certain kindly superiority or authority; you -- as a pronoun in familiar use; sometimes in kindly speech) Talaud avaʔa body Acehnese awaʔ body; person; crew Simalur awaʔ body, trunk, stem Karo Batak awak loins Dairi-Pakpak Batak abak waist, hips Toba Batak ak hips, loins Simalungun Batak awak waist Rejang awoʔ body, abdomen, trunk Sundanese awak body; reflexive pronoun paŋ-awak be, exist Old Javanese awak body, embodiment, self, own self, own (special) form of being, nature, kind m-āwak have or assume a body, be an embodiment of Javanese awak body; you ( to someone one speaks Ngoko to, but does not know well) Balinese awak body; life; the self Sasak awak body Mongondow awak body; sometimes also 'self' Gorontalo wawaʔo body Uma aak waist Bare'e awa body; waist Proto-South Sulawesi *awak waist Muna aa waist CMP Manggarai awak hips, waist Rembong awak waist Proto-Ambon *awa- loins, hips Buruese awa-n waist (anatomical) Kayeli awa-i waist OC Rotuman ao(k) body, torso (of man or animal); person, self WMP Bahasa Indonesia per-awak-an posture, shape or condition of the body Sasak per-awak-an body shape, body build Gorontalo pohu-wawaʔo posture, shape or condition of the body WMP Kapampangan awák-an waist Cebuano hawák-an waistline Formosan Thao shawiki the betel palm,Areca catechu; the nut of this palm, commonly chewed as a refreshment Bunun saviki areca palm and nut; betel nut Hoanya abiki areca nut Rukai (Mantauran) saviki areca palm and nut; betel nut Paiwan saviki Areca catechu (tree and nut) pu-saviki engaged to be married, betrothed (Western dialect) Formosan Amis sawsaw generic word for wash WMP Tagalog hawháw rinsing (said of clothes) Formosan Thao ayaz termite Puyuma ayan termite Paiwan sa-sayalʸ termite Formosan Kavalan seban long binding cloth for carrying a child on the back Pazeh mu-suban to carry a baby in front of one’s body by straps Paiwan sevalʸ carry someone on the back ki-sevalʸ ask to be carried on someone's back; copulate (animals) WMP Itbayaten ahban cloth or blanket for carrying a baby or an infant, hanging down from mother’s neck in order to tuck it up, usually in the side (a child is carried in front of the mother when it is very young, on the side when it is at the stage of crawling, and on the back when it is taken for a long journey) Itawis ábban hold a baby Kankanaey ebán blanket used to carry children on the back Ifugaw obán special blanket in which babies and little children are carried on the back of somebody Bikol habán carry something cradled in cloth high on the back near the shoulders (as one might carry a small child) Hanunóo ʔubán tumpline or shoulder strap used in carrying heavy packs Malay emban band going around the body. Of the bands supporting a porter's knapsack; also of a horse's belly-band Toba Batak oban carry, bring Old Javanese (h)emban that which carries or encloses Balinese emban carry a child; rear, bring up (a child) CMP Ngadha eba carrying strap or cloth for small children; carry children on the side or in the arms with such a strap or cloth Formosan Paiwan s-in-evalʸ someone carried on someone else's back WMP Old Javanese h-in-emban carry on both arms or in a carrying shawl; hold on one's lap; to nurse, be the guardian of Formosan Paiwan sevuts remove grain stalks from field after harvest WMP Berawan (Long Terawan) keuʔ to pull, as weeds Malagasy évotra plucked up, retracted; be withdrawn, recanted Banjarese ambut pull off the husk of a coconut Balinese ebut pull up (weeds), draw out Sangir ebuʔ pluck, pull out (plants, hair, etc.) Formosan Amis skak the crow of a rooster; to crow WMP Isneg akkáʔ to cackle, of fowls Ngaju Dayak kak raven Iban kak a crow,Corvus sp. (onom.) Malay eŋkak a crow,Corvus enca Javanese eŋkak var. of small crow Formosan Pazeh mu-seket to rest, to stop ta-seked-i na! Let’s rest Paiwan s<m>ekez to stop, rest sa-sekez-an a resting place beside a trail Paiwan (Western) pa-sekez to cause to stop (as automobile); to cause to rest Formosan Puyuma sekuʈ bend (knee, elbow), flex WMP Tagalog hukót stooped; round-shouldered Formosan Paiwan selem the dark; the world of the dead pa-selem to shade; cut off sun WMP Pendau olom dark Dampelas olom dark Formosan Saisiyat kæ-hma tongue Proto-Atayalic *həmaʔ tongue Seediq hema tongue Sakizaya səmaʔ tongue Amis sema tongue pa-sema stick out the tongue Paiwan sema tongue s<m>ema stick out the tongue (Western dialect) CMP Sika ma-ŋ tongue Rotinese ma tongue Atoni ma-k tongue Vaikenu ma-f tongue Selaru mā tongue Buruese maa-n tongue Formosan Kavalan mːay cooked rice (Tsuchida 1971) Pazeh sumay cooked rice Amis hmay cooked rice WMP Atta (Pamplona) ammay rice on the stalk Isneg ammáy rice,Oryza sativa L. Paddy, rice in the husk, unhusked rice, whether growing or not Itawis ammáy rice plant Bikol húmay prepare a dish eaten on festive occasions in which seasoned meat or fish and rice are cooked in a segment of bamboo h-in-úmay the dish prepared in this way} Aklanon humáy cooked rice Hiligaynon humáy rice plant Cebuano humáy general term for rice Manobo (Ata) homoy cooked rice Subanun (Sindangan) gɨmai cooked rice Manobo (Tigwa) hɨmɨy cooked rice Manobo (Ilianen) ɨmɨy cooked rice Kalagan umay unhusked rice Talaud amme riceplant, rice in the field Toba Batak ome rice in the husk, rice plant Proto-Sangiric *emay rice in the field Sangir ĕmme rice in the field, unhusked rice; food (in general) WMP Isneg k-ammay-ān rice field Cebuano ka-humáy-an rice field Formosan Saisiyat panə-ʃəmət-ən smothered Paiwan semutj smothering, choking ma-semutj to be smothered s<m>emutj to smother someone WMP Ivatan amut suffocate Agta (Eastern) amót to clamp one’s hand over one’s own or someone else’s mouth to prevent talking or breathing; hold one’s nostrils so no air enters amot-án to pinch one’s nostrils so water doesn’t enter Isneg ammót cover the mouth with the hand ammot-án to cover the mouth with the hand Casiguran Dumagat emót to suffocate (as for a person under a blanket to not be able to breathe) Formosan Pazeh mə-sənaw wash utensils Rukai (Mantauran) ʔəna-ʔənau wash clothing WMP Bikol hanáw wash the hands or feet Cebuano hunáw wash the hands Formosan Basai suŋa-suŋal to breathe Kavalan seŋaz to breathe Puyuma əŋad breathe Formosan Puyuma m-əŋad to breathe Formosan Thao shnaw heart, breath; character ma-shnaw hold the breath mak-shnaw to breathe; mean something sincerely, speak ‘from the heart’ mak-shna-shnaw breathe; fontanelle; temple WMP Cebuano huŋáw for wind to blow; for air to leak out; for the ground to exude a stench after rain; for body heat to escape, lending relief h<in>uŋáw gas or air exuded huŋaw-an-án hole where air or gases leak Formosan Luilang suva four Taokas shupa four Kavalan ʔu-spat four Proto-Atayalic *ma-sepat eight Seediq (Truku) spat four Papora na-pat four Pazeh sepat four Amis spat four Bunun pat four Proto-Rukai *sepate four Puyuma (Tamalakaw) pat four (cardinal) Paiwan sepatj four WMP Isneg appát four Itawis appát four Bontok ʔəpát four Ifugaw opát four Casiguran Dumagat epát four Bikol apát four Buhid ufát four Hanunóo ʔúpat four, a cardinal number Kalamian Tagbanwa epat four Palawan Batak ʔepat four Cebuano upát four Maranao pat four Binukid ha-epat four Mansaka opat four Tiruray ʔefot four Kalagan upat four Molbog opat four Tboli fat four Murut (Paluan) apat four Minokok apat four Murut (Tagol) apat four Kelabit epat four Kenyah pat four Penan (Long Lamai) pat four Kayan (Uma Juman) pat four Bintulu pat four Melanau (Mukah) pat four Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) pat four Bukat apat four Bekatan apat four Lahanan pat four Siang opat four Malagasy éfatra four Iban empat four Maloh ampat four Salako ampat four Malay empat four Talaud appata four Simalur at four (in combination) Karo Batak empat four Toba Batak opat four Nias õfa four Lampung paʔ four Old Javanese pat four Javanese pat four Madurese empaʔ four Balinese empat four Sasak empat four Proto-Sangiric *epat four Sangir epaʔ four Tontemboan epat four Tonsawang əpac four Lolak opat four Mongondow opat four Gorontalo opato four (in serial counting) Buol opat four Petapa Taje apati four Uma opoʔ<A four Bare'e opo<A four Mandar appeʔ four Makassarese appaʔ four Wolio apa four Muna paa four CMP Bimanese upa four Donggo upa four Komodo paʔ four Manggarai pat four Rembong pat four Lamaholot pat four Adonara pat four Solorese pat four Lamboya pata four Anakalangu patu four Kambera patu four Hawu epa four Rotinese ha four Tetun (Dili) hát four Vaikenu ha four Idate aat four Erai ak four Talur in-haʔat four Tugun aat four Leti wo-ata four Selaru at four Yamdena fat(e) four Bonfia fāt four Gah faat four Proto-Ambon *pat four Saparua haa four Laha ata four Amblau faa four Buruese pa four Sekar fat four SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fat four Taba p-hot four Buli fat four Misool (Coast) fut four Biga fat four As fa four Minyaifuin pi-fat four Arguni fat four Ron fak four Numfor fiak four Waropen ako four Marau₁ ati four Papuma bo-a four Kurudu bo-at four OC Ahus ha-hu four Ponam fa:-f four Wuvulu fa four Mussau ata four Mendak wI:t four Numbami wat(a) four Dobuan ata four Papapana tau-vasi four Haku to-hats four Uruava vasi four Ririo véc four Gilbertese a four Kosraean ah-ŋ four Pohnpeian pah- four Woleaian faa- four Ulithian faay four Amblong mo-vat four Apma ka-vet four Rano a-vets four Avava i-vat four Southeast Ambrym hat four Toak hat four Pwele pati four Sie ndə-vat four Fijian vā four Tongan fā four Samoan fā four Kapingamarangi haa four Rennellese haa four Anuta pa four Rarotongan ā four Maori whā four; elliptically, the fourth month Hawaiian hā four, fourth (commonly preceded by the numeral-marking prefixes, asʔehā keiki, four children) WMP [Kadazan Dusun iŋg-apat four times] Malagasy in-èfatra four times Mongondow iŋg-opat the fourth WMP Itbayaten ichápat fourth Ifugaw m-ika-pʔát fourth Casiguran Dumagat ika-epat fourth [Tagalog ika-ápat fourth] [Hiligaynon ika-ápat fourth] Cebuano ika-upát fourth WMP Bontok ka-pʔát divide into four, to quarter Pangasinan k-ápat that which makes four, fourth Cebuano ka-upát four times Kadazan Dusun ka-ʔapat fourth Iban ka-empat fourth Malay ke-empat fourth ke-empat-empat all four Enggano ʔa-opa four Lampung ka-paʔ all four [Sundanese ka-opat fourth] Old Javanese ka-pat four altogether; as fourth; the fourth month Javanese ka-pat fourth in a series Madurese ka-empaʔ be four, number four Sasak ke-empat fourth Sangir ka-epa-e fourth Mongondow ko-opat four times; the fourth OC Fijian ka-vā the fourth WMP [Itbayaten k-ápat-an fourth month, January (old calendar)] Bikol ka-apát-an fourths [Hiligaynon ka-ápat-an forty] [Manobo (Western Bukidnon) k-epat-an forty] Malay ke-empat-an the fourth Formosan Seediq (Truku) ma-spat eight Paiwan ma-sepatj four (persons) WMP Madurese ma-empaʔ divide into four Tontemboan me-epat divide into four; make a square Gorontalo ma-opato already four in quantity Buginese ma-eppaʔ the fourth CMP Kambera ma-patu four (stative; cf.tau ma-patu 'the four men') Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) maka-pt-el forty Paiwan maka-sim-atj-elʸ four times WMP Bikol maka-apát to have four Cebuano maka-upát four times Balinese maka-pat-pat all four, four each Makassarese maka-appaʔ fourth maka-appaʔ-na the fourth WMP [Kapampangan mag-ápat-a bánwa spend four years] Bikol mag-apát become four Malagasy mi-èfatra divide into four parts, be in four Malay ber-empat in a quartet (i.e. with three others) Karo Batak raja mer-empat the four chief princes of the Karo Toba Batak mar-opat-opat four at a time, four each Old Javanese mar-pat separate into four parts Sasak ber-empat the four of them WMP Malagasy fah-èfatra the fourth; four fathoms Toba Batak si-paha-opat the fourth month Chamorro faha-fad four times OC [Arosi haʔa-hai four times] Fijian vaka-vā four times Rennellese haka-haa do four times; second and sixteenth nights of the month WMP Malay sa-per-empat a fourth Karo Batak raja per-empat the four chief princes of the Karo Toba Batak di-par-opat divided into four parts sa-par-opat a fourth Old Javanese par(e)pat formation, arrangement Makassarese parapaʔ one fourth Wolio par-apa fourth part, quarter WMP Malay per-empat-an one quarter of something divided; cross-roads Old Javanese par-pat-an a fourth part, quarter Madurese par-apad-an one quarter of something divided; cross-roads Sasak per-empat-an cross-roads Tontemboan pa-epat-an rectangle, square; rectangular measure Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) paR-pat-en do four times WMP Bikol pag-apát-on divide into four; send four at a time Formosan Amis sa-spat four (animals and humans) Kanakanabu sa-supate four (humans) Puyuma (Tamalakaw) a-apat four (humans) WMP Itbayaten aʔ-pat four (serial counting and reference to inanimates) haʔ-pat four (animals and humans) Pangasinan a-pát four Kapampangan á-pat four Tagalog á-pat four Aklanon á-pʔat four Hiligaynon ápat four Manobo (Western Bukidnon) heʔe-pat four Dampelas h-apat<A four Bare'e a-opo four (independent numeral) WMP Cebuano tag-upát four apiece; odds of four to three in betting Buginese tar-eppaʔ every four, all four WMP Tagalog ápat-án four by four Sundanese opat-an the four, set of four Balinese empat-an fourth, quarter WMP Bontok ʔəpat-ən be divided into four Malagasy efàr-ina be divided into four WMP Tagalog ápat-ápat four at a time Bikol apát-ápat only four apát-apát send four at a time Old Javanese pat-pat four?; or in groups of four? Javanese pat-pat by fours Balinese pat-pat four Sasak empat-empat-na all four Mongondow opat-opat four by four, four at a time; all four Makassarese appaʔ appaʔ four at a time CMP Kambera pa-patu by fours, in groups of four Selaru r-at r-at four by four, four at a time Yamdena fate-fate four by four, four at a time OC [Manam wati-wati four each, four at a time] [Cheke Holo fa-fati fourth] [Nggela vati-vati four each] Fijian vā-vā all four Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) pa-pat-a four (animals and objects) WMP Chamorro fat-a four days CMP Watubela fat-a four Seit ata four Batu Merah at-a four Morella hat-a four WMP Old Javanese pat-aŋ four Javanese pat-aŋ four (combination form in 40, 400, 4,000) Balinese pat-aŋ four (in 40, and in counting units of time or distance) Sasak pet-aŋ four (in 40, 4,000) Bare'e pat-a four (in 40, 400, 4,000, counting units of time) Tae' pat-aŋ four (in 40, 4,000 (NOT in 400), counting units of time) Mandar pat-ap-pulo forty pat-a(ŋ)-allo four days Makassarese pat-aN four (in 40, 400, 4,000) Wolio pat-a four (junction form ofapa in 40, etc.) Muna fat-o four (before classifiers, measure nouns, units of time) CMP Teluti fai four Wahai ati four SHWNG Gimán p-fot four Dusner (p)ati four Munggui bo-ati four OC Marau₂ hai four Manam wati four Yabem àc-lê four Ubir bat four Suau hasi four Magori vati four Kilivila -vasi four Saliba hasi four Piva e-vati four Banoni to-atsi four Torau e-wati four Mono-Alu e hati four Nggela vati four Lau fai four 'Āre'āre hai four Sa'a hai four Arosi hai four Haununu hai four Sakao yeð four Nokuku vati four Malmariv vati four Lametin vat four Mafea v"ati four Raga fasi four Lingarak i-vas four Leviamp i-va̋ four Axamb a-vac four Maxbaxo ŋo-vač four Nakanamanga pati four
2.Bontokmaŋ-apát (<meŋ-kapʔát ‘to make four, add a fourth, do four times’,Niasmaŋ-õfa ‘divide into four’,
3.Bikolmag-pag-apát ‘divide into four, send four at a time’,Old Javanesema-par-epat ‘consist of four parts (divisions, formations)’,
4.Pangasinanmi-kapát ‘fourth’,Malagasymi-èfatra (< *maR-epat) ‘divide into four parts, be in four’.Formosan Proto-Atayalic *sepi dream; to dream Paiwan mi-sepi to dream CMP Tetun m-ehi to dream Formosan Thao pia-lhic tighten a binding, etc., make tighter shu-lhic pull something that is slack until it becomes tight WMP Bontok ʔələt to bind; to tighten; to make taut Pangasinan elét rigor, firmness Hanunóo húgut pulling up, as of a loincloth; tightening, as of a binding h<ur>ugut-án-an getting married, “tied together”, “hitched” Romblomanon hugut something, as a roll ofburi (palm leaf) strips, a jar lid, a piece of clothing on the body, a weaving is firm or tight Masbatenyo mag-húgot to pull, haul, tow hugut-án screw tightly Aklanon hugót to tighten, make firm Waray-Waray hugót the act of stretching or drawing tightly, as of string, cord, rope or the like; drawn tightly, stretched hugot-á to draw tightly Agutaynen ma-elet tight; tightly; firm Hiligaynon hugút tight Cebuano hugút firmly tied, attached, closed; taut, holding tight; firm in belief, purpose, feeling húgut pull in rope or the like Maranao get to lose or choke out breath Binukid heget tight, taut; firm heget-a tighten it! Manobo (Western Bukidnon) heǥet to tighten something; in tying or wrapping something, to pull it tight; to twist tight the lid of a bottle or jar; figuratively, to make a final settlement Mansaka ugut to tighten Mapun hallot tightness; tight mag-ka-hallot-an to seal (an agreement); to guarantee; to pledge (in order to seal an agreement) Tausug hugut tightness (as of a knot, tie, lid, door); firmness Kadazan Dusun ogot tight, firmly held together moŋ-ogot to tighten, hold it firmly agat-ai to tighten Lun Dayeh eret a piece of cloth ortalun (tree bark) tied around the waist, normally worn by elderly women Kelabit ərət man’s belt ŋ-ərət to tighten by constriction, as a belt Iban rat tight, firm; tighten; confirm Malay (h)erat constriction; pressure from every side meŋ-erat kain to fasten the sarong tightly around the waist Bahasa Indonesia erat-erat firmly, tightly, of binding Sundanese hɨrɨt small, narrow (as a hat) Old Javanese höt narrowness, etc. Sasak rət bind firmly Mongondow ogot-an waist, middle of the body Tae' arraʔ tight, firm, tightly bound Proto-South Sulawesi *ɨrrɨrt tight Buginese erreʔ tying up, fastening Makassarese arreʔ firm, firmly tightened CMP Manggarai eret firm, tight (of a binding) Formosan Thao ma-lhic tight, constricting, as a belt; firmly in place WMP Pangasinan ma-lét strong, well founded Tausug ma-hugut firm, fast, tight, tightly closed; (of one’s faith) strong; (of one’s inner being) not overly emotional or unstable, calm WMP Kadazan Dusun moŋ-ogot tie up tightly Kelabit ŋ-ərət tighten by constriction, as a belt Malay meŋ-erat fasten (a sarong) tightly around the waist Buginese maŋ-erreʔ narrow Makassarese aŋŋ-arreʔ tighten firmly Formosan Tsou s<m>orəcə tie tightly WMP Bontok ʔ<um>lət to bind; to tighten; to make taut Tagalog h<um>igít pull until taut or tight Mapun h<um>allot tighten up something, as when tying up rope Tausug h<um>ugut to become tight or tighter WMP Bontok ʔəlt-ən be tied up tightly Tagalog higit-ín be pulled until taut or tight Kadazan Dusun ogot-on be tied up tightly Formosan Kavalan esi meat, flesh Paiwan seti meat WMP Kenyah si-n contents; flesh Kayan si-n flesh, meat Melanau (Mukah) sey flesh Nias ösi contents; flesh Proto-Sangiric *esi meat Tontemboan esi gums, flesh of the teeth Proto-South Sulawesi *ɨ(n)si contents Makassarese assi contents OC Tigak si-n meat Formosan Amis stek to literally cut, sever Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ʔetek cut down a tree or bamboo with a bolo WMP Kenyah (Long Wat) tek pieces that have already been cut (as in cutting sugarcane) Melanau (Mukah) tek piece made by cutting Nias õtõ chop to pieces, chop up Makassarese attaʔ to notch; underside of the glans penis atteʔ notch in a post or stick, notch in a coconut tree used for climbing CMP Hawu eta cut, cut off eta due tap a lontar palm for palm wine Kamarian ete piece, lump OC Motu oto slice or strip Formosan Paiwan siaq shyness, embarrassment WMP Tagalog hiyáʔ, híyaʔ shame Hanunóo ʔúyaʔ shame, modesty Aklanon huyáʔ face, pride; shame; be disgraced, be shamed Kalamian Tagbanwa ɨyak ashamed Hiligaynon huyáʔ shame, disgrace Palawan Batak ʔɨyaʔ ashamed Samal iaʔ feeling of shame Mongondow oyaʔ shyness, shame Uma eaʔ shame Bare'e ea shame, shyness WMP Hanunóo ka-uyáʔ-an virtue, honor Maranao kayaʔ shame; shyness Mongondow ko-oyaʔ shyness Uma ka-eaʔ shame Bare'e ka-ea shame, shyness Formosan Paiwan ma-siaq shy, polite, embarrassed WMP Maguindanao mayá shy, ashamed Tboli meyak shy, ashamed m-yak ashamed Bintulu məzaʔ shy, ashamed Melanau (Mukah) miaʔ shy, ashamed Kanowit miaʔ ashamed Sangir mea shame ma-mea ashamed, shy Mongondow mo-oyaʔ shy, ashamed Banggai maa shame ma-maa shy, ashamed Uma me-ʔeaʔ ashamed Bare'e ma-ea ashamed, shy Wolio maea shy, bashful, embarrassed, ashamed, modest OC Labu maya shame Hula ma ashamed CMP Bimanese maja shy, ashamed Manggarai maja shy, ashamed Ngadha mea shame, bashfulness, shyness Li'o mea ashamed Sika mea-ŋ shy, ashamed Lamaholot miaʔ shy, ashamed Rotinese mae ashamed, to feel shamed; bashful Selaru mai ashamed Elat mo-mai shy, ashamed Masiwang maya-n shy, ashamed SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai ma-mala shy, ashamed Buli mai ashamed; shame, disgrace Numfor ma shy, ashamed ma-ma shame OC Duke of York mai-mai shame; ashamed Manam maia, maya, maya-maya ashamed Gedaged ma-mai shame; embarrassment, confoundedness, abashment Numbami me-meya shy, ashamed Ubir ma-mai shy, ashamed Dobuan o-maya-maya shame, ashamed Molima wo-maya-maya shame Nggela maa ashamed; feel reverence Sa'a masa, masa-masa shy, ashamed, respectful masa-na shame, confusion, shyness Arosi masa ashamed Gilbertese maa-ma shame, timidity, shyness, bashfulness ma-maa-ma be ashamed, shy, confused Woleaian maa, ma ashamed; disgraceful; feel shameful Tongan mā feel shame, be ashamed Samoan mā ashamed, embarrassed Maori mā shame, abasement; shy, ashamed Formosan Kavalan s-m-iup to blow (with breath) Seediq iup, yup to blow (as on a fire) Thao m-iup to blow (with breath) Puyuma (Tamalakaw) iup to blow with breath Paiwan siup suck in air WMP Sambal (Botolan) ɨyɨp to blow Bikol hayóp blow something away; blow on something Aklanon huyóp to blow (air) on Kalamian Tagbanwa ɨyɨp to blow Hiligaynon huyúp blast, blow, breath Cebuano huyúp blow air, blow something away; treat an ailment byhuyúp Mamanwa hoyop to blow, as a fire Maranao iop blow, esp. with the mouth Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hiup blow on or at something; blow a musical instrument Mansaka uyup to blow, as a fire Tiruray ʔiuf to blow Tboli m-eyuf to blow, as with one's breath Kelabit iup blowing Sa'ban yop thing used for blowing (as a bamboo tube used to blow on the fire) Jarai ayup to blow Rhade ayuʔ to blow across (musical instrument, as a flute) Simalur iub blow on, fan something Toba Batak iup blowing on Mongondow irup to blow, blowing (person, wind); to fan; blow away WMP Subanon moŋ-oyup to blow, as a fire Kelabit ŋ-iup blow, blow on Sa'ban n-yop blow, blow on Simalur maŋ-iup blow, blow on Toba Batak maŋ-iup blow WMP Bikol mag-hayóp blow something away, blow on Hiligaynon mag-huyúp blow, breathe upon, expel breath Malay ber-tiup to blow (as the wind) Formosan Seediq yup-an place of blowing (as where a fire is being started) WMP Bikol hayop-an place of blowing Palawan Batak ʔuip-an<M to blow, as a fire (Reid 1971) Maranao iop-an mouthpiece WMP Bikol hayop-ón blow something away, blow on Subanun (Sindangan) iup-ɨn to blow, as a fire Malagasy tsìofina be blown WMP Ifugaw yup-yúp blow-pipe, used to increase the fire burning in the hearth Casiguran Dumagat yop-yóp to blow on something (as to blow out a candle, or to blow on coals to get them to flare up) Simalur iuf-iub hollow cane or tube for blowing on the fire Karo Batak iup-iup bellows Toba Batak iup-iup ni sarune mouthpiece of a clarinet Formosan Kavalan s-m-iup to blow (with breath) Saisiyat h<œm>iop to blow (with breath)/whistle Thao m-yup to blow (with breath) WMP [Sangir t-um-iuʔ to blow, of the wind] Formosan Paiwan sedjam something borrowed WMP Casiguran Dumagat edEm borrow Kapampangan andám borrow, lend Tagalog hirám borrowed; adapted Bikol hadám borrow Hanunóo ʔudám borrowing, lending Aklanon hueám borrow Hiligaynon hulám borrow Cebuano hulám borrow something; adopt, take over as one's own Tboli m-edom borrow Singhi Land Dayak nyam borrow, lend Sangir edaŋ borrow from someone, of objects that must themselves be returned, as opposed to objects (e.g. money) that can be returned in kind Proto-Minahasan *edam lease land, rent Tontemboan eram rent Wolio ada borrow WMP Tagalog ipa-hirám to lend (something) Tontemboan ipa-eram will be rented WMP Tagalog ma-hirám able to borrow (something) Tontemboan ma-eram to rent WMP Tagalog maŋ-hirám borrow Sangir maŋ-edaŋ borrow from, lend to (of objects that must themselves be returned) Formosan Paiwan pa-sedjam to lend, loan WMP Tagalog pa-hirám thing lent Aklanon pa-hueóm to lend Cebuano pa-hulám to lend [Makassarese pa-inraŋ to lend] Wolio pa-ada lend to (a person) WMP Tagalog pa-hir(a)m-ín to lend something to (someone) Bikol pa-hadam-ón to lend Tontemboan pa-eram-en be rented WMP Casiguran Dumagat edim-en to borrow Tagalog hir(a)m-ín to borrow (a thing) Bikol hadam-on to borrow Aklanon hueom-ón to borrow Hiligaynon hulam-un to borrow Tontemboan eram-en for rent Formosan Atayal s- marker of instrumental passive Atayal (Mayrinax) si- instrumental prefix Bunun is-<M prefix - instrumental Paiwan si- be the instrument or cause of WMP Tagalog i- marker of instrumental focus verbs (formed by prefixingi- to an instrumental adjective:Schachter and Otanes 1972: 319) Bikol i- verbal affix, instrumental, infinitive-command form Aklanon i- prefix for future and command verb forms in the instrumental focus Hiligaynon i- general proposed action instrumental affix Cebuano i- instrumental passive verb affix, future OC Motu i- instrumental prefix (daro-a 'sweep',i-daro 'broom',budu-a 'bore a hole',i-budu 'boring instrument', etc.) Bugotu i- instrumental prefix to nouns Lau i- instrumental prefix Sa'a i- instrumental prefix forming noun from verb Arosi i- instrumental prefix Mota i- instrumental prefix Fijian i- a noun preformative added to verbal roots, sometimes with reduplications. It indicates (1) the instrument of an action; (2) the scene of the action, (3) the result of an action, (4) the method of an action, (5) the actor, (6) the person or thing acted on Rennellese i- causative, instrumental, locative, ablative, and temporal preposition, and causative conjunction Formosan Paiwan ka-si- to originate from, come from WMP Bontok ʔi- a derivational prefix generally attached to locational words and meaning a person from that location Kankanaey i- prefix with a few adverbs of time, and with names of towns or countries to indicate the people whose town or country of origin they are Ifugaw i- prefix of names of places. Indicates the person or the people who inhabit the village, the site, the region, the zone which bears a name known by all those who live there Malagasy i- a prefix used before names of places, tribes Old Javanese i- particle with a prepositional function before nouns, often combined with the definite particleŋ toiŋ. Occurs before nouns which in the sentence function as grammatical object (esp. before place-names) OC Gilbertese i- prefix to names of places or categories. It designates persons originating or living in those places, or members of these categories Formosan Kavalan si-rukuh to wear a bamboo hat Saisiyat ʃi-potœh to wear shorts Seediq se-lukus to dress up Rukai (Tanan) si-kiʔiŋ to wear clothes Formosan Basai sili goat Kavalan sizi goat Saisiyat ʃiri wild goat, serow Amis siri goat Thao sisi native wild goat, the Formosan serow:Capricornis crispus swinhoei Gray; domesticated goat Bunun sidi goat Puyuma siri goat Paiwan sizi native wild goat, the Formosan serow:Capricornis crispus swinhoei Gray Formosan Kavalan sinap broom Puyuma idap broom (Ting 1978) Formosan Paiwan si-ka- prefix for ordinal numbers WMP Itbayaten icha- prefix for ordinal numbers Kankanaey ika- a prefix added to cardinal numbers to form ordinal ones Tagalog ika- prefix for ordinal numerals Hanunóo ʔika- prefix for ordinal numerals Cebuano ika- prefix for ordinal numerals Maranao ika- prefix for ordinal numerals Tombonuwo ko ordinal prefix to numerals Ida'an Begak kə- ordinal prefix to numerals in non-future contexts Iban ke- ordinal prefix to numerals Malay kə- ordinal prefix to numerals OC Gilbertese ka- prefix for ordinal numerals (always with the articlete, hencetenua ‘three’,te ka-tenua ‘third’) Woleaian ga- prefix for ordinal numerals Fijian ka- prefix for ordinal numerals Formosan Kavalan sikaz shy, ashamed paq-sikaz cause to be ashamed, shy or bashful qaq-sikaz easily ashamed, shy or bashful Pazeh sikat ashamed, shy Formosan Kavalan m-sikaz polite; shy Pazeh ma-sikat ashamed; shy; reserved, modest Formosan Kanakanabu sikámə mat woven with wild ginger leaves Saaroa sikamə mat woven with wild ginger leaves WMP Manobo (Dibabawon) hikam mat Formosan Bunun (Takituduh) kaːn fish Bunun (Takbanuad) iskan<M fish Hoanya sikan fish WMP Ilokano ikán fish Isneg ikán fish (generic) Arta ian fish Kankanaey ikán fish Ifugaw ikán any kind of fish that is greater than mudfishes; may be applied to fishes in general Casiguran Dumagat ikán fish; go on a fishing trip Maranao ikan legendary fish-like animal Iban ikan fish Tsat ka:n³³ fish Roglai (Northern) ika:t fish Malay ikan fish (generic) Karo Batak ikan dried or salted fish Toba Batak ihan a large fish Old Javanese (h)ikan fish Koroni ika fish Wawonii ika fish Moronene ika ~ ica fish Palauan ŋíkəl fish Chamorro guihan fish (generic) CMP Komodo ihaŋ fish Manggarai ikaŋ fish Ngadha ika fish Keo ika fish Riung ikan fish Lamaholot ikan fish Kodi igha fish Waiyewa ia fish Dhao/Ndao iʔa fish Rotinese iʔa(k) fish Tetun ikan fish Vaikenu ika fish Galoli iʔan fish Talur iʔan fish Tugun ika fish West Damar jeño fish Wetan īna fish Fordata ia(n) fish Kola ika fish Ujir ika fish Dobel siʔa fish Watubela ikan fish Teluti yano fish Kamarian ika raw pounded fish with vegetables Gah ikan fish Alune iane fish Wahai ian fish Proto-Ambon *ikan fish Saparua ian fish Laha iaŋ fish Hitu ian fish Asilulu iʔan fish Manipa iha fish Larike iʔanu fish Batu Merah iani fish Morella ian fish Buruese ikan fish Tifu ikan fish SHWNG Taba yan fish Gimán ian fish Sawai in fish Buli ian fish Minyaifuin in fish Dusner in fish Ron in fish Numfor in fish OC Tigak ien fish Nalik ien fish Tabar ia fish Duke of York ian fish Bali (Uneapa) ighaŋa fish Arop yi fish Lusi iha fish Kove iha fish Lakalai la-ia fish (generic) Manam ika fish Gitua iga fish Numbami iya fish Bunama ʔiana fish Dobuan iana fish Papapana na-iana fish Haku a-yana fish Tinputz ìàn fish Uruava iana fish Torau ia-la fish Takuu ika fish Mono-Alu iana fish Hoava iγana fish Roviana igana fish (generic) Nggela iga a creature of the sea: fish, mollusc, crayfish, whale, squid, sea anemone, etc. Marau₂ iʔa fish 'Āre'āre iʔa fish (generic) Sa'a iʔe fish Arosi iʔa fish Sikaiana ika fish Proto-Micronesian *ika fish (generic) Gilbertese ika fish (generic) Woleaian ig(a), igal(a) fish Pileni ika fish Mota iga fish Raga ixe fish Apma ik fish Axamb na-ix fish Nakanamanga na-ika fish Pwele na-ika fish Lelepa ne-ik fish Efate (South) na-ik fish Rotuman iʔa fish: including also turtles, whales, alligators, etc., but not crabs, shellfish, etc. Fijian ika fish Tongan ika fish, incl. also turtles (fonu) and whales (tofuaʔa), but not eels, cuttle-fish or jelly-fish Samoan iʔa fish (incl. turtles and whales) Rennellese ika fish, turtle Rarotongan ika fish (generic) Maori ika fish Rapanui ika fish Hawaiian iʔa fish or any marine animal, as eel, oyster, crab, whale; meat or any flesh food Formosan Amis siket be attached, joined to WMP Itbayaten hichet idea of winding Ilokano ikét general name for all kinds of nets Isneg ikát net Bontok ʔíkət dog collar Kankanaey iket fasten a rope to, attach a cord to, fasten a line to; to strap, to leash Pangasinan ikét net Kapampangan íkat braid Bikol híkot net, now primarily used for fishing, but in the past used for hunting as well Cebuano hikút tie something up; tie something to something Maranao iket tie Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hiket tie up; commit suicide Tiruray ʔiket a tie; to tie (loan) Bintulu ikət tying Lahanan m-ikət to tie Iban ikat tie, tie together Malay ikat tying up, fastening; (in Java) head-band, head-cloth Karo Batak iket tied up, of prisoners Toba Batak ihot rope, band, fetter Lampung ikoʔ tie something Old Javanese iket band, tie Javanese iket plaited batik head cloth which the wearer dons by winding it around his head Balinese iket tie, bind; kind of expensive cloth in which the threads of the warp or the weft are tied off at various places, so that they can be dyed in different colors Sasak iket bind with a rope Sangir ikiʔ tie, bind CMP Ngadha iké tie, bind, fetter Hawu ĕki<M tie, bind WMP Iban ŋ-ikat tie something together Malay meŋ-ikat bind, tie together with rope Karo Batak ŋ-iket tie up, take prisoner Balinese ŋ-iket tie, bind Sasak ŋ-iket bind with a rope Sangir maŋ-ikiʔ bind, tie up WMP Bikol mag-híkot to make a net from Malay ber-ikat tied, tied up WMP Kapampangan m-ikat to braid Bintulu m-ikət to tie Old Javanese um-iket to bind, tie, bind together WMP Kankanaey ikt-én be fastened or attached to Bikol hikót-on be made into a net from Malay ikat-an what is already tied; way of tying; bundle Formosan Kavalan simaR fat, grease Saisiyat SimaL fat, grease Amis simal oil, grease, fat; gasoline Bunun simal (animal) oil Tsou símro grease, fat (Duhtu) Saaroa ʔimarə grease, fat Siraya gimach fat, oil, salve Proto-Rukai *simaʔa fat, grease Puyuma (Tamalakaw) imaR grease, fat Paiwan sima raw animal fat (after cooking or rendering into oil it isqalev) WMP Cebuano hímag oil with magical healing properties obtained from a special kind of leech Formosan Atayal simu primary and nominalized pronoun II plus III; you and he or she WMP Itbayaten imo you Aklanon ímo your (sg.), you Hiligaynon ímu your, yours (second person sg. pre-position source pronoun) Cebuano ímu you (sg.) CMP Tetun imi you (pl.) imi-nia your Wetan imi you (pl.) Kei im you (pl.) Kamarian imi you (pl.) Paulohi imi you (pl.) OC Gilbertese im thy, thee, thou imi you (pl.) Formosan Bunun sin- gerund prefix (like "-ing" inEnglish) WMP Ifugaw -in- infix denoting the frequency or intensity of an action Tagalog hin- prefix indicating removal, cleaning or the like Bikol hin- prefix which conveys the meaning of removing something Cebuano hiN- prefix forming verbs which mean 1. be almost (such-and-such) a state, time of day, 2. referring to an intense action, 3. added to nouns to form a verb meaning 'get the (noun) out', 4. added to a few verb bases to form nouns referring to an accidental or involuntary action Formosan Saisiyat (Taai) ʃinaɁ a plant:Erechtites spp. Atayal (Mayrinax) sina a plant:Erechtites spp. Rukai (Budai) la-sia-sina a plant:Erechtites spp. Formosan Saisiyat shilœ beads Thao ma-shizuq wear something around the neck, as when money is put in a garland around the neck of a sick person shizuq-an put something around the neck; necklace Tsou skuu necklace Kanakanabu sinúʔu necklace Saaroa ilhuʔu necklace Rukai (Budai) silo beads WMP Murik inu beads Kayan inu beads Mentawai inu beads CMP Hawu inu put around the neck (beads, chain, string, etc.) Rotinese inu inu hang together in great quantities, in clusters (as fruits that are tied together) Atoni inu leko fine coral beads Formosan Seediq (Truku) sinao to wash (vessels, surfaces, solid objects) Pazeh si-sinaw wash utensils Thao sh-m-inaw to wash Bunun ma-sinav wash (spades, bowls) Kanakanabu m-ari-sináu wash utensils Proto-Rukai *sinaw wash (clothes) WMP Ilokano innáw do the dishes; wash, rinse, cleanse plates, glasses, jars, etc. Tagalog hináw washing of hands or feet Hiligaynon hináw wash hands or feet Cebuano hináw wash the hands Formosan Seediq (Truku) snag-an place where one washes Thao shinaw-an wash objects other than clothing WMP Tagalog hínaw-an wash-bowl Cebuano hinaw-an wash basin Formosan Paiwan siŋus to sniff WMP Cebuano híŋus sniffle, draw the snot up into the nose híŋus-híŋus kind of peppery dish made from chicken intestines Malay (h)iŋus snot; mucus from the nose Sundanese iŋus have the sniffles Formosan Paiwan s<m>iŋus to sniff WMP Masbatenyo mag-híŋos sniffle, inhale through the nose, smell, snuffle; refers especially to play as in teasing a baby Cebuano híŋus sniffle, draw the snot up into the nose Mansaka iŋos to sniffle; to snuff up Malay iŋus snot; mucus from the nose buaŋ iŋus blow the nose ñiur iŋus-an coconut at the stage when the interior is beginning to soften Formosan Bunun sipal opposite (in spatial location) Kanakanabu m-u-a-sipárə walk across the river Saaroa m-u-u-siparə walk across the river i-siparə the opposite side of the river WMP Tiruray ʔifar cross over to the other side (as of a river or street) Toba Batak ipar the opposite shore CMP Bimanese ipa across, on the opposite side WMP Ayta Abellan lipay the other side of a body of water; to cross a body of water Tiruray difar the other side, in the sense of the side facing the speaker Abai Sembuak lifag opposite bank Kelabit d-ipar opposite side (as of a river) Kayan (Uma Juman) d-ipah either of the sides of a river, etc. Melanau (Mukah) d-ipah opposite bank of a river Toba Batak di ipar yonder, on the opposite side Formosan Kavalan sipes cockroach Saisiyat hipih small cockroach WMP Itbayaten ipes cockroach Ilokano ípes cockroach Casiguran Dumagat ípes cockroach; be swarming with cockroaches Kapampangan ípas cockroach ma-ʔípas cockroach-infested Tagalog ípis cockroach Hanunóo ípus cockroach Cebuano ípus small cockroach Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ipes cockroach Tiruray ʔifes small tan cockroach Wahau pəs cockroach Mei Lan Modang pao̯s cockroach Woq Helaq Modang pao̯s cockroach Long Gelat Modang poe̯h cockroach Karo Batak ipes the brown cockroach Toba Batak ipos cockroach Proto-Minahasan *ipes cockroach Tonsawang iwəs cockroach OC Nauna ih cockroach Nali yih cockroach Formosan Pazeh pi-sipi, pai-sipi dream Sakizaya simpiʔ to dream Proto-Rukai *sipi dream WMP Kadazan Dusun ipi dream Toba Batak ipi dream Nias ifi dream Sundanese impi dream Old Javanese ipi dream Javanese impi, ipi a dream Balinese impi, ipi a dream Sasak impi, ipi a dream Sangir ipi dream Proto-Minahasan *ipi dream Bare'e ipi a dream Tae' impi a dream Mori moʔ-ipi dream Padoe mo-ipi to dream Koroni mo-ʔipi to dream Chamorro guifi a dream WMP Toba Batak maŋ-ipi to dream Nias maŋ-ifi to dream Lampung ŋ-ipey to dream Sundanese ŋ-impi to dream Javanese ŋ-impi to dream Sasak ŋ-ipi to dream Bare'e maŋ-ipi to dream Tae' maŋ-ipi to dream Chamorro maŋ-guifi to dream CMP Hitu mani dream WMP Sundanese paŋ-impi-an a dream Old Javanese paŋ-ipy-an state of dreaming; dream-vision Javanese paŋ-impè-n a dream Bare'e paŋ-ipi a dream Tae' paŋ-impi a dream Wolio poŋ-ipi to dream; a dream WMP Bisaya (Lotud) inipi dream Berawan (Long Terawan) ŋe-nipéh to dream Gayō mu-nipi to dream Toba Batak mar-nipi to dream (said byWarneck 1977 [1906] to be fromni +ipi 'to dream') Old Javanese in-ipi dream Buginese nippi dream Muna mo-nifi to dream Chamorro gu-in-ifi dream OC Bunama nihi dream CMP Bimanese nifi dream Manggarai nipi dream Hawu ni to dream Masiwang m-nif to dream Paulohi mi-ni-nifi to dream Proto-Ambon *(ma-)nipi to dream Tifu nipi dream OC Nali nihi-nih dream Leipon ni-nih dream Numbami ni-niwi dream Magori nivi dream Hula nivi dream Motu nihi dream Roro nibi dream Mekeo (East) nipi dream Molima nivi dream WMP Malay m-impi dream Sangir mi-ipi dream CMP Sika m-ipi-n dream Tetun m-ihi-n dream OC Andra mihi-mih to dream Ahus mihi-mih dream Kuruti mihi-mih dream Levei im-mih dream Ponam mif dream Cheke Holo mifi dream Nauruan mi dream Gilbertese mi dream Formosan Thao shupilh<M to count; read, study, learn Bunun ma-sipul to count; study, learn Paiwan supu sum, amount, number ki-supu to read s<m>upu<A to count, reckon Formosan Kavalan siRup to eat soup WMP Ilokano ígup one draught, one swallow (of water, etc.) Isneg íxop, íxup sip, drink Bontok ʔígup viand; that which is eaten with rice (of vegetables, meat or snails). It is usually served in a bowl containing the broth in which the viand was cooked; to drink the broth from the viand bowl; to drink wine Kankanaey ígup suck in, drink, absorb Ifugaw igúp Lagawe word for drinking which is used inhudhud chant in the sense of "sip" rice wine; it is usually reduplicated Casiguran Dumagat igúp sip a hot drink Pangasinan ilóp to sip Tagalog hígop sip Bikol hígop to siphon, sip Aklanon hígop inhale, sip Hiligaynon hígup sip, suck up, slurp, as a soup Cebuano hígup sip, take in liquid by sucking it up with air; take in air in the same manner Maranao igop drink Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hiɣup sip a liquid by sucking it in with the breath Tiruray ʔirof sip, suck in a liquid Kelabit irup what is drunk; way of drinking Ngaju Dayak ihop what is drunk; be drunk by someone Iban irup drink, fit for drinking Malay (h)irup lapping or sucking up (liquid) Sasak irup drink noisily, slurp, sip Tae' iruʔ drink; also absorb, as a cloth that is immersed in water Makassarese iruʔ sip, slurp CMP Komodo iruʔ to suck up Manggarai irup drink slowly (as from a soup bowl) OC Nggela ilu to drink cabbage soup iluv-i (trans. form) ilu-ilu to drink medicine Lau ilu drink with a spoon, sup, drink soup iluf-i (trans.) iluf-ia (passive) 'Āre'āre iruh-ia drink slowly Ulawa ilu to sup (as yam soup) iluh-i (trans.) Arosi iru yam soup; to sip yam soup iruh-i (trans.) WMP Isneg maŋ-íxup to sip, to drink Kelabit ŋ-irup to drink Iban ŋ-irup to drink Tae' maŋ-iruʔ to drink, be drinking WMP Isneg ixúp-an drink Tagalog hígup-an sipping tube Cebuano higup-án, higup-ánan something from which one sips a liquid Kelabit rup-an watering hole for animals in the jungle [Tae' irus-an partake of while drinking, as to partake of baked yam tubers while drinking palm wine] WMP Ilokano igúp-en be sipped by Bikol hígop-on be siphoned, sipped by Kelabit rup-en is sipped by, will be sipped by Formosan Kavalan sisin hwamei, bird sp.,Garrulax canours Saisiyat ʃiʃil omen bird (gives bad omens) Seediq (Truku) sisil petite bird relied on by the Taroko people to foretell luck or misfortune by its flight or its call in all activities that require travel (Pecoraro 1977); it is an omen of bad luck if it flies horizontally in front of people who are on the way to work or hunt, and they will consequently return home. However, if it flies vertically ---especially on the right hand side, they can proceed on their way (Apay Tang, p.c.) Pazeh sisil omen bird, Gray-eyed Nun Babbler,Alcippe morrisonia Paiwan (Western) sisilʸ Gould’s Quaker-Thrush,Alcippe brunnea brunnea Gould; an important omen bird. Flying from right to left means taboo; heard withtjiḍir [small brown omen bird] it means ‘you will eat pork’. Formosan Kavalan siwa nine kin-siwa nine (people) saʔa-siwa ninth Papora (me)-siya nine Amis siwa nine saka-siwa ninth Bunun siva nine Bunun (Isbukun) sivaʔ nine Hoanya (a)-sia nine Tsou sio ~ sizo nine Puyuma iwa nine kara-iwa nine objects each Paiwan siva nine maɬe-siva nine (persons) WMP Sangil siaw<M nine Lingkabau siwə-y nine Dumpas siwo-y nine Kinabatangan siwo-y nine Ida'an Begak siwa-y nine Belait siwa nine (Ray 1913) Malagasy sivi nine faha-sivi the ninth; the ancestors; the spirits of the ancestors mi-sivi to divide into nine parts, to be in nine Simalur siwa nine (in certain combinations, and in women’s speech) Toba Batak sia nine pa-sia-hon ninth si-paha-sia the ninth month Nias siwa nine me-ziwa nine times (also as an expression of completeness) Mentawai siba nine Lampung siwa nine Proto-Sangiric *siaw<M nine Sangir sio<M nine ka-sio-ne ninth Bantik siow<M nine Proto-Minahasan *siow<M nine Tondano siow<M nine Tontemboan siow<M nine Mongondow siow<M nine in-siow ninth ko-siow nine times; the ninth Totoli sio<M nine Pendau se-sio<M nine Dampelas se-sio<M nine Balaesang se-sio<M nine Banggai sio<M? nine Uma sio<M? nine Bare'e sio<M? nine Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *sio<M? nine (bound numeral) Mori Atas o-sio nine Moronene o-sio nine Wolio sio<M? nine Palauan i-tíw nine (units of time) i-tíw nine (when counting in sequence) kl-tíw nine (animals, things) tə-tíw nine (people) Chamorro sigwa nine CMP Bimanese civi nine Komodo siwa nine Palu'e hiwa nine Lamaholot hiwa nine Solorese hiwa nine Tetun sia nine Tetun (Dili) sia nine Vaikenu sio nine Tugun siə nine East Damar wo-si nine Leti wo-sia ~ wo-siwa nine Moa wo-siewa nine Luang wo-sjewa nine Wetan wo-siwa nine Selaru siu nine Yamdena siu nine na-ŋ-siwe ninth Teluti siwa nine Kamarian siwa nine Gah sia nine Alune sikwa nine Wahai sia nine Saparua siwa nine Asilulu siwa nine Batu Merah siwa nine Soboyo ta-sia nine SHWNG Taba p-sio nine Misool (Coast) si nine Ron siw nine Numfor siw nine Pom siu nine Marau₁ siw nine Munggui siu nine Woi siw nine OC Mendak sik nine Sursurunga a-siw nine Tanga k-siu nine Haku to-si nine Petats to-sie nine Selau sia nine Piva sia nine Torau sia nine Luangiua sivo nine Ririo zia nine Babatana zia nine Roviana sia nine Eddystone/Mandegusu sia nine Bugotu hia nine hia-ña ninth Kwaio sikwa nine Marau₂ siwa nine Lau sikwa nine sikwa-na ninth Toqabaqita sikwa nine sikwa-na ninth 'Āre'āre siwa nine siwā-na ninth Sa'a siwe nine siwa-na ninth, for the ninth time Arosi siwa nine siwa-na ninth Ulithian diwa nine Haununu siwa nine Nokuku tsiwa nine Tasmate tsiwa nine Aore a sua nine Wailengi siwo nine Raga sifo nine Atchin e-siw nine Uripiv e-siw nine Makatea siβa nine Rotuman siva nine Wayan ciwa nine Fijian ciwa nine Tongan hiva nine Niue hiva nine; ninth WMP Malagasy in-tsivi nine times Mongondow in-siow<M ninth OC Arosi haʔa-siwa nine times Wayan vaka-ciwa nine times Fijian vaka-ciwa nine times Formosan Kavalan siʔa-siwa nine times Puyuma ka-iwa ninth OC Fijian i ka-ciwa ninth Formosan Kavalan u-siwa nine (things) Kanakanabu u-sía nine Saaroa u-sia nine Formosan Amis siwit slant, set at an angle, off course WMP Tagalog hiwíd awry, out of line Formosan Kavalan su- to remove (+ noun);lislis ‘scales’,su-lislis ‘to remove scales’rubuŋ’skin, peeling’,su-rubuŋ ‘to skin, peel something’ Paiwan su- to take off;kava ‘clothes’,su-kava ‘to take off clothes’, tjaLupun ‘hat’,su-tjaLupun ‘take off a hat’ Formosan Amis sowaf to yawn WMP Itbayaten a-hwab breath emitting while yawning; yawn h-om-wab to yawn ka-hwab act of yawning Itawis úwab yawn Bontok ʔuwáb yawn Kankanaey uáb yawn Ifugaw úwab yawn; act of gaping involuntarily Pangasinan oáb yawn Kadazan Dusun uvab yawn Bisaya (Limbang) g-uab a yawn Kelabit uab a yawn Kayan uham a yawn Kayan (Long Atip) huam a yawn Kayan (Uma Juman) huav a yawn Rhade həap yawn Malay uap yawn Mentawai ōap yawn Old Javanese hwab, ob yawn Balinese uab yawn, gape Sasak uap yawn, gape Mongondow uab gape, yawn Formosan Sakizaya ma-suab to yawn Proto-Rukai *ma-swab to yawn WMP Itawis m-ówab to yawn Berawan (Long Jegan) m-uam to yawn Kayan m-uham to yawn Kayan (Uma Juman) m-uhav to yawn Balinese m-uwab yawning, gaping wide Mori Bawah mo-maa to yawn CMP Masiwang ma-mawa yawn CMP Bimanese ma-wa yawn Li'o m-oa to yawn Sika m-oa yawn Kédang m-oa yawn Alune ma-kwa yawn Buruese ma-wa yawn Soboyo bala-m-oa yawn SHWNG Numfor ma-bab yawn; in general, open the mouth OC Loniu yeli-ma-w yawn Seimat ma-w yawn Bebeli ma-mawa to yawn Wogeo mwawa yawn Manam mawa yawn Sio mowa to yawn Dobuan mwa-wa yawn Roviana ma-va to yawn, breathe upon (*mawava >maava >mava) Sa'a ähi-ma-wa yawn Chuukese mma-w yawn Fijian lā-ma-wa to yawn, gape WMP Pangasinan man-óab to yawn Kelabit ŋ-uab to yawn Malay meng-uap to yawn Old Javanese maŋ-hwab, maŋ-ob to yawn CMP Masiwang ma-ma-wa yawn SHWNG [Buli ma-ma-ip gape, yawn] OC Nauna ma-ma-w yawn Wuvulu ma-ma-wa yawn Eddystone/Mandegusu ma-ma-va to yawn Formosan Kavalan suani younger sibling Atayal suagiʔ wife’s younger sister; husband’s younger brother; man’s younger brother’s wife; woman’s younger sister’s husband Proto-Atayalic *suwaiʔ younger sibling Seediq (Truku) swai younger, junior mn-swai brothers and sisters (without distinction of relative age) -- all near relatives, esp. cousins Pazeh suadi, suazi younger sibling Thao sa-suadi younger sibling Hoanya suazi younger sister Proto-Rukai *agi younger sibling Puyuma (Tamalakaw) wadi younger sibling, younger cousin (ref.) WMP Yami wari younger sibling Itbayaten wari younger sibling (add.); next-born child Atta (Pamplona) wagi sibling (without respect to relative age) Isneg waxí brother, sister; relative Itawis wahí sibling Balangaw agi related people of same generation; a "sibling" word Keley-i agi brother, sister, cousin Ifugaw agí brother, sister, cousin Gaddang wayyi distant relatives, second cousins and beyond Casiguran Dumagat wadí younger sibling (ref.) Umiray Dumaget wele younger sibling Pangasinan agí younger sibling or other person of same generation Sambal (Botolan) ali younger sibling, younger cousin, younger sibling-in-law Ayta Abellan ali younger sibling Ayta Maganchi ali younger sibling Kalamian Tagbanwa ariʔ younger sibling Maranao ari younger person, younger relation Manobo (Ata) hari younger sibling of the same sex Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hazi younger sibling; a younger person of one's own generation, whether related or not Supan ari younger sibling Bukat ari-n younger sibling Tunjung gari-n younger sibling Ngaju Dayak andi younger sibling; also: affectionate term for a younger person generally Singhi Land Dayak m-adis near relatives Tsat thai¹¹ younger sibling Simalur axi younger sibling Karo Batak agi younger sibling; placenta Toba Batak aŋgi younger sibling of the same sex Nias axi younger sibling Mentawai bagi younger sibling Javanese aḍi younger sibling Balinese adi younger sibling; afterbirth, placenta Mongondow ai-ai younger sibling Mori uai younger sibling Mori Atas andi younger sibling Wolio andi younger sibling CMP Bimanese ari younger sibling Donggo ari younger sibling Komodo ari younger sibling of the same sex Ngadha azi younger sibling of the same sex Adonara ari younger sibling Lamboya ali younger sibling (probably parallel) Kambera eri younger sibling of the same sex Dhao/Ndao ari younger sibling Rotinese fadi younger sibling of the same sex Helong padi younger sibling Vaikenu ɔli-f younger brother Erai ali-n younger sibling of the same sex Tugun ali younger sibling Yamdena wai younger sibling of the same sex Fordata wari younger sibling of the same sex Dobel kwali younger sibling Paulohi wari younger sibling of the same sex Alune kwali sibling of the same sex Asilulu wali- younger sibling of the same sex Boano₂ ani-a sibling Larike wale younger sibling OC Keapara ari younger same sex sibling WMP Itawis mag-wahí sibling relationship between two persons Malay adi-k ber-adi-k be in a sibling relationship [Toba Batak mar-haha-mar-aŋgi be in a sibling relationship] WMP Maranao pag-ari brother, sister pagari-aʔ friend, chum, pal pagari-n give birth to another child Kenyah p-ade-ʔ sibling Kayan p-ari-n, peh-ari-n all relatives and close friends Ngaju Dayak pah-ari sibling of the same sex WMP Samal si-ali younger sibling Nias si axi youngest child [Tae' si-(po)-adi be in a relationship of elder and younger sibling] WMP Tiruray t-uwarey younger sibling, youngest child Tboli t-woli younger sibling, relative, friend of the same sex Bilaan (Sarangani) t-wali younger sibling, younger cousin Kadazan Dusun t-adi younger sibling Miri t-adih younger sibling Kiput t-adəy younger sibling Bintulu t-arəy younger sibling Melanau (Mukah) t-adey younger sibling Siang t-ari younger sibling Proto-Sangiric *t-uadi younger sibling Sangir t-uaḷi younger sibling Tontemboan t-uari younger sibling me-tuari brothers, relatives pe-tuari-an brotherhood OC Nauna t-ali-n sibling of the same sex Wuvulu axi- sibling Tolai t-ai- sibling of the opposite sex Manam t-ari- younger sibling of the same sex Gedaged t-ai- younger sibling of the same sex; placenta Gitua t-azi- younger sibling or cousin of the same sex Watut race- younger parallel sibling Adzera rai-n brother Motu t-adi- younger sibling of the same sex Dobuan t-asi- sibling of the same sex Molima t-asi- younger sibling of the same sex Nehan tahi- brother, sibling Cheke Holo t-ahi- younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex Eddystone/Mandegusu t-ahi younger sibling of the same sex Nggela tahi younger sibling of the same sex Kwaio asi-na younger brother; younger consanguineal male kin of own generation asi-na geni younger sister; younger female consanguineal kin of own generation Sa'a asi- sibling of the same sex Arosi asi- sibling of the opposite sex Gilbertese t-ari sibling of the same sex Marshallese j-ati- younger sibling; younger parallel cousin Mota t-asi younger sibling of the same sex Fijian t-aci younger sibling of the same sex Tongan t-ehi-na younger sibling of the same sex, younger cousin of the same sex Nukuoro d-ai-na sibling, cousin Anuta t-ai-na "sibling" of the same sex, "sibling-in-law" of opposite sex Maori t-ai-na younger sibling of the same sex Hawaiian k-ai-k-ai-na younger sibling or cousin of the same sex Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) wadi-yan younger sibling, younger cousin (ref.) WMP Isneg mag-wa-waxi-yān be brothers Balinese adi-yaŋ be regarded as or called 'younger brother' CMP Dobel kwali-s-an sibling of the same sex WMP Casiguran Dumagat wadÉ-ŋ younger sibling (vocative) Katingan ari-ŋ younger sibling Malay adi-ŋ younger sibling (vocative) WMP Palawan Batak ʔari-ʔ younger sibling Gana adi-ʔ younger sibling Paku adi-ʔ younger sibling Lundu adi-ʔ younger sibling Malay adé-k younger sibling. Loosely, any young near relative such as a cousin; (affectionately) to a wife by her husband Sasak adi-ʔ younger sibling adiʔ-adiʔ afterbirth, placenta CMP Kédang ariʔ younger sibling Formosan [Pazeh suaw yawn] [Thao shuaw yawn] [Paiwan suaw yawn] Formosan Pazeh ma-suaw to yawn Thao ma-shua-shuaw to yawn Paiwan me-suaw to yawn Formosan Proto-Rukai *soLaʔa snake WMP Ifugaw úlal small brownish snake which is not dangerous. It lives among the rice fields, behind or between the stones of retaining walls Casiguran Dumagat ulág snake Ibaloy olal small water snake Hanunóo ʔúlay general term for snake (loan) Tiruray ʔurar snake Tboli ulal general term for snake Malagasy ólatra snake Iban ular snake Maloh urar snake Jarai ala snake Roglai (Northern) ula snake Moken olan snake Malay ular snake; serpent; generic forOphidia and also for dragons (ular naga) Simalur ular snake Nias ulo snake Old Javanese ulā snake Javanese ula snake Madurese olar snake Sasak ulah, ular snake Sangir ulaheʔ kind of snake, the egg-thief Proto-Minahasan *ulah snake Tontemboan ulaʔ snake ma-ulaʔ become a snake Mongondow ulag snake Ponosakan ulah snake Tialo ulagE snake Lauje ulag snake Tae' ulaʔ snake Mori Atas ule snake Padoe ule snake Bungku ule snake Wawonii ule snake Moronene ule snake Mandar ular snake Makassarese ularaʔ snake ulaʔ-ularaʔ kind of child's toy that looks like a snake Palauan ŋuis Palau tree snake:Dendrelaphis lineolatus CMP Komodo ulah rat snake:Elaphe subradiata Manggarai ular rat snake:Ptyas korros Rembong ular generic for non-venomous snakes ular isiʔ rat snake Sika ular snake Lamaholot ulaʔ snake Adonara ula snake Kédang ular snake Kambera ularu snake Helong ula snake Erai ula poisonous snake Formosan Thao urum cloud Paiwan sulem darkness; twilight WMP Old Javanese ulem shining (only) palely, dim, wan, languishing, faded Formosan Paiwan ma-sulen darkness falls; to be twilight WMP Old Javanese (m)-olem shining (only) palely, dim, wan, languishing, faded Formosan Saisiyat (Taai) s<om>oLiz brood on eggs Paiwan ma-sulid sleep together ki-sulid share someone's bed WMP Bontok ʔúlig to put a child to sleep in order that the person watching it can perform other duties Kankanaey úlig to lull to sleep, to rock Ifugaw úlig to hush a baby to sleep; to sink, fall into sleep Bikol húlid lie someone down to sleep (as a child); lie down beside Hanunóo ʔúlid beside, at the side of, near; the state of being or lying side-by-side Aklanon húlid sleep with, share a bed with, be in bed with Hiligaynon húlid lie alongside, lie together Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hulid lie down next to someone; have sexual relations with someone; the person one lies next to Ngaju Dayak ulir, urir lie next to a child in sleep Karo Batak si-uliŋ-uliŋ-en sleep in one another's arms Simalungun Batak ulig embrace while sleeping Mongondow ulid laying down of small children and the sick WMP Aklanon ka-hulid bedmate, bed partner Ngaju Dayak ka-uri-urir constantly next to one another Formosan Kavalan sussur to masturbate s<m>ussur to masturbate Pazeh pa-surusur to masturbate Formosan Amis solol slide down (as a log down a hill) Paiwan surur<A a taut-stretched line sa-surur-an pulley WMP Ilokano úlog descend, go down, climb down; leave, come down, come out (leaving a house) Isneg úlug go or climb down, descend (a tree, ladder, etc.; not a mountain) Tagalog húlog fall; failure in examinations; capture; installment payment Bikol húlog drop something; fall Hanunóo húlug fall, falling pa-hulug-húlug kind of monkey trap Aklanon húeog to drop (something); mail (a letter); to fall, get dropped Hiligaynon húlug fall down, tumble Cebuano húlug drop, fall freely, cause something to do so Maranao olog fall, drop, abort (intentional) Tausug hulug fall or drop, as from a height Kelabit urur act of lowering something Kayan uloh cause an object to descend a slope, with or without control by a rope; lower a person down Ngaju Dayak (h)uloh lower or let down, as on a rope Iban ulur let down, pay out (rope), launch (a boat), cast (fishing line) Malay hulur letting go; slacking or paying out (a line) Sangir uluheʔ let down, lower (objects by rope), pay out (fish line); sometimes also: launch a boat Banggai ulul fish with line let out from the hand Uma ulu pay out (rope), lower Bare'e uyu lower something Tae' uluʔ lower something Makassarese uloroʔ let drop or slip down, as with a pulley; pay out (rope) CMP Manggarai ulur to lower, let oneself down, lower by rope; descend WMP Ilokano y-úlog bring, etc. down, out of the house; to translate Bikol i-húlog to drop (something) Cebuano i-húlug throw something down WMP Bikol ma-húlog to fall Hiligaynon ma-húlug fall down, tumble Cebuano ma-húlug turn into something worse; fall into sin or disgrace Maranao ma-olog to drop Bare'e me-uyu descend, as something that is lowered from above WMP Kelabit ŋ-urur lower something slowly by rope Kayan ŋ-uloh cause an object to descend a slope, with or without control by a rope; lower a person down [Old Javanese aŋ-ulur loosen, release; lower on a rope; let go] Banggai moŋ-ulul pay out rope Makassarese aŋŋ-oloroʔ let slide through the hand, pay out (rope) WMP Ilokano ag-úlog decline, decrease in value; fail, languish, sink Bikol mag-húlog to drop (something) WMP Ilokano um-úlog descend, go down, climb down; come out (leaving a house) Isneg um-úlug go or climb down, descend (tree, ladder, etc.; not a mountain). Also: leave a house, come down or out Kayan m-uloh slip from hold, slip down; fall or slip down from its place; slide down lengthwise by itself WMP Bikol hulog-án installment Cebuano hulúg-an give money to Malay hulur-an what is extended to someone (gift, help, etc.) Makassarese olor-aŋ fishing pole Formosan Kavalan suni sound (as of a clock), chirping (of birds) s-em-uni to chirp Pazeh mo-honi to chirp, to crow (roosters) Amis honi, soni noise, sound WMP Itbayaten honi idea of crowing; crowing of chickens; noise, bustle Ilokano úni sound, voice, noise, cry (of animals), song (of birds) ag-uni utter a sound, make a noise, to cry (animals), to sing (birds), to speak (men) Isneg úni sound, noise, voice, speech, cry (of animals), song (of birds) Pangasinan úni bird song; to sing (birds only) Tagalog húni chirping or hooting of birds or fowls; song, murmur Bikol húni call, sing (birds); twitter, warble an h-in-uni the call or song of a bird Hanunóo ʔúni general term for sounds produced vocally by any and all species of fauna, as of the chirping of birds Aklanon huní(h) chirp, sing (like birds or crickets); to blow (said of whistle or siren) Hiligaynon huní sound, chirp, whine Cebuano húni song, musical sounds ma-huní-un melodious pan-úni quality of singing, intonation and pitch; tone of voice Maranao oni sound Tboli uni noise Rungus Dusun uni tone, sound, note Kadazan Dusun t-uni sound; bleating, neighing, etc. moŋ-uni to make music, to sound, to produce sound, to chirp, to bleat, to neigh, to strike (of clock) Kelabit unih sound Maloh uñi sound, noise Old Javanese uni sound, voice; contents of a letter ("what it says") Javanese uni sound, noise, what someone says Balinese uni, uñi sound, make a sound Sasak uni sound, noise ber-uni make a sound Tae' oni sound, noise oni manuk cry of a cock CMP Leti oni crow of a cock OC Kwaio uni-uni-a make a big ruckus, noise in play (esp. used derisively) WMP Sasak p-uniʔ make a sound or noise, play something (music) Tae' pa-oni make a sound or noise, produce a sound Formosan Kavalan s-m-uni to chirp WMP Itbayaten h-om-oni to crow (of a rooster) WMP Old Javanese uny-an uny-an, une-n une-n musical instruments Tae' oni oni flute made of a split rice straw Formosan Amis sodoc pull out, draw, as a sword WMP Tagalog húnos skin peeling; molt or molting, as of reptiles mag-húnos to molt; to shed skin, as a snake Aklanon húnos to pull (out); draw (gun) húnos-húnos jerk back and forth, push and pull Hiligaynon húnus draw out, pull out, as a drawer hunús shelf, drawer Cebuano húnus drawer; pull a drawer out Tiruray ʔunuh take off one's clothing Malay hunus drawing off (of unsheathing weapons, drawing a ring off the finger) pedaŋ hunus a drawn sword Old Javanese unus to draw, take out, extract Javanese unus draw a weapon from its sheath Madurese onos to withdraw, draw out Sasak unus drawing something from a sheath ŋ-unus to draw something from a sheath Chamorro gunos wean, accustom (a child or other young animal) to loss of mother's milk OC Roviana unusu pull out, as a tooth, a nail, a post Arosi unu take out of Chuukese wúnú drawn out, extracted Woleaian iuliul (iuliulu) pull, draw, pull something from a group Tongan unu pull out, draw out Rennellese unu take off, remove, pull out, peel Maori unu pull off, put off, doff; draw out, pull out, withdraw OC Arosi unus-i take body out of shirt, i.e. take off shirt; fall out of Tongan uhuh-i pull out, draw out, e.g. a sword from its sheath, or a tooth Nukuoro unus-i pull out (e.g. a sword from its scabbard) Anuta unu-i pull out Hawaiian unuh-i take out, withdraw, as money from a bank, or a drawer from a desk; unsheath; take off, as a ring; translate, interpret Formosan Paiwan supiq longest leaf-shoot of taro (edible) WMP Iban upih spathe of palm blossom (mayang), esp. areca (pinang), yielding tough waterproof material for e.g. bailers Malay upéh spathe; sheath of spadix of the unexpanded fruit of certain palms, esp. of the areca-nut palm. These spathes supply broad, thin wrappers from which temporary buckets are made Simalungun Batak upih frond of areca palm Rejang upiaʔ base of the areca leaf used for wrapping rice, and as a cover for dishes of cooked food Sundanese upih flower-sheath of the areca palm Old Javanese upih spathe, sheath of the spadix of the unexpanded fruit of certain palms (used to make leathery water-proof wrappers) Balinese upih the calyx of a banana-flower; the sheath surrounding the spring of leaves of the palm (used as a container) Sasak upéʔ leathery sheath at the base of the leaf-stalk of the areca palm Formosan Amis soʔsoʔ to drip, drain water off WMP Cebuano húʔhuʔ empty a container of its contents by turning it upside down and agitating it. Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) -uRas wash one's hands or feet WMP Ilokano úgas a shrub whose leaves are used for scouring purposes Isneg úxāt to clean, wash, rinse, do the dishes Bontok ʔuwás to wash, as dishes Kankanaey úas wash, clean, cleanse, rinse Ifugaw úla(h) wash one's hand or face, not applicable to the act of taking a bath Casiguran Dumagat ugés wash, rinse off (a part of the body, or kitchen utensils, but not clothes) Ayta Abellan oyah to wash or clean something Tagalog húgas washing Bikol húgas to wash (as dishes, a car; not applicable to the face, hands or clothes) Hanunóo ʔúgas washing of hands, utensils, etc., but not of face, body or clothes Aklanon húgas rinse, wash off Hiligaynon húgas wash hands and other objects except clothes Cebuano húgas wash anything but clothes h-in-úgas dishwasher Tiruray ʔurah wash something Malagasy oza washing some part of one's body Malay (h)uras besprinkle; throw water on the ground so as to moisten the ground Talaud užasa to wash hands Karo Batak uras purification (of weapons, etc.) with lemon juice Toba Batak uras purify someone by sprinkling with citric acid and flowers Sasak oras to clean, wash (of objects, not of clothes) Sangir uhaseʔ wash off, wash (body parts, dishes, but not clothes) Gorontalo huheto wash Lauje ugas to wash (dishes, spoons, etc.) CMP Soboyo hula washing off (of dishes) SHWNG Taba was to wash Buli uas wash oneself, wash the face, dishes, pans, etc. WMP [Itbayaten maŋ-oyas to wash utensils] Hanunóo maŋ-ʔúgas wash hands, coconut shell vessels, etc. Malagasy man-òza to wash, to cleanse Toba Batak maŋ-uras purify something by sprinkling with lime juice and flowers Sasak ŋ-oras to clean, to wash (of objects, not of clothes) Mongondow maŋ-ugat wash the anus with water WMP Isneg max-úxāt to clean, to wash, to rinse, to do (the dishes) Bikol mag-húgas to wash (as dishes, a car; not applied to the face, hands or clothes) WMP Cebuano paŋ-húgas wash oneself Toba Batak paŋ-uras-on what is used to wash something WMP [Itbayaten oyas-an to wash utensils; washing of plates, wounds, boils, hair, feet, boards] Ilokano ugás-an wash, scour, clean, rinse, to do (the dishes) Tagalog hugás-an wash something hugas-án washing tub or basin Cebuano hugás-an place for washing Malagasy ozà-na be washed, be cleansed WMP Bikol hugás-on be washed off Cebuano hugás-un dishes to be washed Sasak oras-in be cleaned, washed (of objects, not of clothes) WMP Cebuano hugás-i wash (imper.) Malagasy oza-y wash (imper.) Formosan Paiwan ki-suay to pass time idly pa-suay to postpone; procrastinate s<m>uay to pass (as time passes) WMP Ilokano ag-úray to wait uray-en to wait for, await ur-úray hopeless, useless; empty; idle Bontok ʔúlay never mind ʔúlay mu even if, even though Ifugaw uláy ~ ulé slowness in moving, walking, laziness; meekness, gentleness, mildness of character Ifugaw (Batad) ulay for someone to calmly tolerate something; for someone or something to do something slowly, gently with something Casiguran Dumagat uhay to wait Ayta Abellan olay to allow or tolerate something (a situation or condition) pa-olay-an moyna never mind Formosan Kavalan suRna snow, ice, frost s<m>uRna to snow Thao ulhza snow, ice, frost Puyuma urla snow Puyuma (Tamalakaw) uRla snow Paiwan sulʸa ice, snow s<m>ulʸa to freeze; to snow Formosan Amis solsol to thread through holes and draw, as to run a drawn string through holes; to string together WMP Cebuano hughúg, h-al-ughúg drawstring in the waistline of clothing to hold it up; put a drawstring at the waist; pass a thread in and out loosely through the edge of cloth in shirring or basting Formosan Amis solot to pull; draw something literally; attract, exert influence on WMP Bontok ʔúlut remove grain from rice panicles by pulling them through one's hands Tagalog hugót pulling or withdrawing (from); unsheathing Bikol hugót remove something with the fingers (as lice from the hair, grains of rice from the stalk) Hanunóo húgut pulling, up as of a loincloth; tightening, as of a binding Cebuano húgut pull in rope or the like; pick nits from a strand of hair Formosan Amis solot-en pull (imper.) WMP Bikol hugút-on remove with the fingers Formosan Amis sosoʔ to let drip out, to drain Paiwan ma-susuq enter a small hole or crack Paiwan (Western) ma-susuq enter a small hole and fall; to leak down WMP Tagalog huhóʔ flowing off of grains or pieces of things Formosan Atayal (Squliq) m-suyap to yawn WMP Kapampangan uyáb yawn, belch Aklanon húyʔab to yawn Hiligaynon húyʔab yawn, to yawn Cebuano huyʔáb yawn Lauje oyab yawn Bare'e uae<M gape, yawn Formosan Saisiyat shoʔo you (sg.) Bunun suu you Tsou suu thou Proto-Rukai *ko-so, *mo-so thou Paiwan su you, your (sg.) WMP Sangir u 2sg. possessive pronoun Wolio u 2sg. and 2pl. actor prefix to verbs SHWNG Numfor u 2sg. subject marker on verbs OC Tolai u thou, you, thee, 2sg. nominative and accusative Gedaged u verbal prefix indicating that the actor is 2sg. Gitua u you (sg.), thou Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka u thou (2sg. conjunctive pronoun)
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email:Blust (content) –Trussel (production)
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