 | Introduction Index to Sets Cognate Sets Finderlist Subgroups Languages Words Proto-form indexes References+ Roots Loans Near Noise Formosan | Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Proto-form indexes
(click on a * for its cognate set)
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Counting proto-forms Counts are shown below the proto-language index line. In counting numbers of entries for any given proto-language it is necessary to distinguish explicit from implicit reconstructions. Explicit reconstructions are always marked with a proto-form which is assigned to a stated proto-language. Implicit reconstructions, on the other hand, are logically implied at various levels by the structure of the family tree, but are not overtly indicated. Thus,PAN*enem 'six' contains three explicit reconstructions, each of which is required because it differs in shape, in meaning, or in both from its antecedent form:
However, sincePAN*enem evidently persisted in the same shape and meaning until the formal changes seen inPEMP*onəm,PMP*enem 'six', andPCEMP*enem 'six' are automatically supplied by the structure of the phylogeny (similar reflexes in CMP languages likewise implyPCMP*enem 'six'). Likewise, sincePEMP*onəm evidently persisted until the innovation which producedPOC*onom,PSHWNG*onəm 'six' is also implied. The highest-order reconstruction in a cognate set is thus always an explicit reconstruction, although any other proto-form that has undergone formal or semantic change from its antecedent is also explicitly indicated. (The indexes, and the counts which appear below the proto-language index line, include both explicit and implicit reconstructions.) |
a b C d e g h i k l m n N ñ ŋ p q r R s S t u w y z *-a₁PANimperative suffix383 *-a₃PANsubjunctive suffix387 *a₄PANhesitation particle381 *a₅PANligature382 *aba₁PANfather10 *aCabPANa cover25 *aCasPANhigh, tall26 *aCayPANdeath33 *adaSPANbring, take along6632 *adiPANno, not7326 *a-enemPANsix (of humans)2376 *a-esaPANone (of humans)2407 *ai₂PANinterjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.83 *ai₃PANcome7828 *ajemPANheart; mind6619 *aken₁PAN1sg oblique7960 *akiPANgrandfather, ancestor6552 *akuPAN1sg nominative; I90 *alaPANtake, get, fetch, obtain; marry118 *ala-enPANbe taken7768 *alapPANfetch, get, take96 *alaq₁PANfetch, get, take108 *alaq-enPANbe taken114 *alikasPANquick, fast11787 *alimPANforget7144 *a(lR)imPANpancreas, spleen12781 *alujaPANto paddle126 *alujahPANant sp.7226 *amaxPANfather134 *amenPAN1pl ex oblique7962 *amiPAN1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive)9702 *aminPANall; finished180 *amuPAN2pl. nominative pronoun9708 *-anPANverbal suffix marking locative voice; nominal suffix marking location254 *aNakPANchild, offspring; son, daughter; interest on a loan183 *aN-aNakPANchild186 *aNayPANinsect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant234 *aŋayPANdeparture (?)9146 *apa₂PANcarry on the back6553 *apuPANgrandparent/grandchild (reciprocal)273 *apuRPANbetel chew272 *aRiPANcome; toward the speaker; let’s go!297 *asa₁PANone305 *asaŋ₃PANvillage7961 *asu₁PANdog320 *aSikPANto sweep, remove trash12771 *ataPAN1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our333 *atuRPANstone wall12104 *au₂PANyes351 *aya₁PANexclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.369 *aya₂PAN(gloss uncertain)370 *baba₁PANcarry a person pick-a-back; ride pick-a-back433 *ba-bahiPANwoman, female6939 *babaw₃PANupper surface, top; highlands; on, upon, over, above428 *babuy₃PANpig441 *babuy-anPANpigpen, pigsty, piggery442 *baCaRPANbroomcorn millet:Panicum miliaceum8795 *bahiPANfemale6934 *bajaq₁PANknow, understand; ask, inquire6439 *bajiwPANedible mushroom sp.7145 *bakaŋ₁PANbowlegged9050 *bakaRPANkind of basket12662 *bakbak₂PANsound of heavy clapping or pounding, smacking sound477 *bakes₁PANbelt; tie around the waist480 *baki₂PANgrandfather6554 *bakuŋ₁PANa lily-like plant:Crinum asiaticum L.484 *balalaCukPANa bird: the woodpecker496 *balaŋaPANshallow earthenware cooking pot or pan519 *balbal₁PANbeating stick; to hit, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)528 *baleŋ₂PANpreserve meat in salt or brine12648 *bales₁PANto answer, retaliate; reciprocate good or evil531 *bali₃PANwind6555 *baliwPANbuy, sell6557 *baliw₂PANreturn559 *baluNPANbind, bundle578 *banawPANlake9239 *baNaRPANa thorny vine:Smilax spp.611 *baNaSPANmale (of animals)614 *baNawPANa thorny vine:Smilax spp.619 *baNiCPANto skin, flay627 *bañawPANwash the body754 *baŋaSPANa tree:Melia azedarach7114 *baŋawPANpaddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field760 *baŋbaŋ₂PANbutterfly, moth766 *baŋbaŋ₆PANloud resounding sound773 *baŋeliSPANtusk; canine tooth776 *baŋ(e)qeR₁PANrotten smell, stench801 *baŋeSPANskin7227 *baŋeSiSPANfragrant804 *baŋun₁PANthe Japanese cypress:Chamaecyparis obtusa7304 *baŋuNPANwake up, get out of bed787 *baqeRuhPANnew; bachelor645 *baqeSiŋPANsneeze7146 *baqiPANgrandmother6438 *barat₁PANcrossbeam668 *baRahPANember, glowing coal652 *baRaŋPANrib (?)9176 *baRaq₁PANlung662 *baRat₁PANcrossbeam666 *baRat₂PANcucumber:Cucumis sativus6620 *b<aR>eŋbeŋPANbuzzing, droning, humming1065 *baReqPANabscess, boil, swelling on the body696 *baRijaPANweaver's sword (lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)698 *baRiuSPANtyphoon702 *baRujPANa dove: probablyDucula spp.709 *basbas₁PANhit, strike720 *basbas₂PANsprinkle721 *baseqPANwash clothes6444 *basuqPANto wash6455 *baSaqPANa flood; to overflow, be in flood461 *baSawPANcold, of leftover food; leftovers from a meal7066 *baSayPANa hairy vine:Pueraria hirsuta7070 *batu₃PANto throw6501 *batuxPANstone; testicle6485 *bayuPANto pound rice6785 *beCeŋPANmillet sp., probably foxtail millet:Setaria italica811 *beCikPANtattoo813 *beCuPANcallus, blister820 *bedulPANswelling of the body824 *bejbej₁PANwrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping; bundle of wrapped material830 *bekas₁PANto spring a trap842 *bekas₂PANswift, fast843 *bekbek₂PANsound of breaking, etc.855 *bekuCPANto bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked868 *belaqPANpart of something split879 *beliPANto buy909 *benanPANdeer of the genusCervus, either the sika deer or sambar deer7228 *beNbeNPANbanana:Musa sapientum L.6559 *beNelemPANovercast, twilight10931 *beNuCPANpull out, extract945 *beŋbeŋ₁PANblocked, as by a wall or curtain1061 *beŋbeŋ₂PANbuzz, hum1064 *beriqPANsplit, tear open973 *beRasPANrice between harvesting and cooking; husked rice950 *beRas-anPANcontainer in which rice is stored952 *beRayPANgive957 *beRekPANdomesticated pig965 *beReqaŋPANmolar tooth970 *beRŋawPANbluebottle, large fly993 *beRŋi-nPANnight998 *beRuSPANa plant:Rhus semialata6560 *besPANwhizzing sound1019 *besuRPANsatisfied from having eaten enough, satiated1011 *betakPANcrack, split open (as dry ground)1020 *betiesPANcalf of the leg1035 *betik₁PANsnap the fingers; flick with the finger, fillip1037 *betuŋ₁PANbamboo of very large diameter, probablyDendrocalamus sp.1046 *biaCPANdraw a bow to its full extent1096 *biCukaPANstomach1106 *bilaŋ₁PANto count, calculate; hold valuable1148 *biliNPANto follow after someone, walk behind7115 *b<in>ahiPANwoman, wife6941 *b<in>eCikPANtattooed, marked with a design815 *b<in>elaqPANto have been split, cloven in two881 *bineSiqPANseed set aside for the next planting1190 *b<in>uRukPANto have become rotten1771 *biNiCPANhold in the hand1194 *biŋiCPANmoody, irritable1309 *biqelPANgoiter6463 *biqiRPANlopsided, off-balance1213 *biqutPANcurved, crooked, bent1215 *biraŋPANanger, angry1234 *birbir₂PANshiver, shake, tremble1240 *biriCPANto tear, rip1242 *biRaq₁PANwild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp.1218 *biRaSPANroe, fish eggs1224 *biRaSuPANcane grass,Miscanthus sp.1223 *biRbiRPANlip1235 *bisuRPANsatisfied from having eaten enough, satiated1269 *bitbit₁PANpull at some part of the body1278 *bituqenPANstar1295 *bua₁PANfoam, bubbles, froth1356 *buakPANbubbling up (as spring water)1325 *bual₁PANspring, source of fresh water1327 *buaqPANfruit1329 *buay₂PAN(gloss uncertain)1355 *bubu₂PANconical bamboo basket trap for fish1366 *bubu₆PANgrandparent/grandchild (reciprocal term of address)1370 *bubuR₁PANjellyfish1365 *buCaPANmote in the eye; blind; blindness1381 *buCa-en maCaPANget a mote in the eye1386 *buCaqPANfoam, froth1380 *buCbuCPANpull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)1393 *buCuPANcallus, corn; blister1405 *buCuqPANtesticles1401 *buhaŋPANhole, pit1449 *buhetPANsquirrel1450 *bujeq₁PANfoam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth1466 *bukasPANrelease, undo6713 *bukeSPANhead hair1499 *bukijPANmountain; forested inland mountain areas1506 *bukuNPANback (anat.)9177 *bula₂PANto give7305 *bulaNPANmoon, month; menstruation1533 *bulaR₁PANcataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision1552 *bulawPANgolden colored1560 *bulaw-anPANgold1561 *bulbulPANdust, pulverized stone1568 *buled₁PANmountain1570 *buleSPANa tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany:Shorea albus Foxw.12773 *buli-PANprefix of the *qali, *kali- series1591 *bulilikPANlizard sp.1580 *buluNPANcompanion1597 *buluq₂PANtype of slender bamboo;Schizostachyum spp.1601 *b<um>aliwPANbuy6558 *b<um>asuqPANto wash6456 *bunabunPANrice seedling1632 *bunajPANsand11687 *bunuR₁PANto swell; swollen7293 *bunuSPANmachete6561 *buNbuNPANfontanelle; crown of the head1638 *buNiPANto hide, conceal1647 *buNuq₁PANa constellation: the Pleiades1681 *buNuq₂PANthrow at, hit with a projectile1684 *buŋaPANflower, blossom7349 *buŋuhPANhead12775 *buŋuRPANtree sp.1913 *buqayaPANcrocodile1710 *buRawPANdrive off, chase away, expel1737 *buRayPANflower7417 *buReSPANspray water from the mouth1751 *buRukPANrotten meat; addled eggs; bad character1770 *busuR₁PANenemy1796 *busuR₂PANhunting bow1797 *buSukPANdrunkenness, intoxication1786 *buuŋPANbuzzing or humming sound1850 *CabCabPANclap, beat, hack1935 *CabuPANto wrap6635 *Ca-CapuhPANbroom6563 *Ca-CaqiSPANthread used for sewing (?)1999 *CaCawPANpupil of the eye1936 *Ca-CawaPANto laugh2025 *CakawPANsteal1937 *Cakaw-anPAN(gloss uncertain)1950 *CakiPANfeces, excreta1955 *CaliPANcultivated taro:Colocasia esculenta6621 *CaliŋaPANear1973 *Caliŋa nu kaSiwPANwood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks1975 *CaliSPANrope, cord, twine, string1959 *CaluNPANfallow land; secondary forest1977 *CaNemPANgrave; to bury7437 *CaNem-enPANwhat is buried or planted7451 *CaNumPANcarry water7454 *CaŋelajPANelephant grass, miscanthus grass:Themeda gigantea10710 *CaŋilaPANear2037 *CaŋisPANweep, cry; mourn; to beseech2039 *Caŋis-anPANto cry over something or someone7774 *CapaPANto smoke fish or meat for preservation1981 *CapaŋPANa patch, as on clothing1988 *CapelPANa patch; to patch1990 *CapuhPANsweep6562 *CaqiPANfeces, excrement2004 *CaqiSPANto sew1997 *CaqiS-anPANplace of sewing2000 *CaquPANto know how, be able to, be skilled at7838 *Caqu-anPAN(gloss uncertain)7843 *CaSawPANopen-air; outdoors2011 *CauPANperson, human being2014 *Cau CauPAN(gloss uncertain)2021 *Cau nu maCaPANpupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)8614 *CawaPANto laugh2023 *CawiNPANyear6564 *CazemPANsharp (of point or blade)2032 *CebakPANsmack against2048 *CebejPANspring of water, spring water12122 *CebiqPANsplit, divide, break off6538 *CebujPANnatural spring, fresh water spring2050 *CebukPANthud2052 *CebuNPANsmoke6637 *CebuŋPANto meet, come together7116 *CebuSPANsugarcane:Saccharum officinarum2054 *CegCegPANbeat, pound, hit2056 *CegCegPANto beat, pound on5459 *CekCekPANpierce, penetrate2059 *CekedPANto rest, take a break from work or other activity11688 *CekeSPANkind of very slender bamboo6622 *CelaqPANcrack, split, fissure2063 *CelCelPANbeat, pound2065 *Ceme-CemelPANuncultivated land6566 *CemelPANgrass, herbs; medicine6565 *CenekPANthorn2069 *CeRabPANa belch2072 *CesekPANinsert, pierce, penetrate2077 *CiduPANspoon, ladle, dipper2083 *CikelPANreturn, go back2088 *C<in>akawPANwhat is stolen, stolen goods; was stolen (past tense of direct passive)1948 *C<in>aliSPANwas made into rope; what was made into rope1965 *C<in>apaPANsmoked fish or meat1986 *C<in>aqiPANsmall intestine2006 *C<in>aqiSPANwork produced by sewing or stitching2003 *C<in>uNuhPANbe roasted (by someone)2125 *CiŋaSPANfood particles caught between the teeth2098 *CiqawPANfish sp.2094 *-CuPAN2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then2168 *CubuqPANplant sprout2106 *CugCug₁PANhit something against something else2113 *CugCug₂PANknock or bump the head7931 *CukulPANhuddle, bow the head5706 *CuliPANdeaf6917 *C<um>abuPANto wrap6636 *C<um>akiPANdefecate1957 *C<um>aliSPANto tie with rope, fasten with rope1967 *C<um>aŋisPANto weep, cry, mourn7773 *C<um>apuPANto sweep9609 *C<um>aqiPANto defecate2008 *C<um>aqiSPANto sew2002 *CumayPANFormosan black bear6567 *CumekPANpulverize; crumble2118 *CumeSPANclothes louse; body louse2119 *C<um>ubuqPANto sprout, to grow2108 *C<um>ugCugPANknock or bump the head7933 *C<um>uNuhPANto roast (intr.)2127 *C<um>uSuRPANto string beads, etc.2153 *CuNuhPANroast food over a fire2122 *CuNuh-anPANto roast2129 *CuŋCuŋPANmake a booming sound10559 *CuqelaNPANcondylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish2143 *CuquRPANa tree:Bischofia javanica12726 *CurisPANscratch a line2146 *CuSuRPANstring together, as beads2149 *CuSuR-enPANbe strung, be skewered2152 *CuzuqPANindex finger10560 *daPANlocative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)8797 *da-amaxPANfather135 *dadaNPANold, of things; ancient times7018 *da-duSaPANtwo, of people7877 *dajamPANaccustomed to, tame2181 *dajemPANchills, as of malaria2183 *dakepPANcatch, seize; embrace7077 *dakep-enPANbe caught, captured7080 *dakeSPANa tree: the camphor laurel:Cinnamomum spp.6682 *dakiPANdirt on skin; dandruff6611 *dakiSPANclimb, ascend6612 *dakuCPANsnatch, grab2186 *dalayapPANkind of citrus tree and fruit6856 *dalemPANin, inside; deep7088 *damaR₁PANtree resin used in torches (?)8079 *damuq₁PANmenstrual blood?6723 *damuq₂PANdew12776 *danawPANlake7109 *danum-anPAN(gloss uncertain)7463 *daNiPANsoon, presently; almost12187 *daNumPANfresh water7456 *daŋdaŋ₁PANbroil; warm oneself or something near a fire6963 *daŋdaŋ-anPANplace something near a fire6969 *dapaPANpalm of the hand2210 *dapaNPANsole of the foot; footprint6704 *dapuR₂PANpile up, as stones12082 *daqaNPANold, ancient7020 *daqaNiPANday2197 *daqiSPANforehead; face6464 *daqu₂PANsoapberry:Sapindus mukrossi,S. saponaria6568 *daRa₁PANFormosan maple:Liquidambar formosana6569 *daRaqPANblood; to bleed; menstruate7205 *daReqPANsoil, probably clay2200 *daRiŋPANgroan, moan2202 *daRiqPANsoil, probably clay8900 *daSdaSPANchest (anat.)2203 *dataRPANflat, flat or level land7564 *dawiNPANfar6634 *dayaPANupriver, toward the interior7210 *debdebPANchest2216 *dekdek₂PANto tamp down, compact something12798 *dekeCPANpaste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)8087 *dekepPANembrace2222 *dekiŋPANto bark, of a deer2223 *delesPANbowstring2226 *demdem₁PANbrood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still2227 *demdem₂PANgloom, darkness; dark, overcast, gloomy7567 *deŋdeŋ₂PANthunder; roaring or thunderous sound12084 *deŋeRPANto hear; sound8248 *depahPANfathom7748 *depuŋPANvenomous snake2230 *deruŋPANdeep booming sound2237 *deRdeRPANthunder2232 *deRuŋ₁PANdistant rolling thunder2238 *detdetPANpacked tightly together7329 *diPANlocative case marker (probably for singular personal names;cf. * *dikeCPANsticky, adhesive2248 *dikitPANlittle, few, small in amount2249 *dilaq₁PANto lick7129 *di-niPANhere3678 *diNaŋPANrust; hematite7117 *diRiPANto stand7383 *diRusPANbathe7330 *disdisPANcut, slice2256 *diteqPANsticky substance2258 *duaPANover there, yonder7323 *du-duSaPAN(gloss uncertain)7879 *duhduhPANthunder2269 *dukduk₁PANginger6708 *dukduk₄PANto thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab12793 *du(ŋ)kuŋPANbend, curve2284 *dumaPANsomeone; other people; be different7685 *d<um>akepPANto catch, capture; embrace7079 *d<um>akiSPANclimb, ascend6613 *d<um>ilaqPANto lick7131 *duRiPANthorn6825 *duSaPANtwo7874 *duSa duSaPANtwo by two, two at a time; two each7909 *duSa-enPANbe divided into two7906 *edem₂PANsoak, dye2298 *-enPANverbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action2381 *enemPANsix2361 *esaPANone2406 *gaCelPANitch, feel itchy7150 *garaŋ₁PANfierce, intense, as of appetite or temper8842 *garuCPANcomb8580 *gaRaŋPANsmall edible freshwater crab3069 *gayaŋPANhunting spear7611 *geCelPANto pinch9002 *gemelPANtake in the hand, clasp, grasp2489 *gemgemPANfist; hold in the fist7612 *gereCPANslit an animal's throat2500 *gerger₁PANshake, shiver, tremble2501 *geriCPANsound of ripping, gnawing, etc.2503 *getilPANto pinch9004 *giŋgiŋPANcold, shivering8237 *giRiŋPANringing sound2519 *gisgis₁PANrub, scrape against2520 *guCguC₁PANpluck, pull out2523 *guCguC₂PANto scratch, as an itch12717 *guŋguŋPANdeep resounding sound2537 *g<um>aruCPANto comb8583 *gumuNPANbody hair8876 *gurgur₁PANsound of boiling water2526 *gurisPANline; scratch a line8265 *guRiCaPANoctopus7148 *gusgusPANto scrape, scratch, rub2531 *gusiPANgums2532 *guSamPANa fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush7489 *gutgut₁PANfront teeth, incisors2524 *haŋutPANsmell, odor2633 *hesek₂PANdrive in stakes or posts12244 *hisepPANsuck, inhale2705 *hukaqPANloosen, open2730 *hulhul₁PANto bark, of a dog7237 *huRaCPANartery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon5840 *i aCasPANabove, on top28 *i babawPANabove, on top of430 *-i₁PANimperative suffix3033 *i₁PANexclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.3029 *i₂PANgeneric marker of location in space or time3030 *i₃PANpersonal article3031 *ia₁PAN3sg. personal pronoun: he, she; him, her, it2785 *i-akuPAN1sg., I, me11661 *i-amenPAN1pl.ex oblique12091 *i-amiPAN1pl. excl. nominative, we9703 *ian₂PANdwell, reside, live in a place2775 *ia-niPANthis; here3680 *ibaSPANcompanion, close relative, other one2792 *i-CuPANthat (2p)2172 *idas₁PANaffine of Ego's generation2814 *ijanPANwhen?2827 *i-kaSuPAN2sg., you9766 *ikuDPANto follow2839 *ikudPANto sit10690 *ikuRPANtail2840 *iluR₂PANriver channel2865 *imaPANwho?6624 *imahPANdrink12644 *<in>PANperfective marker2934 *inaPANmother, mother's sister2887 *in-alapPANthat which has been taken; was taken by104 *iná-qPANmother, mother's sister (address, vocative)2896 *i-niPANthis, here3679 *iniPANnegative marker: no, not6638 *inuPANwhere?2930 *i-nuPANplace which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?3700 *iŋ(e)pisPANthin (of material objects)5341 *iŋsuŋPANwooden rice mortar3060 *ipitPANnear, come near; edge, border2941 *iRikPANthresh with the feet (as rice)2956 *isa isaPANdistributive; one-by-one, one at a time2969 *isa₁PANone2965 *isa-ŋaPANthe remaining one2968 *isi₅PANflesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers); contents; blade of a knife; inhabitants, residents2985 *iSeqPANurine, urinate2978 *iSiqPANurine, urinate2980 *iSuPAN2sg. personal pronoun: you2999 *ita₁PANwe (incl.)3004 *itenPAN1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)3008 *iten₃PANwe (incl.)7699 *i-tiPAN1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here5635 *iukPANcitrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)7372 *ka- -an₁PANmarker of the adversative passive9736 *ka- -an₂PANformative for nouns of location9737 *ka- -an₃PANformative for abstract nouns (often deverbal)9738 *ka-₁PANmarker of past time in temporal expressions3145 *ka₁PANconjunctive particle, and3146 *ka₂PANconditional, if3147 *ka-₂PANstative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to *ka₃PANoblique case marker for plural personal names8800 *ka-₅PANformative for abstract nouns of quality9730 *ka-aCayPANkill (?)35 *ka-aCay-anPANlose someone through death (?)36 *ka-bajaqPANknow, understand6441 *kabal₁PANclothing9746 *kabaRPANclothing9748 *kabit₁PANhook7239 *kabus₂PANshrimp, lobster9756 *ka-CaSaw-anPAN(gloss uncertain)2013 *ka-Cau-anPAN(gloss uncertain)2016 *kaCuPANbring, carry3067 *ka-dataR-anPANplain, region of level land7566 *kaenPANeat8008 *kaen-anPANplace where one eats; food8030 *kaen-ayPANwill eat8032 *kaen-enPANbe eaten by someone; cooked rice8033 *kaen-iPANeat it!8036 *kahuSPANscoop up6571 *kahutPANto take in one’s hand; handful12794 *kaijaPANwhen? (in the past)9787 *kakPANsound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.3073 *kaka₂PANelder sibling9742 *kakaCuPANspider6570 *ka-kaen-anPANplace where one eats8023 *ka-kaen-enPANedible things, food8024 *kakakPANcaw, cackle8921 *ka-kalihPANdigging stick7705 *kaŋkaŋ₂PANresounding sound9079 *k-akuPAN1sg oblique: to me, for me92 *ka-kuRiPANa rake6581 *kalaw₁PANbird sp.3080 *kalaw₂PANeyebrow12777 *kali-PANprefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. *kali₁PANcanal, ditch3084 *kalihPANa hole in the ground; to dig up, excavate, as tubers7702 *kaluŋkuŋPANdeep resounding sound10101 *kamayPANhand3090 *kamayaPANplant sp.:Diospyros discolor3089 *k-amiPAN1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive)9705 *k-amuPAN2pl. nominative, you all9709 *kamu-yuPAN2pl. nominative, you all9712 *ka-nu₁PANinterrogative; probably 'when?'3701 *kaNasayPANa fish: the mullet3101 *kaNawaSPANa small tree bearing round, green fruit:Ehretia spp.12683 *k<aN>uSkuSPANclaw, talon, fingernail7274 *ka-pajay-anPAN(gloss uncertain)7676 *ka-piliq-anPAN(gloss uncertain)8123 *kapitPANfasten together by sewing or tying8920 *ka-pitu-anPANseventh month (?)8325 *kapkapPANfeel in the dark, grope3111 *kapuaPANsilk cotton, kapok7306 *ka-qudip-anPANlivelihood4639 *karkarPANscratch up the earth, as a fowl3120 *karusPANto scratch, scrape9829 *k<ar>uSkuSPANscrape, scratch something from a surface3302 *karut₁PANscrape, rasp3124 *ka-Rabi-anPAN(gloss uncertain)7376 *kaRaCPANto bite7712 *kaRaC-iPANbite (imperative)7716 *kaRaw₁PANto scratch an itch7723 *kaRi₁PANword, speech, language9794 *kaRusPANscrape3123 *kaS(e)palPANthick, of solid objects3130 *kaSi-kaSiwPANwooded, having lots of trees7808 *kaSiwPANwood; tree7794 *kaSiw-enPAN(gloss uncertain)7806 *kaSkaSPANscratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food6614 *kaSuPAN2sg., you9764 *ka-tanem-anPANarea that is planted(?)7447 *katawaPANcastor bean:Ricinus communis L.10249 *ka-teluPAN(gloss uncertain)8420 *kati₁PANexhortation to call a person or animal7731 *katkat₂PANcome undone, of stitches9799 *kauSPANscoop up, as with a fish net11654 *ka-wanaNPANright (side, hand, direction)9475 *kawaS₁PANyear, season; sky, heaven6573 *kawaS₂PANtalk, talk about, discuss7255 *kaway₃PANnet bag used by men for carrying things on back7118 *kawayanPANbamboo,Bambusa spp., probablyBambusa spinosa9776 *kawil₁PANfishhook7240 *ka-wiRiPANleft side or direction5999 *kawitPANhook7243 *kawkaw₁PANsickle for harvesting grain7119 *ka-zalan-anPANimprovised trail, trail made by passing through?7593 *kebkeb₂PANto lie prone, face down12873 *kediPANsmall in size or amount3158 *kedipPANto blink3156 *keŋkeŋ₁PANhollow, resounding sound3203 *kelemPANdark, overcast, visually obscure8717 *kelipPANto blink3167 *kemkem₂PANbite down hard10079 *keNaPANbe ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true3173 *kepitPANpress together; pressed together9180 *keretPANto sever, cut off10116 *keriqPANchattering, crying of monkeys3184 *keRan₁PANscab on a wound8883 *keRaŋ₂PANscab, crust on a wound3182 *keRaŋ₃PANdry8884 *keRetPANcut something slender or soft; reap crops7120 *keRet-enPANbe cut7122 *keRiwPANhemp plant; hemp6574 *keRkeRPANshake, tremble3186 *keRuŋPANresounding sound3190 *keseRPANstrength, vigor, force11019 *keskes₁PANscratch, scrape3192 *ketilPANpinch off3196 *ketunPANcut, sever6639 *kezemPANclose the eyes3199 *kezuCPANto jerk suddenly, jump when startled9977 *ki-PANprefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)8785 *ki₂PANoblique case marker for personal nouns8787 *kiawPANpuling sound of a bird3214 *kiCiŋPANbody part3215 *ki-CuNuhPAN(gloss uncertain)2131 *kidiqPANto tickle3217 *kiŋkiŋ₁PANringing sound3248 *kikuRPANtail8891 *kilalaPANto know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with; to feel, perceive8773 *kiluŋPANcurved; bay3229 *k<in>a-Cau-anPANnature, character2018 *k<in>aCuPANwas brought; what was brought6605 *k<in>aenPANwas eaten; what was eaten8025 *k<in>aen-anPANwhat was eaten; food8031 *k<in>alih-anPANplace that has been dug up7709 *k<in>aRaC-anPANthe bite of an animal7722 *k<in>ujaPANwhat has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?7469 *kiŋeRPANto hear10059 *kipitPANnarrow; pinch between tongs, etc.9932 *kiRimPANseek, search, look for6575 *kiRim-enPANbe looked for6578 *kiRkiRPANrasp, file6705 *kiRusPANscrape3239 *kiskisPANto shave, scrape off9836 *kiSkiSPANscrape off3240 *kitaPANwe (incl.)7701 *k-itaPANwe (incl.)11768 *kita₂PANto see8527 *kita-enPANbe seen by someone (?)8533 *ki-tunuhPAN(gloss uncertain)2132 *kiwkiwPANto wave, wag (tail); to stir (people) up9802 *-kuPAN1sg genitive (marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)8769 *kuPANoblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka)8801 *kuan₁PANhamlet; kin-based residential unit3257 *kuawPANkind of bird and the sound of its call3258 *kuCkuCPANroll up, curl up tightly7295 *kuCuxPANhead louse7640 *kudemPANdarkened by clouds, overcast3259 *kudenPANclay cooking pot6510 *kudeŋPANclay cooking pot9249 *kudisPANscurfy skin disease; scabies3260 *kudkudPANhoof, lower leg of an ungulate3262 *kujaPANhow?, how is it? what is the matter?7467 *kukuŋ₁PANsmall bird that produces a deep resounding call9183 *kuŋkuŋ₁PANdeep resounding sound; slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages9184 *kulaCPANbracket fungus,Polyporus spp.8465 *kulay₁PANworm, insect6641 *kuliCPANrind, peeling of fruits or tubers7213 *k<um>aCuPANto bring, to carry along6606 *k<um>aenPANto eat8027 *k<um>ahuSPANscoop up6572 *k<um>aliPANto dig up, excavate, as tubers7708 *k<um>aRaCPANto bite7720 *k<um>aRawPANto scratch an itch7724 *k<um>aSiwPAN(gloss uncertain)7802 *k<um>auSPANto scoop up, as with a fish net11655 *k<um>eRetPANcut something slender7121 *kumeSPANpubic hair9845 *k<um>etunPANchop up, as firewood8245 *k<um>iRimPANto seek, search, look for6577 *kumiSPANpubic hair8002 *k<um>itaPANto see8532 *k<um>uCuPANto delouse7649 *k<um>ujaPAN(gloss uncertain)7470 *k<um>uRiPANto rake6582 *k<um>uSkuSPANto scrape7268 *kuNkuNPANFormosan hill partridge6579 *ku(ŋ)kuŋPANdeep resonant sound; name of a bird with deep resonant cry3322 *kupitPANpress together, close tightly3280 *kurapPANringworm9778 *kuris₁PANscurfy skin disease; scabies3290 *kurkurPANdig in the soil10020 *kuRiPANrake6580 *kuSaPANwork3299 *kuSkuS₁PANclaw, talon, fingernail7272 *kuSkuS₂PANscrape3301 *kutiPANvulva, vagina7453 *kutkut₂PANscrape off9850 *kuya₁PANbad, defective6642 *labaw₁PANrat8172 *labeR₂PANroam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered11771 *labiqPANexcess, surplus8759 *laCeŋPANstinging nettle:Laportea spp.7166 *lahudPANdownstream, toward the sea7039 *lahuNPANsteam, vapor8156 *lajamPANfamiliar with, accustomed to7492 *lakat₂PANwalk, take a step11755 *lakupPANcover, wrapping7872 *lalayPANcicada11727 *la-limaPANfive (in counting people)7390 *lama₂PANold, former3343 *lamlam₁PANimpetuous3347 *laŋawPANhousefly7573 *laŋaw-enPANinfested with flies, covered with flies7576 *laŋ(e)siPANunpleasant odor3395 *laŋiCPANsky7528 *laŋuPANvertigo3393 *lapaqPANto cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal11425 *lapisPANflying squirrel6643 *laplapPANloose (as of clothing)3356 *lapusPANuntie (a knot), undress, remove clothes12739 *laRaŋPANto forbid3360 *laRiwPANrun, run away, flee, escape3361 *lasuq₁PANhot; blistered by heat11527 *la(n)tukPANcurved, bowed3390 *lawa₁PANwide3373 *lawaq₂PANspider; spiderweb8177 *lawaRPANflying squirrel6583 *lawas₁PANwide, broad3371 *lawas₃PANinternode of bamboo; section of something11643 *lawayPANthread, yarn11785 *layapPANto fly3378 *layaRPANsail7409 *layuPANwither, wilt7111 *lebeŋ₁PANto bury7171 *lebleb₁PANfoggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain7256 *lecikPANfly off, of solid bits or water droplets3404 *ledepPANto dive, swim under water11645 *ledledPANto rub the eyes11647 *lekabPANopen, uncover3452 *lekuq₁PANbend; bending part, joint10897 *lemek₁PANsoft3412 *lemlemPANdark, of weather; overcast3418 *lepaw₁PANhut3423 *lezepPANsubmerge, disappear under water3438 *lidamPANtongue11663 *liduŋPANshelter, cover, protection; shade9153 *likaCPANlightning7276 *likawPANcurve, bend, winding7531 *likeSPANmosquito6584 *likudPANback7535 *likud-anPANback area, place at the back?7539 *liku-likudPAN(gloss uncertain)7540 *liku-likud-anPAN(gloss uncertain)7541 *limaPANfive7384 *linuRPANearthquake3472 *liNuŋPANcalm, tranquil, of the surface of water3475 *liŋaw₁PANshadow3486 *lipasPANto pass, pass by11541 *lipenPANtooth7105 *lipetPANto fold, fold over9031 *lipuCPANdisappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view11546 *liqeRPANneck7356 *liseqeSPANnit, egg of a hair louse7817 *litlitPANwind around, bind by winding around11460 *liuSPANcircumambulate, circumvent3481 *lubaŋ₁PANburial pit7311 *lubuk₃PANbag, sack12818 *luCuŋPANthe Formosan rock monkey:Macaca cyclopis6845 *ludaqPANsaliva11788 *luemPANripe3531 *lukeNawPANFormosan clouded leopard6585 *lukuCPANparasitic plant sp.3518 *lulujPANshin7542 *luluNPANto roll up, as a mat7543 *l<um>edepPANto dive, swim under water11646 *l<um>ubaŋPANto bury, place in a pit or hole7314 *l<um>udaqPANto spit11782 *luNuŋPANcloud11953 *lupas₁PANpeach7229 *lupaSPANspit, spit out3533 *luSeqPANtears7667 *lutayPANweak, exhausted11589 *lutuk₁PANthe Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus6586 *ma-₁PANstative prefix8752 *ma-₂PANfuture prefix8753 *ma-aCayPANdie; dead; eclipse of sun or moon37 *ma-alaPANbe fetched, be taken7786 *ma-alapPANbe taken99 *ma-anakPAN(gloss uncertain)192 *ma-bajaqPANknow, understand6442 *ma-bali₁PANwindy6556 *ma-bañawPANwash the body757 *ma-baSawPANcooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long7068 *ma-belaqPANbe split, in two882 *ma-besuRPANsatiated, full from eating1016 *ma-b<in>ahiPANfemale, woman11824 *ma-buCaPANblind1389 *ma-bunuRPANto swell; swollen7294 *ma-buRawPANdriven away, chased off1741 *ma-buSukPANdrunk, intoxicated1788 *maCaPANeye, focal point, center or most prominent part8601 *ma-CakawPANto steal1940 *ma-CaŋisPANtearful, crying easily2041 *ma-CaquPANto be capable, able, knowledgeable7841 *ma-CawaPANto laugh2028 *ma-CuNuhPANroasted2133 *ma-dajamPANaccustomed to, tame2182 *ma-dajemPANchills, as of malaria2184 *ma-dalemPANdeep7092 *ma-dalisPANsmooth, slippery2192 *ma-daRaqPANbloody, bleeding; to menstruate7207 *ma-demdemPANdark, overcast, gloomy7569 *ma-hemisPANsweet2648 *ma-kaenPANwill eat (?)8010 *maka-enemPANsix times (frequentative multiplicative)2366 *maka-limaPANfive times7391 *maka-pijaPAN(for) how many days?8052 *maka-pituPAN(gloss uncertain)8314 *ma-kaRaCPANto be bitten7718 *maka-SepatPANfour times5170 *maka-waluPANeight times (frequentative, multiplicative)5947 *ma-keseRPANstrong, vigorous, energetic, forceful11020 *ma-kiRimPANfound?6576 *ma-kuCuPAN(gloss uncertain)7642 *ma-kujaPANwhat are you doing? what’s happening?7471 *ma-kuliCPANskinny, thin, underweight9145 *ma-laŋuPANdizzy, drunk3394 *ma-laRiwPANrun, run away, flee3362 *ma-leblebPANfoggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain7265 *ma-lima-NPANfifty7401 *maliqiPANpregnant3563 *ma-litlitPANbe or become wound around something11461 *mamahPANfather’s brother8745 *ma-najamPANaccustomed to, familiar with; tame3642 *manuPANinterrogative marker: which?3571 *manukPANchicken6948 *maNaŋPANsharp7296 *ma-NipisPANthin (of materials)8673 *ma-NiwaŋPANthin, of persons and animals7051 *ma-NukaPANwounded3708 *ma-ŋiluPANpainful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour7505 *ma-paqiCPANbitter6874 *ma-piliqPAN(gloss uncertain)8116 *ma-piNayPANlame, crippled10863 *ma-pizpizPANclosely spaced, set close together7415 *ma-pukawPANdim, of vision7525 *ma-puNiPANwhite6685 *ma-puSaNPANtwenty6647 *ma-qaCiPANebb, of water in streams; low tide4144 *ma-qajawPANsunny, hot4150 *ma-qataqPANraw, unripe4341 *maqawPANa plant:Litsea cubeba (Lour.)6587 *ma-qetaqPANraw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked4488 *ma-qudemPANdark, cloudy12890 *ma-quSawPANthirsty4750 *ma-quzaNPANrainy4783 *maR-amaxPANto be father and child136 *maR-buaqPANbear fruit1336 *maRe-anakPANparent and child199 *maR-inaPANto be mother and child2898 *maR-luSeqPANto shed tears, weep7669 *maR-qaniPANharvest; to harvest4227 *maSPANand3572 *ma-SasakPANripe; cooked5066 *ma-SateDPANescort, accompany5079 *ma-SepatPAN(gloss uncertain)5168 *ma-SeReCPANtight, firm8210 *ma-SeyaqPANshy, embarrassed; ashamed5205 *ma-SikadPANashamed; shy; modest7263 *ma-SuabPANto yawn, yawning5361 *ma-SuawPANto yawn6695 *ma-SulemPANdim, dark5392 *mata nu qalejawPANsun (‘eye of the day’)8628 *ma-takutPANfearful, afraid7427 *ma-talawPANfearful, cowardly7421 *ma-taŋaPANwill open?6711 *-matekPANjungle leech,Haemadipsa spp.6861 *ma-teluPAN(gloss uncertain)8424 *ma-tuduRPANto sleep8360 *ma-tunuhPANroasted2134 *ma-tuqaSPANold, of people11752 *ma-tuqaS tuqaSPANold, elder, senior8514 *ma-ulawPANdazed, confused5765 *-meCaqPANpaddy leech10103 *-medawPANdizzy, giddy11715 *mesmesPANgrasp, grip, squeeze3584 *metmetPANto hold tightly12729 *mi-PANprefix marking possession of some object10846 *mi-da-duSaPANdo something with someone else, perform an action together7892 *m<in>aCaPANopen-eyed (?)8606 *m<in>aCayPANburial ground (?)64 *mu-PANmovement prefix8789 *mudaqPANyoung (of fruits); immature12796 *mujiŋPANface (human)7282 *mujiŋ-anPAN(gloss uncertain)7283 *mulaPANto plant3630 *mulmulPANhold in the mouth and suck3631 *mumuPANFormosan blind mole:Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe)7187 *muRmuRPANgargle, rinse the mouth3635 *-naPANdistal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there; then3655 *na₂PANlinker marking emphatic attribution3654 *na₃PANgenitive of plural personal names8693 *najamPANaccustomed to, familiar with; tame3641 *n-amiPAN1pl. excl. genitive, our9707 *n-amuPAN2pl. genitive, your, by you9711 *na-nuPANwhat(?)3703 *naNaqPANpus7221 *naRaPANto wait72 *nasukPANcook by boiling3650 *nayPANdeictic particle: this6644 *nemaPANwhat thing?7324 *nemnemPANthink3662 *-niPANproximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here; now3677 *niPANgenitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns; marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb8781 *ni-aPAN3sg. agent/possessor385 *ni-iaPAN3sg. genitive, his, her12619 *ni-imaPANwhose?8840 *nimasPANbailer in a canoe8539 *nipenPANtooth7136 *n-itaPAN1st pers. incl. genitive; our7698 *nu-PANfuture marker with words for days11638 *-nu₁PANmarker of uncertainty3687 *nu₁PANif, when (in future)3715 *-nu₂PAN2sg possessor and non-subject agent8790 *nu₃PANgenitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)8802 *nukaPANto make hemp yarn12666 *numaPANhow?12730 *nunuhPANfemale breast7789 *Na₁PANconjunction: and3652 *Na₂PANalready8754 *NabekPANbreakers, surf, waves3639 *NaCeŋPANvegetables7284 *NaliPANcicada3644 *NamatPANiron (metal)7307 *NaŋuyPANto swim8380 *NaqejiPANboundary between adjacent rice fields7230 *NasuPANcook by boiling8110 *NataDPANoutside7286 *NayadPANa plant:Sambucus formosana12731 *NeŋPANlook, see3666 *NeŋNeŋPANstare, look fixedly3664 *NibuPANlair, den of an animal6588 *NihibPANrock shelter, cave under a rock7123 *NipisPANthinness (of materials)8860 *NiSawaPANbreath; to breathe7967 *NitaqPANtype of soil, clay12782 *NiteqPANsap of a tree or plant3674 *NiwaŋPANthinness, slenderness7050 *NukaPANwound3707 *N<um>aŋuyPANto swim8382 *NuqeSPANbone marrow7124 *NusuŋPANrice mortar3539 *NutudPANjoin two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)7188 *ñamñamPANtasty, delicious (?)6044 *ñamuRPANdew6885 *ñawñawPANrinse, wash6049 *ŋabŋabPANbite off the surface of something6040 *ŋajanPANname7493 *ŋajayPANsaliva, drivel10991 *ŋalŋalPANto chew, masticate8764 *ŋaŋa₂PANopen the mouth7984 *ŋawŋawPANsound produced by an animal; unintelligible muttering of a person8594 *ŋayawPANheadhunting6526 *ŋeCŋeCPANgnash the teeth8147 *ŋerŋerPANgrowl8546 *ŋesŋesPANto pant, be out of breath8555 *ŋetŋetPANgnaw, nibble8556 *ŋiCŋiCPANshow annoyance or irritation8595 *ŋidawPANtoothless8564 *ŋiluPANpainful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour7503 *ŋipenPANtooth7138 *ŋiSŋiSPANbeard6683 *ŋitŋit₁PANgnaw6070 *ŋusŋusPANto snore, growl, grunt8598 *ŋusuqPANnasal area; snout7553 *ŋuSuNPANnosebleed6589 *ŋuSuRPANnasal mucus6674 *pa₁PANstill, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)8812 *pa-₂PANcausative prefix9461 *pa-aCayPANkill55 *pa-alujaPANto paddle127 *pa-añudPANset adrift4416 *pa-bajaqPANgive knowledge, teach6443 *pa-beRayPANto give961 *pacekPANwooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel3733 *paCakPANspotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal3732 *pa-CaŋisPANto make someone cry; to let someone cry2044 *p-aCay-enPANbe killed59 *pa-daNumPANto irrigate7460 *pa-dekeCPANto stick or paste on8091 *padeŋPANto extinguish, douse a fire10860 *paenPANbait8565 *pahekuPANbracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum6706 *pa-hinzamPANlend2691 *pahpahPANflower (?)12802 *paidPANfan7140 *pajayPANrice in the field; rice plant7675 *pajiSPANenemy6625 *pa-ka-PANcausative of stative verbs9463 *pa-kaCuPANto send6607 *paka-duSaPANtwice, do something twice7893 *pa-kaenPANto feed8015 *pa-kaen-enPANto feed, be fed8016 *pa-ka-keseRPAN(gloss uncertain)11021 *pa-kitaPANto show8531 *pakpak₁PANto clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping7507 *paleCukPANshoot, sound of shooting3767 *pa-likawPAN(gloss uncertain)7532 *pa-likudPAN(gloss uncertain)7536 *paliq₁PANan internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas3772 *paliSiPANtaboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite3774 *paliSi-anPANtaboo12715 *paliSi-enPANbe tabooed (?)3775 *pa-litlitPANto make something wind around something else11462 *palu₃PANto hammer, pound, hit7422 *palu-paluPANhammer, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering7424 *panaqPANthrow something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow6474 *pa(n)tuk₂PANto knock, strike against3911 *paNawPANgo, walk away, depart3802 *paNidPANwing8898 *paNijPANwing3807 *paNiŋPANdoor7822 *paŋa₁PANfork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation3894 *paŋaqPANforked, pronged3895 *paŋudaNPANpandanus3915 *pa-p-aCayPANkill60 *pa-pespesPANto massage10889 *pa-pijaPANhow many? (of people)8053 *pa-pituPANseven (of humans)8316 *paqa₁PANthigh7509 *paqejuPANgall, gall bladder11338 *pa-qetutPANto fart, break wind4502 *paqiCPANhotness of taste, spiciness; bitterness6871 *paqpaq₁PANchew3829 *pa-qudipPANcare for, raise (an animal)4641 *pa-qumah-anPAN(gloss uncertain)4691 *pa-quzaNPAN(gloss uncertain)4787 *pariukPANearthenware cooking pot3864 *paR-₂PANdivide into x (x = numeral)3874 *paRa₁PANstorage shelf; attic, loft3845 *paRawPANhoarse3841 *paR-enem-enPANdo six times2370 *paR-isa-anPANto unite, combine in one2971 *paRiSPANstingray3859 *paR-Sepat-enPANdo four times5177 *paR-walu-enPANdo eight times5950 *pasaqaNPANshoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole3875 *pasekPANwooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost8184 *paspas₁PANbeat out, thresh3877 *pasu₁PANcheek bone3878 *pasukPANenter11213 *pa-susuPANgive the breast to, nurse a child7629 *pa-susu-enPANto nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)7630 *pa-SateDPANsend (?)5081 *pa-SezamPANlend5224 *pat-aPANfour (in counting certain referents)5186 *pataSPANtattoo6590 *pataS-anPANan instrument for tattooing11006 *pa-tumaNaPANto make someone listen7924 *pa-tuzuqPANto point out, give directions (?)8827 *pa-uSaPANto send away6656 *pa-utaqPANcause to vomit5869 *peceq₁PANbreak into several large pieces7615 *peCikPANsnap, as the fingers or a slingshot3919 *pedekPANwink, blink3920 *pedelPANto wring out, as water from wet clothes7257 *pedped₁PANpress together, pack solid3922 *pekpek₁PANbeat, hit3929 *pelusPANslip off3934 *peNuqPANfull, of a container6986 *peñuPANsea turtle7000 *perusPANslip or slide off3938 *peReqPANsqueeze out juice, wring out water7511 *peResPANsqueeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing7513 *pespesPANsqueeze, massage3941 *pespes-iPANmassage (imperative)10891 *peSiqPANsqueeze out juice; squirt out6626 *pi-PANcausative of location10554 *piadPANdish, plate7147 *piakPANbaby chick; peeping of chick10827 *pija pijaPANsome, several8056 *pijaxPANinterrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few8047 *pijpijPANclose together7414 *pikpikPANsound of patting or tapping3969 *pikuPANbend, curve11916 *pikuq₁PANto bend, curve; bent, curved7172 *piliqPANto choose, to select; to pick out8112 *piliq-iPANchoose it!8129 *piluk₁PANcrippled; bent or twisted, of the leg or foot7250 *p<in>a-kaenPANwas fed by someone8020 *p<in>anaqPANshoot with a bow6476 *pin-duSaPAN(gloss uncertain)7897 *p<in>espesPANwas massaged by someone10890 *piNayPANlame, crippled10862 *piŋiPANcheek4001 *pipi₂PANfemale genitalia (child’s word?)8131 *pi-pituPANseven each8318 *piRaSPANroe, eggs of fish or crustacean7518 *piRaS-anPANbe laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean7521 *piselPANpinch, squeeze; knead11012 *pispis₁PANhair on the temples10913 *piSpiSPANcheeks, temples7516 *pitpit₂PANpinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces; pluck, pick off9053 *pitpit₃PANto beat, whip10917 *pitpit-enPANbe pinched, squeezed, or pressed9054 *pitu pituPANseven by seven, seven at a time8327 *pitu₁PANseven8310 *piukPANdent, dimple3998 *pu-PANcausative of motion10555 *puCaqPANfoam, froth, lather4013 *pu-CaqiPANto defecate10535 *pu-daNumPANto water, irrigate7462 *puduPANfruit of the betel pepper11016 *puduNPANball of thread; spool4019 *pujaPANnavel, umbilical cord6627 *pujekPANnavel, umbilical cord6628 *pukawPANnight-blindness, nyctalopia7524 *pukiPANvulva, vagina7143 *pukpukPANto hammer, pound, beat8647 *pulu₁PANhandle4040 *puluCPANa plant:Urena lobata4039 *puluŋPANcollection, gathering, assembly11175 *puluq₁PANgroup of ten6902 *p<um>anaqPANshoot with a bow6477 *p<um>ataSPANto tattoo, make designs11005 *p<um>ekpekPAN(gloss uncertain)10894 *p<um>espesPANto massage7235 *p<um>iliqPANto choose, select, pick out8126 *puna-punayPANgreenish fruit dove8658 *punayPANgreenish fruit dove8656 *punuq₁PANbrain, marrow6645 *puNiPANwhiteness6684 *pu-ŋajanPAN(gloss uncertain)7500 *puŋuNPANbunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)4081 *puRuqPANa bird, the quail4058 *puSaNPANtwice6646 *puteqPANgummy secretion4063 *punti₁PANbanana7783 *putput₁PANto pluck, pull out8670 *putun₂PANto break off, cut off, as a limb8266 *qa₁PANlocative particle4395 *qa₂PANinterrogative particle7526 *qabaŋ₁PANboat, canoe4097 *qabaRa₁PANshoulder4087 *qabaRa-anPANshoulder (?)4089 *qabaSPANnotch cut in a tree4091 *qabuPANash, cinder, powder4114 *qabu-anPANplace of ashes; hearth4121 *qaCayPANliver4123 *qaCebPANdeadfall trap to catch small mammals4137 *qaCi-PANprefix variant of the *qali/kali- set4140 *qaCiPANebb, of water in streams4141 *qaCipaPANsoft-shelled turtle4138 *qadiSPANhawk sp. (harrier?)7125 *qajawPANday4148 *qajiSPANboundary12722 *qaladPANfence, wall4154 *qalebPANknee4156 *qalepPANbeckon, wave4163 *qali-PANprefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. *qa-limaPANhand9000 *qalimaPANhand10227 *qali-pujuPANhair whorl4174 *qali-puju-anPANhair whorl8890 *qali-puspusPANwhirlwind11699 *qalupaRPANpersimmon12783 *qaluR₁PANcurrent, deep channel in the middle of a river4183 *qalu-SipanPANcentipede4186 *qamiSPANnorth wind4198 *qamiS-anPANnorth; winter4199 *qa-niPANthis; here3682 *qani₁PANproximal deictic: this4232 *qanibuŋPANfruit-bearing bush or tree4205 *qaniSPANharvest; to harvest4225 *qanupPANto hunt wild game4247 *qanus₁PANa plant:Begonia aptera (Hay)7084 *qaNaPANstranger; enemy7126 *qaNebPANdoor7258 *qaNebPANclose a door11114 *qaNeb-anPANdoor panel11116 *qaNi-PANvariant of the *qali/kali- prefix4230 *qaNiPANweaving spindle4231 *qaNiCPANanimal skin, hide, leather4212 *qaNiCuPANghost, spirit of the dead; owl4207 *qaNi-matekPANjungle leech,Haemadipsa spp.6862 *qaNi-meCaqPANpaddy leech10104 *qaNiŋuPAN'shadow, reflection4233 *qaNuaŋPANlarge ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)4241 *qaNuNaŋPANa tree:Cordia dichotoma4243 *qaNup-anPANhunting ground, hunting territory4249 *qaNup-enPANwhat is hunted, wild game4251 *qañudPANdrift on a current, carried away by flowing water4412 *qaŋeliCPANstench of burning substances4398 *qaŋeRiSPANstench of spoiling fish4399 *qaŋeRuPANstench of spoiled or souring organic matter4400 *qaŋeseRPANstench of urine4402 *qaŋeSitPANstench, musky odor of an animal4403 *qaŋqaŋPANbarking of a dog4410 *qapejuxPANgall, gall bladder, bile4258 *qapiCPANtongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching7173 *qapidPANbraid, twine4264 *qapucukPANpeak of a mountain4266 *qapuRPANlime, calcium4267 *qaqayPANfoot, leg4273 *qaRawPANsnatch, take away by force, rob4276 *qaRemPANpangolin, scaly anteater4280 *qaReNuPANa plant,Phragmites spp.7082 *qaRidaŋPANbean, pea (generic)6648 *qaRiwPANdry6649 *qaRsemPANsourness, acidity4286 *qasawaPANspouse: husband, wife4294 *qasebPANsmoke4302 *qasepaPANastringent4304 *qasiNPANsaltiness, salty taste4308 *qasiRaPANsalt4325 *qasiRa-enPANanything which has been salted4327 *qaSeluPANpestle4303 *qataqPANeat something raw4340 *qatimelaPANflea4357 *qatip₁PANpart of the loom4359 *qatip-anPANpart of the loom4361 *qauŋPANto howl, of a dog4377 *qauRPANbamboo sp.4373 *qawqawPANto bark, of a dog4384 *qayam₁PANbird4386 *qaziPANno, not; negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *buken, *dian, *wada)4393 *qebelPANsmoke4421 *qeCahPANrice husk, rice bran4422 *qeCeŋPANobstruction, barrier4424 *qeCeŋeNPANblack6623 *qeCqeCPANtight, constricted8522 *qeCuRPANsexual arousal, sexual excitement4426 *qedetPANpress down on4427 *qekuŋPANowl4432 *qeleCPANinterval, intervening space4436 *qelqelPANchew, gnaw on6650 *qeludPANhousepost, pillar6593 *qeminPANall4446 *qemqemPANhold in the closed mouth4449 *qemuPANsticky rice cake6686 *qenayPANsand4450 *qenuR-an₁PANanimal haunt, place frequented by animals4467 *qeNeb₁PANto close, to shut; door4456 *qeNeb₂PANspread all over4459 *qeNuRPANanimal trail4465 *qepitPANsqueeze, press between4472 *qesakPANripe; cooked; ready to eat4478 *qesepPANsip, suck4481 *qesirPANhiss, sizzle4483 *qetaqPANeat something raw4485 *qetutPANfart, flatulence4497 *qiaPANexclamation (probably of affirmation or confirmation)4517 *qiawPANanimal cry4516 *qiCeluRPANegg4521 *qiCqiCPANnibble off, gnaw off4525 *qidusPANspoon, ladle4530 *qiduSPANspoon, ladle4532 *qijapPANresent, blame; resentment, jealousy4535 *qiluSPANwipe after defecating4548 *qinepPANlie down to sleep4555 *q<in>umahPAN(gloss uncertain)4694 *qiNaSPANmoon, month6687 *qiNebPANdoor4554 *qiNuaŋPANlarge ruminant species4560 *qipiŋPANincline one's head to the side4565 *qipitPANpincer of crustaceans; tongs; press together, pinch, squeeze4563 *qiRikPANthresh with the feet, as rice4576 *qiSqiSPANto rub hard on a surface12784 *qiSuPANshark4586 *qitik₁PANsmall, little; few4593 *qiuŋ₁PANnatural sound4599 *qiutPANcopulate, have sexual intercourse4598 *qu₂PANgrammatical particle4799 *quaŋ₁PANempty, vacant4618 *quaŋ₂PANhowling or yelping of a dog4619 *quayPANrattan,Calamus sp.4614 *qubaNPANgray hair4621 *qubiSPANpubic hair6651 *quCaNPANscrub-land, bush4630 *qudaŋPANshrimp, crayfish, lobster4632 *qudaSPANgray hair6652 *qudemPANdark, dull (of light or color)4634 *qudip₁PANlife, alive4636 *qujiŋPANcharcoal4646 *qukutPANhunched over, bowed (as with age)4651 *qulasPANdewdrop7189 *qulejPANtype of small worm4656 *qules₁PANclothing4660 *qulu quluPANhead-end, upper part4682 *quluhPANhead4673 *qulu-quluPANtadpole, polywog12785 *qumahPANswidden, work a swidden4687 *q<um>ajawPANto shine, of the sun4151 *qumanPANrepeat oneself monotonously4696 *q<um>aNiCPANto skin an animal4214 *q<um>aNupPANto hunt, go hunting4248 *qumaŋPANhermit crab4701 *q<um>aŋqaŋPANto bark, of a dog4411 *q<um>esepPANsuck4482 *q<um>etutPANto fart, break wind4504 *(q)<um>uNahPANto do or go first; to lead9111 *qumuRPANfill the mouth with food or water4710 *q<um>uzaNPANto rain; it is raining4788 *(q)uNahPANfirst, before, anterior in time9110 *quNuNaŋPANtree with sticky fruits:Cordia spp.4722 *quNuqPANbeads, necklace of beads4723 *qupidPANbraid12786 *qupuŋPANbunch, cluster4729 *quriawPANnoise, clamor4734 *qusiRPANpursuit (as of enemies or game)5853 *quSawPANthirst4748 *quSaw-anPANthirsty4749 *quSeNapPANfish scale4743 *quSeŋeCPANanger, angry4751 *quSuŋPANedible mushroom (generic)4753 *qutiNPANpenis4768 *quyaSPANto sing; song, tune, melody9074 *quzan-enPANto be rained on4790 *quzaNPANrain4779 *rakatPANwalk4813 *ramigPANcold (of weather)10692 *rauCPANpeel rattan, bamboo4833 *rawrawPANto rinse4839 *rekenPANcoiled base on which hot cooking pots are set4868 *reŋeCPANangry, annoyed4886 *reŋiCPANgrimace at pain4887 *riSriSPANhoe up weeds; weed a garden6653 *Rabi-anPANevening, night7380 *RabiqiPANlate afternoon, evening; evening meal4806 *Rabi-RabiPANevery night, happening every night7382 *RabiSPANsmall knife7190 *RabuCPANuproot, pull out by the roots6530 *RaCusPANhundred7316 *RahapPANseeds for sowing8157 *RameCPANroot6594 *RamesPANsqueeze, knead4819 *RamiSPANroot6654 *Ra-RauSPANa dip net12734 *RaSuŋPANambush, attack from concealment6678 *RauSPANscoop net12733 *RayaPANbig, large7358 *RekenPANcoiled base on which hot cooking pots are set4867 *ReŋeCPANangry, annoyed9447 *RiaqPANsword grass:Imperata cylindrica4900 *RibaSPANdemolish4902 *RibawaPANswell; swelling, tumor6688 *RimejaPANsword grass:Imperata cylindrica6689 *RinuPANwinnowing basket7301 *RiNaSPANlong feathers used for personal adornment6595 *RiNaS-anPANthe male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant6596 *RiNukPANthe Japanese raspberry:Rubus parvifolius (Linn.),Rubus taiwanianus (Matsum.)12687 *RiqekPANthresh grain by trampling4914 *RituPANloquat tree and fruit:Eriobotrya deflexa6629 *RubuPANnest, lair6597 *RudaŋPANold, of people7581 *R<um>ahapPANto sow seeds8158 *RumaqPANhouse7303 *RuqaNayPANmale4938 *RusukPANribcage8475 *RuSRuSPANto scrape smooth, to plane a surface7297 *sa₁PANnominative case marker for plural personal names8809 *sa₂PANlocative marker9514 *sa₃PANone (clitic form of *esa)9545 *sabay₁PANdo something together with others9075 *sabsabPANslurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog; gulp down9102 *saheNaRPANto shine, of the sun9156 *sakalPANrestraining device on animals4982 *saka-pituPAN(gloss uncertain)8321 *sakatPANrise, climb up4984 *sakay₂PANwalk6691 *sakeCPANmuntjac, barking deer6598 *saksak₁PANhack, chop into pieces4986 *sakutPANto carry, transport, move something9158 *salawPANto pour, of heavy rain9590 *saleŋPANpine tree, pitch pine7523 *saliwPANbuy, sell5003 *samaqPANremnant, leftover9591 *samuRPANto mix; mixture9758 *saNiwPANwhetstone9276 *saŋedayPANlean or rest on5118 *sapaq₁PANstream, river9244 *sapawPANfield hut5020 *sapayPANdrape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth9620 *sapetPANgrab with the hand, catch9255 *sa-puluqPANten6905 *saput₂PANto pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned9629 *saqitPANhook; to hang up9197 *saqsaqPANbamboo which has been split and flattened5053 *sa-supay-anPANwhetstone7261 *sebuPANbladder8949 *sebuSPANdouse a fire, extinguish a fire with water; to hiss, as water on fire’5130 *seduPANhiccough5134 *sejepPANenter, penetrate5136 *sekelPANbend, bow5140 *seksek₁PANto stuff, cram in; be crowded8905 *selem₁PANsink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun8912 *selsel₁PANinsert, cram in5149 *seŋet₂PANto sting or bite, of an insect9538 *seŋseŋPANcork, stopper, plug5237 *sepiqPANbreak off fruit or branches9501 *sepsepPANsip, suck7478 *sepsep-enPANto be sucked up or in7483 *sequŋPANhorn of an animal9446 *si amaxPANfather (ref.)137 *si ia₁PAN3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it2786 *si ia₂PANdemonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there2788 *si₁PANnominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names8782 *siapPANchick9567 *sibuPANurine5241 *siduPANspoon, ladle5244 *sihikayPANmaggot7231 *si-imaPANwho?8841 *sikuxPANelbow8485 *silaqPANsplit5267 *siNaRPANsun5287 *sipiŋPANsupernumerary, as an extra finger or toe12787 *sipitPANtongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster; to pinch or squeeze9217 *sipsipPANsip, suck5308 *siRa₁PANyesterday6709 *siRupPANto sip, as through a straw9091 *siwaqPANfissure, split in something9635 *siwsiwPANto cheep; baby chick9323 *suPANnominative case marker for common nouns8810 *suiqPANa bird: the sandpiper (?)9595 *sukedPANprop, support; to prop up or support9087 *suksukPANpierce, penetrate; insert8293 *sukudPANwalking stick, cane, staff5467 *suleNPANinsert, plug5389 *suli₂PANto reverse, turn around9560 *sulud₂PANpush9640 *s<um>akayPANto walk6692 *s<um>akutPANto carry, transport, move something9159 *s<um>ebuSPANto hiss or steam, of water touching a fire8944 *s<um>epsepPANto suck, sip7481 *s<um>ikuPANto elbow; to push or jab with the elbow8491 *s<um>uksukPANto enter, penetrate, pierce8298 *s<um>uludPANto push9641 *s<um>uNaRPANto shine, radiate light7291 *s<um>upayPANto whet, grate, sharpen7260 *s<um>usuPANto suckle, suck at the breast7631 *suNaRPANlight, radiance7289 *suŋaPANdo wrong, do in reverse9725 *supayPANwhetting, sharpening7259 *supsupPANsip, suck5426 *suqaRPANthorn5428 *suquNPANcarry on the head5433 *suRuq₂PANto call on a person to do something9304 *susu₁PANfemale breast; udder7625 *susuNPANto stack up7559 *Sa₁PANligature5105 *Sa-₁PANstative prefix11383 *Sa₂PANlocative particle5107 *Sa-₂PANmarker of instrumental nouns12676 *SabaNPANcloth used to carry a child on the back4951 *SabaRatPANsouth wind (?)4953 *SabijPANtwins of the same sex4958 *SabitPANlong cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying4960 *SadiRiPANhousepost4964 *SaduPANmany, much, plenty4968 *SajekPANsmell; to smell (transitive)4976 *Sajek-enPANto smell4981 *SakuCPANtransport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips4988 *SalasPANforest, wilderness, woods4993 *SamaqPANa plant:Lactuca indica Linn., andSonchus oleraceus Linn.6630 *SameCiPANa plant:Solanum nigrum6818 *SamudPANa plant, sesame:Sesamum indicum7191 *SanaqPANriver otter6599 *SapaRPANunroll a mat, spread out a mat5016 *SapejiqPANsmarting, stinging pain5021 *SapiqPANflattened7407 *SapitPANpress together, press between two surfaces5023 *SapSapPANfeel, grope5031 *SapuSapPANfeel, grope5034 *SapuyPANfire5036 *SaRuŋPANsnore, groan, etc.5061 *SasakPANripe; cooked5064 *SasaqPANwhet, sharpen5067 *Sasaq-anPANwhetstone, grindstone5073 *Sa-SepatPANfour (of humans)5179 *SateDPANaccompany, escort; send, return5077 *SateD-anPANescort, accompany (imperative)5086 *SauniPANin a little while, momentarily, later5089 *SawPANquestion particle5100 *SawakPANwaist, back of the waist5091 *SawikiPANbetel nut: nut ofAreca catechu6693 *SawSawPANwash, rinse5098 *SayaNPANtermite6534 *SebaNPANcarry a child with a carrying cloth5124 *SebuCPANpluck, pull up (as weeds)5128 *SekakPANto crow, to caw5137 *SekedPANstop an activity, take a break, rest7232 *SekuCPANhunched over, stoop-shouldered11703 *SelemPANdark, dim12678 *SemaPANtongue5155 *SemayPANcooked rice5152 *SemutPANsmothering, suffocating5157 *SeñawPANto wash5227 *SeŋadPANto breathe7192 *SeŋawPANto breathe (?)7174 *SepatPANfour5161 *SepiPANdream5192 *SeReCPANto bind tightly; belt8208 *SesiPANflesh, meat5199 *SetekPANcut, sever, chop5201 *SeyaqPANshyness, embarrassment; shame5203 *SeyupPANblowing on (a fire, etc.)5209 *Seyup-anPANplace of blowing5213 *SezamPANborrow, lend5219 *Si-₁PANverbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice5333 *Si-₂PANoriginate from, come from5335 *Si-₃PANto wear, put on clothes, etc.10693 *SidiPANFormosan serow, mountain goat6600 *SijapPANbroom7194 *Sika-PANprefix for ordinal numbers2836 *SikadPANashamed; shy7262 *Sika-duSaPANsecond7899 *Si-kaenPANinstrument used for eating8021 *Sika-limaPANfifth (ordinal numeral)7397 *SikamPANmat5250 *SikanPANfish5252 *Sika-pituPANseventh8322 *Sika-puluqPANtenth6907 *Sika-SiwaPANninth9168 *Sika-teluPANthird8434 *SiketPANtie, bind, attach to by tying5256 *Si-lahudPANwind from the sea (?)7046 *SimaRPANgrease, oil, fat5277 *SimuPAN2p pronoun: you5283 *Sin-PANverb prefix5291 *SinaPANa plant:Erechtites spp.7418 *S<in>ebaNPANwhat is carried on the back5126 *SiNuqPANbeads, necklace5289 *SiñawPANto wash5337 *Siñaw-anPANplace where one washes5339 *SiŋusPANsniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)5351 *SipaRPANopposite side (esp. of a river)5294 *SipesPANcockroach5297 *SipiPANdream5300 *SipuRPANto count6696 *SiRupPANsip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl5318 *SiSiNPANomen bird:Alcippe spp.7127 *SiwaPANnine9164 *SiwidPANslanting, awry5331 *Su-PANtake off, remove (+ noun)10522 *SuabPANyawn5359 *SuajiPANyounger sibling5368 *Suaji-anPANcalled or regarded as siblings (?)5376 *SuawPANyawn6694 *SulaRPANsnake5386 *SulemPANdimness, twilight5390 *SulijPANlie or sleep next to5395 *SulSulPANto masturbate7264 *SuluRPANlower or let down, as on a rope5398 *S<um>apaRPANunroll, spread out a mat5018 *S<um>apuyPAN(gloss uncertain)5048 *S<um>ateDPANaccompany, escort5084 *S<um>eŋadPANto breathe7193 *S<um>eReCPANtighten, fasten firmly8213 *S<um>eyupPANto blow5217 *S<um>uniPANto chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)5418 *SuniPANchirping of birds; noise, sound5415 *SuNusPANwithdraw, pull out, extract5420 *SupiqPANplant shoot5411 *SuqSuqPANdrip or drain out5429 *SuRasPANwash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)5434 *SuRayPANto pass, of time; to pass time idly12286 *SuReNaPANsnow6601 *SuRSuRPANdrawstring; to thread a drawstring5443 *SuRutPANpull, draw5446 *SuRut-enPANbe pulled or drawn5447 *SuSuqPANdrip or drain out5448 *SuyeʔabPANto yawn5452 *SuʔuPAN2sg. agent/possessor5463 *-taPAN1pl. incl. genitive suffix10272 *ta-₁PAN1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun10270 *ta-amaxPANfather (ref.)138 *tabaNPANhead trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)7176 *tabiPANplough10356 *tabtab₂PANslurp up food or water; eat like a pig or dog; gulp down10336 *tabukulPANcasting net for fishing10313 *tadawPANkind of large knife7195 *tageRaŋPANribcage6535 *ta-inaPANmother (ref.)2901 *tainaPANfemale, of animals10814 *takepPANto lay something on top of another12768 *takes₁PANto wrap around; embrace, hug10390 *takisPANsword7325 *taktak₁PANto fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something10430 *taktak₂PANclatter, clack10524 *taku₂PANdipper, scoop; to scoop, ladle up10640 *takutPANfear7425 *talawPANtimid, fearful; coward5481 *taliukPANturn, go around5483 *tama₁PANappropriate, suitable, right; fit together; hit the mark5491 *tamtamPANsmack the lips5505 *tamuhuŋPANa hat, head covering12788 *tanaqPANa plant:Aralia decaisneana (Hance)6697 *tanayanPANbamboo sp.7196 *tanem-anPANarea that is planted(?)7450 *taNahPANred9434 *taNaSPANvillage; place of residence8159 *taNekPANto cook anything but rice7331 *taNek-enPANto be cooked7339 *taNiudPANmulberry tree and fruit:Morus formosensis (Hotta)7254 *tañamPANtry, taste5522 *taŋa₂PANto open6710 *tapeSPANwinnow1992 *tapeS-iPANto winnow1995 *tapis₁PANloincloth (?)5509 *tapunPANgather, assemble5532 *tapusPANend, complete, finish5511 *taqan₁PANsnare trap; set a snare trap5513 *taR-PANprefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action10286 *taRahPANto wait6679 *taRaq₁PANhewing with an adze8137 *taRaq-iPANAdze it!, Hew it!8142 *ta(R)kesPANwrap around, encircle5535 *taRuqanPANfield hut; temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village6698 *tastasPANsever, cut through, rip out stitches10504 *tata₁PANcollateral consanguine of the first ascending generation10523 *tatakPANhoe6699 *ta-teluPANthree (of humans)8437 *ta-tenun-anPANloom8735 *tebaSPANto cut, clear vegetation5542 *tebekPANpierce, stab5543 *tebtebPANto cut5548 *tebuSPANsugarcane:Saccharum officinarum7952 *tedaPANleftover, remainder5552 *teguŋPANto boom, resound5559 *tekepPANa cover; to cover with a flat surface10472 *tekiqPANhigh-pitched sound; chirp of a gecko5565 *tektek₁PANchopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables8913 *tektek₂PANgecko, house lizard (onom.)5566 *tektek-enPANbe chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables; what is chopped up or minced8918 *tekuŋ₂PANto rap, knock, make a booming sound10759 *teluPANthree8414 *tenebPANto immerse, put under water12109 *tenemPANsea, ocean6700 *tenunPANto weave (cloth)8734 *tenun-anPANloom8738 *tenun-enPANto be woven by someone8742 *teñebPANsubmerge5589 *teŋiCPANgrimace at pain5591 *teŋteŋ₁PANdrone, droning tone5597 *tepeŋ₃PANto measure quantities, as amounts of grain12110 *tepikPANpat, light slap12779 *tepukPANhit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping5593 *terterPANshiver, tremble5586 *teRebeSPANa tree:Zelkova Formosana12811 *teRteRPANto tremble, shiver12746 *tiPAN1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here12310 *tiaNPANabdomen, belly7812 *tibukPANpound, throb5600 *tik₁PANsound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something2090 *tikelPANbend5606 *tiktik₁PANto tap, strike lightly on a hard surface2085 *tiktik₅PANto tattoo12351 *tikuRasPANa bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge6707 *timaNaPANto hear, listen10760 *timijPANchin, jaw5619 *timuPANsalt7346 *timuRPANsouth or east wind7343 *timuRmuRPANrinse the mouth7347 *timusPANsalt7345 *t<in>aNekPANboiled foods other than rice?7335 *t<in>ektekPANwas chopped up8916 *t<in>enunPANwas woven by someone; what was woven8736 *t<in>enun-anPANwoven cloth8739 *t<in>uduqPANdripped; what dripped7363 *tinunPANto weave cloth8741 *ti-pituPAN(gloss uncertain)8324 *tirtir₁PANshiver, tremble5627 *tiR(e)peSPANspittle10568 *titikPANto beat on something loudly5687 *tituPANpuppy; young animal in general?7321 *tubahPANa plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish:Derris elliptica8455 *tudiŋPANto point out10553 *tuduqPANto leak, drip, as a leaky roof; a drop of water7361 *tuduq-anPANto drip7366 *tuduq-enPANto drip7365 *tuduRPANto sleep8357 *tuduSPANknee7350 *tuiqPANbird sp.5660 *tukad₂PANsloping upward; to climb a mountain10733 *tukedPANprop, support8931 *tuktuk₁PANbeak of a bird; to peck5665 *tuktuk₂PANtop, summit, crown5666 *tuktuk₃PANto knock, pound, beat; crush10573 *tuku₁PANprop, post5667 *tukudPANprop, support7957 *tukulPANto sprout, begin to grow10497 *tulaniPANbamboo nose flute8386 *t<um>anemPANto plant7449 *tumaNaPANto hear, listen7923 *t<um>aNekPANto cook anything but rice7337 *t<um>aRahPANto wait6681 *t<um>aRaqPANto adze wood, hew wood with an adze8140 *t<um>azemPANsharpen7165 *t<um>ebekPANto pierce, to stab5546 *t<um>enunPANto weave8737 *t<um>əktəkPANto chop, hack, cut off8917 *t<um>iktikPANto tattoo someone12352 *t<um>imaNaPANto hear, listen10761 *t<um>ubaPANto stun fish with plant poison8460 *t<um>ukadPANto climb, as a mountain or steps12725 *t<um>umaNaPANto hear, listen7925 *t<um>uzuqPANto point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice8831 *tunuh-anPANto roast2130 *tuNaPANfreshwater eel8373 *tuqaSPANold, of people; primary forest, old forest8505 *tuqaS tuqaSPANolder people, elders8512 *tuqedPANtree stump; stubble5682 *tuqtuqPANto hammer, pound, crush5683 *tuquNPANan evergreen tree, probablyAcacia confusa7233 *turisPANscratch a line, make a long shallow cut10674 *tuRtuRPANresonant sound5689 *tuRukukPANchicken6690 *tusukPANpierce, skewer or string together8896 *tutuhPANbeat, pound, bump, thump9026 *tutur₂PANcooing of a dove10820 *tututPANsparrow or similar bird10821 *tuzuq₁PANto point at, point out; give directions8820 *tuzuq-enPANbe pointed at, be pointed out8833 *ua₁PANexclamation of surprise, etc.5709 *ubuCPANpluck, pull out5716 *uduPANgrass5739 *ujuŋPANnose5749 *uka₁PANnegative existential: there is none7128 *ulaŋPANrepeat, do again5767 *ulawPANconfusion, perplexity5764 *<um>PANverbal infix marking actor voice5805 *um-adaSPANbring6633 *um-aiPANto come7829 *um-alaPANto fetch, get, take7787 *um-alaqPANfetch, get, take113 *umaNPANagain5791 *um-aŋayPANto leave, depart (?)9147 *um-aRiPANto come299 *umaSPANto pickle, preserve meat or fish7299 *um-imahPANto drink12645 *umuRPANhold in the mouth5804 *um-uSaPANto go, to walk6657 *um-utaqPANto vomit5870 *uNayPANsliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh5811 *uNuqPANbeads, necklace5818 *uŋayPANritually sacrificed monkey?7348 *upupPANbullfrog12814 *uReŋPANhorn of an animal10877 *uSaPANgo6655 *u-SiwaPANnine (of things?)9170 *utanPANtaro variety12266 *utaqPANvomit5865 *utaq-anPANvomit (imperative)5872 *utaq-enPANbe vomited up; vomit (command)5873 *waCaNPANdeep pool or pond7197 *waCa-waCaNPANsmall pond(?)7198 *-wadaŋPANcollarbone, clavicle5915 *wakwakPANbird sp.; to caw, crow5941 *walayPANthread6783 *waluPANeight5943 *wanaNPANright (side, hand, direction)9473 *waNanPANright (side, hand, direction)5956 *waNiSPANtusk of wild boar6602 *waNiS-anPANwild boar6603 *waNuPANhoneybee6604 *waqayPANfoot, leg5962 *waqitPANbarb, point; canine tooth?7419 *warayPANto separate, as two people5963 *waRi₁PANday; sun; dry in the sun5968 *-waRwaRPANrainbow12048 *waSawPANleaf8067 *watawatPANwave, flutter (as a flag)5977 *wa-waluPANeight (of humans)5954 *wiliPANreturn, come back5996 *wiŋawiŋPANwag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side6007 *wiRiPANleft side or direction5998 *witiwitPANwag, swing from side to side6003 *yaPANnominative case marker for singular common nouns12747 *za(ŋ)kuCPANgrab, grasp, seize6026 *zalanPANpath, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something7589 *zalan-anPANpassageway, place where one has walked7597 *zalan-zalanPANsmall path or trail7598 *zaRamiPANrice straw8375 *zaRemPANneedle12290 *zaRumPANneedle7605 *zawa₂PANmillet sp.:Setaria italica (?)8750 *za-zalanPAN(gloss uncertain)7595 *zekzekPANto tread, trample on12501 *zuluPANearlier, in advance6039 |
a b C d e g h i k l m n N ñ ŋ p q r R s S t u w y z
PAN PMP PWMP PPh PCEMP PCMP PEMP PSHWNG POC combined
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email:Blust (content) –Trussel (production)