This document provides a technological survey of quantum computing. It begins with an abstract that outlines how quantum computing uses principles like superposition and entanglement to extend computational abilities beyond what is possible with classical computers. It then reviews key concepts in quantum computing like qubits, quantum gates, superposition, and entanglement. It discusses the importance of quantum computing for solving complex problems that are intractable for classical computers. Potential applications of quantum computing discussed include healthcare for areas like diagnosis, drug discovery, and optimized treatment plans. In summary, the document surveys fundamental concepts and potential benefits of quantum computing as a new paradigm that can solve problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers.

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Technological Survey on Quantum Computing

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  International Research Journalof Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 177Technological Survey on Quantum ComputingVinaytej V G1, Venugopal S2, Manoj R3, Vaishnavi M4 Dr. Vikas Reddy S51Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India2Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India3Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India4Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India5Assoc.Prof, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract - The development of new technology depends ona good theoretical basis. At the initial stages of evolution ofcomputers vacuum tubesruledthegeneration, now nanochipsare ruling the generation, in future atoms will be ruling theera of computing. Quantum computing is a paradigm whichisa highly topical and fast-moving field. A Quantum Computeruses a different approach comparedtoclassicalcomputer, e.g.,qubits, superposition which helps to extendthecomputationalabilities to a higher level. Quantum computer directly exploitsthe principles of quantum mechanical phenomena to solvecomplex problems. Currently there are few algorithms whichmake use of quantum technology. This paper reviews aboutfundamentals of quantum computing, importance in variousareas, difficulties involved implementation of quantumcomputer.Key Words: Entanglement, Super-Position, Qubit,Quantum, Quantum-Mechanics.1. INTRODUCTIONQuantum computer is machine that use the collectiveprinciples of quantum state properties and informationrepresented in quantum states. Quantum computation isfundamentally basedonreversiblecomputationanduses thequantum-bits or qubits (0 & 1 at the same time) byfollowingthe “superposition principle of quantum mechanics” withthis we can speed up data processing by overriding thetraditional computers. These machines are not yetcommercially and still in its early stages of research anddevelopment. Quantum computersworksbasedonthewavenature of the atom and spin of the magnetic field of themolecular and sub molecular form of the matter. Atoms aresimplest form of the matter, which has electrons, neutronsand protons. Under electrons there will be a small amountofenergy with air called QuartzSome of the building blocks of quantum computing are:1.1 Entangle StatesIrrespective of distance between qubits they are alwaysconnected to each other which is known as entangled state.It is a primary feature of quantum mechanics. One qubitoutput an immediate information about the other no matterhow far apart these qubits are. Increasing the number ofqubits will not necessarily double the number of processessince processing one qubit will reveal information aboutmultiple qubits. It’s responsible for exponential speed of thequantum algorithm. Qubits increases in a exponentialform(2n) Uses of entanglement in Quantum computing is:• Quantum Cryptography• Superdense CodingSuppose consider a pair of hand-gloves, if you find the rightglove alone in the drawer then other one will be the left one,we can push the two qubits into the same state even thoughthe states are different and this increases the computationalpower and solution optimization. If weobtain entanglement,we can store many numbers of possible values,Entanglement and behavior of the Qubits can know with thehelp of the spin of an electron if the spin value is in negativethen it is referred as a ‘spin-up’ and it represent ‘1’if spin isin positive value, then it is referred as a ‘spin-down’ and itrepresent ‘0’. If the electrons have opposite spins, then 2electrons can occupy a same space exactly same time.Initially determining state of object and the qubits are thensuper positioned and entangled in order to make functionalqubitsFig -1: shows the IBM Quantum computer.
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  International Research Journalof Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1781.2 QubitThe qubits are fundamentals in quantum computing, theoperations of quantum computing are performed on qubitswhich can be in coherent superpositionstate.Coherencetellsus defines how long a qubit retains its information. Qubit is atwo-statequantum mechanical system. The illustrationofbit(used in classical computing) and qubit is given below.Fig -2: Illustration of bit and qubit.1.3 Quantum GatesQuantum gates function similar to logic gates in classicalcomputers. Unlike many classical gate quantum gates arereversible. Quantum gates are unitary operators and aredescribed as unitary matrices.Quantum full adder was given by Feynman in 1986 [1].Fig -2: Feynman’s Quantum full adder1.4 SuperpositionIt’s an ability of particle to be in two positions at a time. Inclassical computer the bit can be either 0 or 1, but inquantum computer the qubit can be in 0,1 at same time.Superposition is a linear combination of |0> and |1> if thesystem has A and B (A and B is a combination of 0’s and 1’s)states if the system chooses 0 from state A, the informationapart from 0 in state A will be erased. Similarly for B systemalso, this property is called as super position principle. InSchrodinger’s cat equation the cat is super position of beingdead and alive, until the box is opened and forced to choosethe state [2].2. LITERATURE SURVEYIn 1992 at bell labs “Umesh Vazani” come up with“BersteinVazarani Algorithm” this algorithm shows how aquantum computer find the secret number in a step whereasa classical computer takes the steps based on the size of thebit which is inside an oracle[3].“Peter Shor” After reading the “Berstein-VazaraniAlgorithm”Shor came up with algorithm with the help of “CharlieBennet” and “John Smolin” called “Shor’s Algorithm”. Thisalgorithm explains how can we get a factor of large numbersusing exponential form.For saving the mouse stuck in Maze, the classical computergives the solution based on the principleofTrailanderrorforreaching to the end, where as in quantum computer the bitsare replaced with Qubits, Qubits works based on QuantumMechanics. With 3 qubitsystemcanstore8possiblesolutionsconsider if we construct with just 20qubits we can storebillions of possible solutions.In classical computer the number of transistors will beincreased to enrich the speed of the classical computerwhereas in the quantum computer qubits are increased.When the Qubits are increased then the correlation alsoincreases thus the computational power also increases [4]The qubit represented mathematically as a 2DimensionalVector (or state). We represent the states with word calledvector. The Qubits is a combination of ‘0’ and ‘1’ it is not onlymeant for 0 and 1 states, it is the values in between 0 to 1state, we can represent the quantum states with the “DiracNotation” or “Bra-ket Notation” [5]. There are some factorsthat we need to discuss if we want to know about theQuantum computer Using only one wave function, we can’trepresent the states of the system. If we need to do so thenwewant to represent the states of thesystemweshouldhavetwo or more wave functions. With these wave functions wehave to superimpose the wave functions and there itproduces another wave functionofthatsystemandthiswavefunction is called as ‘Eigen State’. Super position state iscombination of many eigen states.3. IMPORTANCEAs we observe the present situations the technology isgrowing in a faster phase and also complexity ofimplementing and computing those ideas are becoming
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  International Research Journalof Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 179difficult which requires a high computational device whichcan meettherequirementsofsolvingcomplexproblems.Thatis where quantum computation comes into picture. By usingQuantum computers, we can solve the problems that cannotbe solved by traditional computers over so many years.The major groundwork in the field of quantum computingwas done by physicist “PAUL BENIOFF” in 1980.Quantumcomputers are 1000 times faster than the traditionalcomputers are derived from Quantum Theory. Theproblemswhich cannot be solved from super computers thoseproblems can solve by using Quantum computers. Quantumcomputers have the ability to give the potential to theindustry by solving the problems that can’t achieve from themodern-day computers. When Google developed firstquantum computer with 53 qubits in 2019, the machine wasable to solve a calculation in just 3minutes, where it wouldhave taken 10,000 years for world’s fastest computer tosolve.A. Healthcare:Quantum computing facilitate healthcareusecasethatfortifyeach other in a cycle. The convolution of human biologicalsystem, the customized medicine requiring other thanstandard medicine. Classical ML has limitations due tocomplexity of relation among features. The Quantumintegrated ML, which may provide the accuracy in earlydetection of disease in detailed way and to have aprecautionary measure over that particular disease Thecurrent diagnosis,treatmentformostofthediseasearecostlyand slow with deviations around 15-20% [6]. Quantumenabled diagnosis has ability to improve image-aideddiagnosis. Quantum computing allows medical practitionerto differentiate large amount of grouped data andpermutations to identify best pattern.In drug research and discovery quantum computing allowsmedical partitioners to model the complex molecularinteractions at an atomic level. It’s now possible to encodeapproximately 20,000 proteins in the human genome andtheir interactions with existing drug can be simulated [7]Fig -4: Venn Diagram of applications of quantumcomputerB. Weather Forecast:Forecasting is compact to be exactly according to thepredictions, mostly when the weather is considered to bevarying andwhentheinformationavailableisminimum.withexact predictions we can save many lives and we could helpthe farmers so that they can plan accordingly That can beachieved from the Quantum computers. Early warnings ofdangerous weather andminimizingtheeffectsofsuchevents,but current model can predict regional scale weather likehurricanes and sandstorms. The IBM has jointly combinedwith The Weather company, University Corporation forAtmospheric Research and the National Centre forAtmospheric Research to develop the model which coversacross the globe which will providehigh resolution forecastseven in the most difficult andundeserved areas. In the futurethe combination on IBM supercomputing technology,geographical processing units with quantum computer willhelp to predict and track wild weathers, meteorologicalconditions in such a way that classical supercomputer areunable to achieve.C. Cryptography:Basically, cryptography refers to encrypting the data atsender side and receiver having the right key can decrypt itusing the key using RSA, Symmetric key algorithm etc. Butmost of them are not 100% reliable, the recent example forthis case is a Pegasus software which was used forsurveillance on political leaders, journalist and many otherpeople. Which proves that the current security is not enoughto protect our dataandourprivacy.Quantumcryptographyisa way of encryption which uses the naturally occurringproperties of quantum mechanics to enhance secure andtransmit data in a way that cannot be hacked [8]. ComputerScientist Lov Grover developed a algorithm called Grover’s
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  International Research Journalof Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 180algorithm which is an quantum search algorithm. Using thisalgorithm can impact or even break some symmetricalgorithm, the main factors in this algorithm is key size andmessage digest which decides whether an algorithm isquantum safe or not. [9].Fig -5: Working of CryptographyThere’s a main reason why we should implement quantumcomputing as soon as possible because it’s able to break theasymmetric encryption and signature algorithms which weare presently using in our infrastructure. The Fig 5 showshow quantum cryptography works.D. Financial Services:The financial services industry has mathematicalmodelsandclassical computing algorithms to manage business risks fordecades.However,thosesystemsweren’talwaysfail-safeandhave inaccurately predicted business risks several times,most notably during the 2008 subprimemortgagecrisis[10].Growth in data volumes, business risks, security threats, andregulations will soon make today’s computers insufficient.Moore’s law which says the number of transistors in anintegrated circuit doubles every two years is expected tofalter within the decade. Thegrowthofcomputingpowerwillhave to come from other technological advances [11].Quantum computing has long been seen as a solution — andseveral banks are already experimenting with it. Quantumencryption can prevent data breaches and thefts by even themost powerfulclassicalorquantumcomputers.Quantumkeydistribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics principles toencrypt and transmit data. With this approach, quantumcryptography encrypts data in a way that is believed to beunhackable. Spain’s Caixa Bank developed a hybridcomputing model where quantum andtraditionalcomputerswork together at different calculationstagestoclassifycreditrisk profiles. The bank uses this model to improve its risksimulations and machinelearning algorithms, which requirevast amounts of data. This application helped the banksignificantly reduce the time needed to complete riskanalyses[12]. By applying the methods of classical computerto quantum computer can improve the research progress.Quantum computer has a potential to revolutionize thetraditional system by achieving unimaginable speed,efficiency and reliability.4. FUTURE WORKThe quantum computing is in early stages of development, italso enables great technological advancement. The mainthreat from using quantum computing is the ability ofquantum computing to break the cryptographic algorithmsvery easily due to its high computationalpowerofsolvingthecomplex problems very fast, so when it’s used for breakinginto any system or any server it can be done in no time. Theonly solution for this to change our current cryptographicmethods. Using quantumcomputingitmightevenbepossibleto forecast weather conditions is your backyard.5. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we discussed the fundamentals of quantumcomputing and it has the capability to transformcomputation by solving the intractable problems whichcannot to be carried in a classical or traditional computers.At present there is no Quantum computer that issophisticated enough to solvethecalculationsthata classicalcomputer can't. The more research and development can becarried out to make the quantum computing has real lifeimplementation model.REFERENCES[1] Feynman, Richard P. (1986). "Quantummechanical computers". Foundations of Physics.Springer Science and Business MediaLLC. 16(6):507531. Bibcode:1986FoPh...16.507F. doi:10.1007/bf01886518. ISSN 0015-9018. S2CID 122076550.[2] Ofek, N., Petrenko, A., Heeres, R.,Reinhold,P.,Leghtas,Z.,Vlastakis, B., … Schoelkopf, R. J. (2016). Extending thelifetime of a quantum bit with error correction insuperconducting circuits. Nature, 536(7617),441–445.doi:10.1038/nature18949K. Elissa, “Title of paper ifknown,” unpublished.[3] https://qiskit.org/textbook/ch-algorithms/bernstein-vazirani.html[4] https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/how-does-a-quantumcomp uter-work M. Young, The TechnicalWriter’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science,1989.[5] ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 32, No. 3, September2000, pp. 300– 335.
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  International Research Journalof Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 181[6] H. Singh, A. N. Meyer, and E. J. Thomas,“Thefrequencyofdiagnosticerrors in outpatient care: estimations fromthree large observationalstudies involving us adultpopulations,” BMJ quality & safety,vol.23,no.9,pp.727–731, 2014[7] Quantum Computing for Healthcare: A Review, Rasool,Raihan Ur; Ahmad, Hafiz Farooq; Rafique, Wajid;Qayyum, Adnan; Qadir, Junaid (2021):QuantumComputing for Healthcare:AReview.TechRxiv.https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.17198702.v2a[8] https://quantumxc.com/blog/quantum-cryptographyexplained/#:~:text=Cryptography%20is%20the%20process%20of,way%20that%20cann ot%20be%20hacked[9] https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/what-is-quantum-safecryptography and-why-do-we-need-it.[10] https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ibm-barclays-bankingquantumcomputing.[11] https://www.nature.com/news/the-chips-are-down-for-moore-s-law1. 19338.[12] https://www.caixabank.com/comunicacion/noticia/caixabankbecomes-the-first-spanish-bank-to-develop-risk-classification-modelusing-quantum-computing_en.html?id=42234.