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Semantic Web and Linked Dataor how to link dataand schemas on the weba W3C tutorial by Fabien Gandon, http://fabien.info, @fabien_gandonWWW 2014

semantic webmentioned by Tim BLin 1994 at WWW[Tim Berners-Lee 1994, http://www.w3.org/Talks/WWW94Tim/]

machines don’t.we identify and interpret information,

IRIHTMLHTTPidentificationaddresscommunicationWEB

W3C®SEMANTIC WEB STANDARD STACK

RDFstands forResource: pages, dogs, ideas...everything that can have a URIDescription: attributes, features, andrelations of the resourcesFramework: model, languages andsyntaxes for these descriptions

RDFis a triple model i.e. everypiece of knowledge is broken down into( subject , predicate , object )

doc.html has for author Fabienand has for theme Music

doc.html has for author Fabiendoc.html has for theme Music

( doc.html , author , Fabien )( doc.html , theme , Music )( subject , predicate , object )

PredicateSubjectObjecta triplethe RDF atom

RDFis also a graph modelto link the descriptions of resources

RDFtriples can be seen as arcsof a graph (vertex,edge,vertex)

( doc.html , author , Fabien )( doc.html , theme , Music )

Fabienauthordoc.htmlthemeMusic

identify whatexists on thewebhttp://my-site.fridentify,on the web,what existshttp://animals.org/this-zebra

http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#mehttp://inria.fr/schema#authorhttp://inria.fr/rr/doc.htmlhttp://inria.fr/schema#themeMusic

open and link data in aglobal giant graph

RDFin values of properties can also beliterals i.e. strings of characters

( doc.html , author , Fabien )( doc.html , theme , "Music" )

http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#mehttp://inria.fr/schema#authorhttp://inria.fr/rr/doc.htmlhttp://inria.fr/schema#theme"Music"

http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#mehttp://inria.fr/schema#authorMusichttp://inria.fr/rr/doc.htmlhttp://inria.fr/rr/doc.htmlhttp://inria.fr/schema#theme

<rdf:RDFxmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:inria="http://inria.fr/schema#" ><rdf:Descriptionrdf:about="http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html"><inria:author rdf:resource="http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me"/><inria:theme>Music</inria:theme></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>

RDFhas other syntaxes(Turtle, TriG, N-Triples, N-Quads, JSON, RDFa)

Turtle@prefix rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .@prefix inria: <http://inria.fr/schema#> .<http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html>inria:author<http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me> ;inria:theme "Music" .

N-Triples<http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html><http://inria.fr/schema#author><http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me> .<http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html><http://inria.fr/schema#theme> "Music" .

writing rules for RDF triples• the subject is always a resource (never a literal)• properties are binary relations and their types areidentified by IRIs• the value is a resource or a literal

blank nodes (bnodes)http://bu.ch/l23.htmlauthor"My Life"title"John"surname"Doe"firstnamehandy anonymous nodes (existential quantification)there exist a resource such that… {  r ; …}<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://bu.ch/123.html "><author><rdf:Description><surname>Doe</surname><firstname>John</firstname></rdf:Description></author><title>My Life</title></rdf:Description><http://bu.ch/123.html>author[surname "Doe" ;firstname "John" . ] ;title "My Life" .

XML schema datatypes & literalsstandard literals are xsd:stringtype literals with datatypes from XML Schema<rdf:Description rdf:about="#Fabien"><teaching rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean">true</teaching><birth rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">1975-07-31</birth></rdf:Description/>#Fabien teaching "true"^^xsd:boolean ;birth "1975-07-31"^^xsd:date .#Fabien "true"^^xsd:boolean"1975-07-31"^^xsd:dateteachingbirth

XML Schema datatypesW3C-http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/

langue<Book><title xml:lang=‘fr’>Seigneur des anneaux</title><title xml:lang=‘en’>Lord of the rings</title></Book><Book> title "Seigneur des anneaux"@fr ;title "Lord of the rings"@en .literals with languages and without are disjoint“Fabien”  “Fabien”@en  “Fabien”@fr

typing resourcesusing URIs to identify the types<urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.inria.fr/schema#Person>a resource can have several types<urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.inria.fr/schema#Person><urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.inria.fr/schema#Researcher><urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.mit.edu/schema#Lecturer><rdf:Description rdf:about="urn://~fgandon"><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.inria.fr/schema#Person" /><name>Fabien</name></rdf:Description><in:Person rdf:about="urn://~fgandon"><name>Fabien</name></in:Person><urn://~fgandon>a in:Person ;name "Fabien" .

question:<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:exs="http://example.org/schema#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/doc.html"><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.org/schema#Report"/><exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#Music"/><exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#History"/><exs:nbPages rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int">23</exs:nbPages></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>meaning ?

question:<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:exs="http://example.org/schema#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/doc.html"><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.org/schema#Report"/><exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#Music"/><exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#History"/><exs:nbPages rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int">23</exs:nbPages></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF> exs:Reportrdf:typeexs:nbPages“23”^^xsd:intexs:themehttp://example.org/doc.htmlhttp://example.org#Musichttp://example.org#Historyexs:theme

bags = unordered groups<rdf:Description rdf:about="#"><author><rdf:Bag><rdf:li>Ivan Herman</rdf:li><rdf:li>Fabien Gandon</rdf:li></rdf:Bag></author></rdf:Description><#> author _:a_:a rdf:_1 “Ivan Herman”_:a rdf:_2 “Fabien Gandon”<#> author [a rdf:Bag ;rdf:li "Ivan Herman" ;rdf:li "Fabien Gandon" . ] .

sequenceordered group of resources or literals<rdf:Description rdf:about="#partition"><contains><rdf:Seq><rdf:li rdf:about="#C"/><rdf:li rdf:about="#C"/><rdf:li rdf:about="#C"/><rdf:li rdf:about="#D"/><rdf:li rdf:about="#E"/></rdf:Seq></contains></rdf:Description><partition>contains [a rdf:Seq ;rdf:li "C" ;rdf:li "C" ;rdf:li "C" ;rdf:li "D" ;rdf:li "E" .] .

alternativese.g. title of a book in different languages<rdf:Description rdf:about="#book"><title><rdf:Alt><rdf:li xml:lang="fr">l’homme qui prenait sa femmepour un chapeau</rdf:li><rdf:li xml:lang="en">the man who mistook his wifefor a hat</rdf:li></rdf:Alt></title></rdf:Description><#book>title [a rdf:Alt ;rdf:li "l’homme…"@fr ;rdf:li "the man…"@en .] .

collectionexhaustive and ordered list<rdf:Description rdf:about="#week"><dividedIn rdf:parseType="Collection"><rdf:Description rdf:about="#monday"/><rdf:Description rdf:about="#tuesday"/><rdf:Description rdf:about="#wednesday"/><rdf:Description rdf:about="#thursday"/><rdf:Description rdf:about="#friday"/><rdf:Description rdf:about="#saturday"/><rdf:Description rdf:about="#sunday"/></devidedIn></rdf:Description>wednesdayfridaysundaynilmondaytuesdaythursdaysaturdayfirstrestList_:a_:b_:c_:d_:e_:f_:g<#week> dividedIn( <#monday> <#tuesday> <#wednesday><#thursday> <#friday> <#saturday> <#sunday>) .

RDF(named) graphsgroup triples in graphs named by IRIs

http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#mehttp://inria.fr/schema#authorMusichttp://inria.fr/rr/doc.htmlhttp://inria.fr/rr/doc.htmlhttp://inria.fr/schema#themehttp://inria.fr/peoplehttp://inria.fr/topics

TriG@prefix rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .@prefix inria: <http://inria.fr/schema#> .GRAPH <http://inria.fr/people>{ <http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html>inria:author<http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me> .}GRAPH <http://inria.fr/topics>{ <http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html>inria:theme "Music" .}

N-Quads<http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html><http://inria.fr/schema#author><http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me><http://inria.fr/people> .<http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html><http://inria.fr/schema#theme> "Music"<http://inria.fr/topics> .

rdf:aboutrdf:typeex:ingredientsrdf:labeldc:creatorex:weight

openmodel• extensible vocabulary based on URIs• anyone can say anything about anythinghttp://my_domain.org/my_path/my_type

May 2007 April 2008 September 2008March 2009September 2010Linking Open DataLinking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/September 2011010020030040010/10/2006 28/04/2007 14/11/2007 01/06/2008 18/12/2008 06/07/2009 22/01/2010 10/08/2010 26/02/2011 14/09/2011 01/04/2012

thematic contentDomainsNumber ofdatasetsNumber ofTriples% Out links %Media 25 1 841 852 061 5,82 % 50 440 705 10,01 %Geography 31 6145 532 484 19,43 % 35 812 328 7,11 %Government 49 13 315 009 400 42,09 % 19 343 519 3,84 %Publications 87 2 950 720 693 9,33 % 139 925 218 27,76 %Inter-domain 41 4 184 635 715 13,23 % 63 183 065 12,54 %Life Sciences 41 3 036 336 004 9,60 % 191 844 090 38,06 %Users’ content 20 134 127 413 0,42 % 3 449 143 0,68 %295 31 634 213 770 503 998 82942%20%13%10%9%6%0%GovernmentGeographyInter-domainLife SciencesPublicationsMediaUsers' content

linked data principles Use RDF as data format Use HTTP URIs as names for things so thatpeople can look up those names When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information(RDF, HTML, etc.) using content negotiation Include links to other URIs so that related things can be discoveredHTTP URIGETHTML,RDF,…GET303

DNShe who controls the namecontrols the accessex. bit.ly & Libya.fr*.inriaisicil

query with SPARQLSPARQL Protocol and RDFQuery Language

SPARQL in 3 partspart 1: query languagepart 2: result formatpart 3: access protocol

SPARQL querySELECT ...FROM ...WHERE { ... }

examplepersons at least 18-year oldPREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>SELECT ?person ?nameWHERE {?person rdf:type ex:Person .?person ex:name ?name .?person ex:age ?age .FILTER (?age > 17)}

left leftx*zleft(x,y)left(y,z)right(z,v)right(z,u)right(u,v)left(x,?p) left(?p,z)rightxyzu vrightleft left

graph mapping / projectionclassical three clauses:– Select: clause to select the values to be returned– Where: triple/graph pattern to match– Filter: constraints expressed using test functions(XPath 2.0 or external)

SPARQL triples• triples and question marks for variables:?x rdf:type ex:Person• graph patterns to match:SELECT ?subject ?proprerty ?valueWHERE {?subject ?proprerty ?value}• a pattern is, by default, a conjunction of triplesSELECT ?x WHERE{ ?x rdf:type ex:Person .?x ex:name ?name . }

question:• Query:SELECT ?name WHERE {?x name ?name .?x email ?email .}• Base:_:a name "Fabien"_:b name "Thomas"_:c name "Lincoln"_:d name "Aline"_:b email <mailto:thom@chaka.sn>_:a email <mailto:Fabien.Gandon@inria.fr>_:d email <mailto:avalandre@pachinko.jp>_:a email <mailto:bafien@fabien.info>• Results ?x2

prefixesto use namespaces:PREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>SELECT ?studentWHERE {?student mit:registeredAt ?x .?x foaf:homepage <http://www.mit.edu> .}Base namespace : BASE <…>

SPARQL resultfailure/ successvalues found

result formats• a binding i.e. list of all the selected values(SELECT) for each answer found;(stable XML format ; e.g. for XSLT transformations)• RDF sub-graphs for each answer found(RDF/XML format ; e.g. for application integration)• JSON (eg. ajax web applications)• CSV/TSV (eg. export)

example of bindingresults for previous query in XML<?xml version="1.0"?><sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#"><head><variable name="student"/></head><results ordered="false" distinct="false"><result><binding name="student"><uri>http//www.mit.edu/data.rdf#ndieng</uri></binding></result><result><binding name="student"><uri>http//www.mit.edu/data.rdf#jdoe</uri></binding></result></sparql>

simplified syntaxtriples with a common subject:SELECT ?name ?fnameWHERE {?x a Person;name ?name ;firstname ?fname ;author ?y . }list of values?x firstname "Fabien", "Lucien" .blank node[firstname "Fabien"] or [] firstname "Fabien"SELECT ?name ?fnameWHERE {?x rdf:type Person .?x name ?name .?x firstname ?fname .?x author ?y .}

sourcePREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>FROM http//www.mit.edu/data.rdfSELECT ?studentWHERE {?student mit:registeredAt ?x .?x foaf:homepage <http://www.mit.edu> .}

optional partPREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>SELECT ?student ?nameWHERE {?student mit:registeredAt ?x .?x foaf:homepage <http://www.mit.edu> .OPTIONAL {? student foaf:name ?name . }}possibly unbound

unionalternative graph patternsPREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>SELECT ?student ?nameWHERE {?student mit:registeredAt ?x .{{?x foaf:homepage <http://www.mit.edu> .}UNION{?x foaf:homepage <www.stanford.edu/> .}}}

sort, filter and limit answersPREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>SELECT ?student ?nameWHERE {?student mit:registeredAt ?x .?x foaf:homepage <http://www.mit.edu> .?student foaf:name ?name .? student foaf:age ?age .FILTER (?age > 22)}ORDER BY ?nameLIMIT 20OFFSET 20students older than 22 years sorted by nameresults from number #21 to #40

operators• Inside the FILTER:– Comparators: <, >, =, <=, >=, !=– Tests on variables : isURI(?x), isBlank(?x),isLiteral(?x), bound(?x)– Regular expression regex(?x, "A.*")– Attributes and values: lang(), datatype(), str()– Casting: xsd:integer(?x)– External functions and extensions– Boolean combinations: &&, ||• In the where WHERE: @fr , ^^xsd:integer• In the SELECT: distinct

other functions (v 1.1)isNumeric(Val) test it is a numeric valuecoalesce(val,…, val) first valid valueIRI(Str)/URI(Str) to build an iri/uri from a stringBNODE(ID) to build a blank nodeRAND() random value between 0 and 1ABS(Val) absolute valueCEIL(Val), FLOOR(Val), ROUND(Val)NOW() today’s dateDAY(Date), HOURS(Date), MINUTES(Date),MONTH(Date), SECONDS(Date),TIMEZONE(Date), TZ(Date), YEAR(Date)to access different parts of a dateMD5(Val), SHA1(Val), SHA256(Val),SHA384(Val), SHA512(Val) hash functions

string / literal functions (v1.1)STRDT(value, type) build a typed literalSTRLANG(value, lang) build a literal with a languageCONCAT(lit1,…,litn) concatenate a list of literalCONTAINS(lit1,lit2), STRSTARTS(lit1,lit2),STRENDS(lit1,lit2)to test string inclusionSUBSTR(lit, start [,length]) extract a sub stringENCODE_FOR_URI (Str) encodes a string as URIUCASE (Str), LCASE (Str) uppercase and lowercaseSTRLEN (Str) length of the string

aggregatesgroup by + count, sum, min, max,avg, group_concat, or sampleex. average scores, grouped by the subject, butonly where the mean is greater than 10SELECT (AVG(?score) AS ?average)WHERE { ?student score ?score . }GROUP BY ?studentHAVING(AVG(?score) > 10)

question:PREFIX ex: <http://www.exemple.abc#>SELECT ?personWHERE {?person rdf:type ?type .FILTER(! ( ?type = ex:Man ))}

minussubstract a patternPREFIX ex: <http://www.exemple.abc#>SELECT ?personWHERE {{ ?x rdf:type ex:Person }minus {?x rdf:type ex:Man}}

not existcheck the absence of a patternPREFIX ex: <http://www.exemple.abc#>SELECT ?personWHERE {?x ex:memberOf ?org .filter (not exists{?y ex:memberOf <Hell>})}

if… then… elseprefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>select * where {?x foaf:name ?name ; foaf:age ?age .filter (if (langMatches( lang(?name), "FR"),?age>=18, ?age>=21) )}

test a value is in / not in a listprefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>select * where {?x foaf:name ?n .filter (?n in ("fabien", "olivier","catherine") )}

valuespre-defined bindingsselect ?person where {?person name ?name .VALUES (?name){ "Peter" "Pedro" "Pierre" }}

pathsprefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>select ?friends_fab where {?x foaf:name "Fabien Gandon" ;foaf:knows+ ?friends_fab ;}/ : sequence| : alternative+ : one or several* : zero or several? : optional^ : reverse! : negation{min,max} : length

select expressionselect ?x (year(?date) as ?year)where {?x birthdate ?date .}

subquery / nested queryselect ?name where {{select (max(?age) as ?max)where { ?person age ?age }}?senior age ?max?senior name ?name}

construct RDF as resultPREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>PREFIX corp: <http://mycorp.com/schema#>CONSTRUCT{ ?student rdf:type corp:FuturExecutive . }WHERE{ ?student rdf:type mit:Student . }

free descriptionPREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>DESCRIBE ?student{ ?student rdf:type mit:Student . }orDESCRIBE <…URI…>

SPARQL protocolexchange queries and theirresults through the web

publicationprocess demo• one-click setup• import raw data• transform to RDF• publish on the web• query online

Test on DBpedia• Connect to:http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ orhttp://fr.dbpedia.org/sparql or …http://wiki.dbpedia.org/Internationalization/Chapters• Query:SELECT * WHERE {?x rdfs:label "Paris"@fr .?x ?p ?v .}LIMIT 10

Linked Data PlatformHTTP access to LD resources & containersget, post, put, delete resources from LD servers.GET /people/fab HTTP/1.1Host: data.inria.frPUT http://data.inria.fr/people/fab HTTP/1.1Host: data.inria.frContent-Type: text/turtle<fab> a foaf:Person ;rdfs:label "Fabien" ;foaf:mbox <fabien.gandon@inria.fr> .?!

semantic web: linked data and semantics of schemasa little semantics in a world of links

had typed links…the original web

publish the data schemas180°C+ = ?+= 

what is the lastdocumentyou read?

your answer relies on ashared ontologywe infer from itwe all understood

DocumentBookNovel Short Storysubtype

subtype#12#21#47 #48"document""book""livre""novel""roman""short story""nouvelle"#21  #12#48  #21#47  #21

#21  #12#48  #21#47  #21ontologicalknowledge formalized#12#21#47 #48

languagesto formalizeontologies

W3C®PUBLISHSEMANTICSOF SCHEMAS

RDFS provides primitives to Writelightweight ontologies

RDFS to define classes of resourcesand organize their hierarchyDocumentReport

RDFS to define relations betweenresources, their signatureand organize their hierarchycreatorauthorDocument Person

FO  R  GF  GRmapping modulo an ontologycarvehiclecar(x)vehicle(x)GFGRvehiclecarO

an old schema of RDFSW3C http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/

example of RDFS schema<rdf:RDF xml:base ="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs"xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#><Class rdf:ID="Man"><subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/><subClassOf rdf:resource="#Male"/><label xml:lang="en">man</label><comment xml:lang="en">an adult male person</comment></Class><Man> a Class ; subClassOf <Person>, <Male> .

example of RDFS properties<rdf:RDF xml:base ="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs"xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#><rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasMother"><subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/><range rdf:resource="#Female"/><domain rdf:resource="#Human"/><label xml:lang="en">has for mother</label><comment xml:lang="en">to have for parent a female.</comment></rdf:Property><hasMother> a rdf:Property ;subPropertyOf <hasParent> ;range <Female> ; domain <Human> .

example of RDF using this schema<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"xmlns="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs#"xml:base=" http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs-instances" ><rdf:Description rdf:ID="Lucas"><rdf:typerdf:resource="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs#Man"/><hasMother rdf:resource="#Laura"/></rdf:Description><Man rdf:ID="Lucas"><hasMother rdf:resource="#Laura"/></Man><Luca> a Man; hasMother <Laura> .

rdfs:labela resource may have one or more labels inone or more natural language<rdf:Property rdf:ID='name'><rdfs:domain rdf:resource='Person'/><rdfs:range rdf:resource='&rdfs;Literal'/><rdfs:label xml:lang='fr'>nom</rdfs:label><rdfs:label xml:lang='fr'>nom de famille</rdfs:label><rdfs:label xml:lang='en'>name</rdfs:label></rdf:Property><name> a rdf:Property ;range rdfs:Literal ; domain <Person> ;label "nom"@fr, "nom de famille"@fr, "name"@en .

rdfs:comment & rdfs:seeAlsocomments provide definitions and explanations in naturallanguage<rdfs:Class rdf:about=‘#Woman’><rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/><rdfs:comment xml:lang=‘fr’>une personne adulte dusexe féminin</rdfs:comment><rdfs:comment xml:lang=‘en’>a female adult person</rdfs:comment></rdfs:Class>see also…<rdfs:Class rdf:about=‘#Man’><rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource=‘#Woman’/></rdfs:Class><Woman> a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf <Person> ;rdfs:comment "adult femal person"@en ;rdfs:comment "une adulte de sexe féminin"@fr .<Man> a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:seeAlso <Woman> .

OWLprovides additionalprimitives forheavyweight ontologies

OWLin one…enumerationintersectionunioncomplement disjunctionrestriction!cardinality1..1algebraic propertiesequivalence[>18]disjoint unionvalue restrict.disjoint propertiesqualified cardinality1..1!individual prop. negchained prop.keys…

enumerated classdefine a class by providing all its members<owl:Class rdf:id="EyeColor"><owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"><owl:Thing rdf:ID="Blue"/><owl:Thing rdf:ID="Green"/><owl:Thing rdf:ID="Brown"/><owl:Thing rdf:ID="Black"/></owl:oneOf></owl:Class>{a,b,c,d,e}

classes defined by unionof other classes<owl:Class><owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"><owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/><owl:Class rdf:about="#Group"/></owl:unionOf></owl:Class>

classes defined by intersectionof other classes<owl:Class rdf:ID="Man"><owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"><owl:Class rdf:about="#Male"/><owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/></owl:intersectionOf></owl:Class>

complement and disjunctioncomplement class<owl:Class rdf:ID="Male"><owl:complementOf rdf:resource="#Female"/></owl:Class>declare a disjunction<owl:Class rdf:ID="Square"><owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Round"/></owl:Class>

restriction on all values<owl:Class rdf:ID="Herbivore"><subClassOf rdf:resource="#Animal"/><subClassOf><owl:Restriction><owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#eats" /><owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Plant" /></owl:Restriction></subClassOf></owl:Class>!

restriction on some values<owl:Class rdf:ID="Sportive"><owl:equivalentClass><owl:Restriction><owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hobby" /><owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Sport" /></owl:Restriction></owl:equivalentClass></owl:Class>!

restriction to an exact value<owl:Class rdf:ID="Bike"><subClassOf><owl:Restriction><owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#nbWheels" /><owl:hasValue>2</owl:hasValue></owl:Restriction></subClassOf></owl:Class>!

restriction on cardinalityhow many times a property is used fora same subject but with different values• Constraints: minimum, maximum, exact number• Exemple<owl:Class rdf:ID="Person"><subClassOf><owl:Restriction><owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#name" /><owl:maxCardinality>1</owl:maxCardinality></owl:Restriction></subClassOf></owl:Class>1..1

types of properties• ObjectProperty are relations between resources onlye.g. hasParent(#thomas,#stephan)• DatatypeProperty have a literal value possibly typedex:hasAge(#thomas,16^^xsd:int)• AnnotationProperty are ignored in inferences and usedfor documentation and extensions

algebraic properties• Symmetric property, xRy  yRx<owl:SymmetricProperty rdf:ID="hasSpouse" />• Inverse property, xR1y  yR2x<rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasChild"><owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/></rdf:Property>• Transitive property, xRy & yRz  xRz<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:ID="hasAncestor" />• Functional property, xRy & xRz  y=z<owl:FunctionalProperty rdf:ID="hasMother" />• Inverse functional property, xRy & zRy  x=z<owl:InverseFunctionalPropertyrdf:ID="hasSocialSecurityNumber" />!!

equivalencies and alignment• equivalent classes : owl:equivalentClass• equivalent properties: owl:equivalentProperty• identical or different resources:owl:sameAs, owl:differentFrom

document the schemasdescription of the ontologyowl:Ontology, owl:imports, owl:versionInfo,owl:priorVersion, owl:backwardCompatibleWith,owl:incompatibleWithversions of classes and propertiesowl:DeprecatedClass, owl:DeprecatedProperty

OWL profilesEL: large numbers of properties and/or classesand polynomial time.QL: large volumes of instance data, andconjunctive query answering usingconventional relational database in LOGSPACERL: scalable reasoning without sacrificing toomuch expressive power using rule-basedreasoning in polynomial time

VoCampcamps for vocabulary hackers

semantic waste separationthe web is a garbage can,the semantic web will be a semantic garbage can.

Rule Interchange Format (RIF)core and extensions

e.g. infer new relationsrule: if a member of a team is interested in a topic thenthe team as a whole is interested in that topic?person interestedBy ?topic?person member ?team?team interestedBy ?topicinterestedByPerson?personTopic?topicmember Team?teaminterestedBy

question: forward chainingex:Fabien ex:activity ex:Researchex:Fabien ex:in ex:WimmicsTeamex:WimmicsTeam ex:in ex:INRIASophiaex:INRIASophia ex:in ex:INRIAex:WimmicsTeam ex:activity ex:Researchex:INRIASophia ex:activity ex:Researchex:INRIA ex:activity ex:ResearchIF?x ex:activity ?y?x ex:in ?zTHEN?z ex:activity ?y

RIF Coresubset shared by most systems: add onlyemployee1 [function-> “executive”bonus -> 10 ]ForAll ?emp (?emp [ bonus -> 15 ] :-?emp [ function -> “executive” ] )employee1 [function -> “executive”bonus -> 10bonus -> 15 ]

RIF Coremonotonic Horn clause on framesconclusion :- hyp1 and hyp2 and hyp3 …• IRI as constants• frames as triplets• lists• existential quantification in condition• class membership and equality in condition

RIF BLD (Basic Logic Dialect)still monotonic : no changes.• conjunction in conclusion• fonctions, predicates and named arguments f(?x)Maganer(?e) :- Exists ?g (manage(?e ?g))• disjunction in condition• equality in conclusion• sub-classes

RIF PRD (Production Rules Dialect)full production rules in forward chaining• add, delete, modify, run• instantiate frames (new)• negation as failure (ineg)• no longer monotonicForall ?customer ?purchasesYTD(If And( ?customer#ex:Customer?customer[ex:purchasesYTD->?purchasesYTD]External(pred:numeric-greater-than(?purchasesYTD 5000)) )Then Do( Modify(?customer[ex:status->"Gold"]) ) )(from PRD Rec. Doc.)

RIF, RIF, RIF,…• DTB (Datatypes and Built-Ins) : data types with theirpredicates and functions• FLD: how to specify new dialects extending BLD• SWC : syntax and semantics to combine RIF, RDFgraphs, RDFS and OWL (RL)

SKOSknowledgethesauri,classifications,subjects,taxonomies,folksonomies,... controlledvocabulary168

natural language expressions to refer to concepts169inria:CorporateSemanticWebskos:prefLabel "corporate semantic web"@en;skos:prefLabel "web sémantique d'entreprise"@fr;skos:altLabel "corporate SW"@en;skos:altLabel "CSW"@en;skos:hiddenLabel "web semantique d'entreprise"@fr.labels

between conceptsinria:CorporateSemanticWebskos:broader w3c:SemanticWeb;skos:narrower inria:CorporateSemanticWiki;skos:related inria:KnowledgeManagement.relations

inria:CorporateSemanticWebskos:scopeNote "only within KM community";skos:definition "a semantic web on an intranet";skos:example "Nokia's internal use of RDF gateway";skos:historyNote "semantic intranet until 2006";skos:editorialNote "keep wikipedia def. uptodate";skos:changeNote "acronym added by fabien".

toward all forms of data on the web

many databuried and dormant in web pages

R2RMLa standard transformation of arelationnal database in RDFschemamapping

direct mapping• cells of a line  triples with a shared subject• names of columns  names of properties• each value of a cell  one object• links between tablesname fname agedoe john 34did sandy 45#s1 :name "doe"#s1 :fname "john"#s1 :age "34"#s2 :name "did"#s2 :fname "sandy"#s2 :age "45"#s3 …

example of mappingISBN Author Title Year0006511409X id_xyz The Glass Palace 2000ID Name Homepageid_xyz Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comhttp://…isbn/000651409XGhosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comThe Glass Palace2000a:namea:homepagea:author

(1) transformingtable of personsISBN Author Title Year0006511409X id_xyz The Glass Palace 2000ID Name Homepageid_xyz Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comhttp://…isbn/000651409XGhosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comThe Glass Palace2000a:namea:homepagea:author:P_Table rdf:type rr:TriplesMap ;rr:subjectMap [rr:termtype "BlankNode" ;rr:column "ID" ;] ;rr:predicateObjectMap [rr:predicateMap [rr:predicate a:name];rr:objectMap [rr:column "Name"]] ;rr:predicateObjectMap [rr:predicateMap [rr:predicate a:homepage];rr:objectMap [rr:column "Homepage" ;rr:termtype "IRI"]] ;

(2) transformingtable of booksISBN Author Title Year0006511409X id_xyz The Glass Palace 2000ID Name Homepageid_xyz Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comhttp://…isbn/000651409XGhosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comThe Glass Palace2000a:namea:homepagea:author:B_Table rdf:type rr:TriplesMap ;rr:subjectMap [rr:template "http://...isbn/{ISBN}";];rr:predicateObjectMap [rr:predicateMap [rr:predicate a:title];rr:objectMap [rr:column "Title"]] ;rr:predicateObjectMap [rr:predicateMap [rr:predicate a:year];rr:objectMap [rr:column "Year" ;]] ;

(3) linking tablesISBN Author Title Year0006511409X id_xyz The Glass Palace 2000ID Name Homepageid_xyz Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comhttp://…isbn/000651409XGhosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.comThe Glass Palace2000a:namea:homepagea:author:B_Table a rr:TriplesMap ;...rr:refPredicateObjectMap [rr:refPredicateMap [rr:predicate a:author];rr:refObjectMap [rr:parentTriplesMap :P_Table ;rr:joinCondition"{child}.Author = {parent}.ID"]]].

schema.orgschemas to improve index, search and display e.g:• Creative works, Book, Movie, MusicRecording, Recipe, TVSeries ...• Embedded non-text objects, AudioObject, ImageObject, VideoObject• Event• Organization• Person• Place, LocalBusiness, Restaurant ...• Product, Offer, AggregateOffer• Review, AggregateRating= + + +

RDFa 1.1: example on schema.org<div vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="Product"><img rel="image" src="dell-30in-lcd.jpg" /><span property="name">Dell UltraSharp 30" LCD Monitor</span><div rel="hasAggregateRating" ><div typeof="http://schema.org/AggregateRating"><span property="ratingValue">87</span>out of <span property="bestRating">100</span>based on <span property="ratingCount">24</span> user ratings</div></div><div rel="offers" ><div typeof="http://schema.org/AggregateOffer"><span property="lowPrice">$1250</span>to <span property="highPrice">$1495</span>from <span property="offerCount">8</span> sellers</div></div>(…)PS: RDFa Lite = vocab + typeof + property + about + prefix.

GRDDL opens formatsby allowing us to declare RDF extractionalgorithms inside XML documents<head profile="http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view"><title>The man who mistook his wife for a hat</title><link rel="transformation"href="http://www.w3.org/2000/06/ dc-extract/dc-extract.xsl" /><meta name="DC.Subject" content="clinical tales" />…

code inside the page<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" dir="ltr" lang="en-US"xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"><head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns# YOUR_NAMESPACE:http://ogp.me/ns/apps/YOUR_NAMESPACE#"><meta property="fb:app_id" content="YOUR_APP_ID" /><meta property="og:type" content="YOUR_NAMESPACE:recipe" /><meta property="og:title" content="Stuffed Cookies" /><meta property="og:image" content="http://example.com/cookie.jpg" /><meta property="og:description" content="The Turducken of Cookies" /><meta property="og:url" content="http://example.com/cookie.html"><script type="text/javascript">function postCook(){ FB.api('/me/YOUR_NAMESPACE:cook' +'?recipe=http://example.com/cookie.html','post', (…) }); }</script></head><body>(…)<form><input type="button" value="Cook" onclick="postCook()" /></form></body></html>

VoID: describing RDF datasets/linksets

:DBpedia a void:Dataset;void:sparqlEndpoint <http://dbpedia.org/sparql>;void:feature :RDFXML ;void:subset :DBpedia2Geonames ;void:uriLookupEndpoint <http://lookup.dbpedia.org/api/search.asmx/KeywordSearch? QueryString=> ;dcterms:modified "2008-11-17"^^xsd:date;dcterms:title "DBPedia";dcterms:description "RDF data extracted from Wikipedia";dcterms:publisher :DBpedia_community;dcterms:license <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>;dcterms:source <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Wikipedia>.:Geonames a void:Dataset;void:sparqlEndpoint <http://geosparql.appspot.com/query>;void:triples "107983838"^^xsd:integer ;dcterms:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Location> .:DBpedia2Geonames a void:Linkset ;void:linkPredicate owl:sameAs ;void:target :DBpedia ;void:target :Geonames .e.g. DBpedia dataset

Data Cube: publish multi-dimensionaldata (statistics)

CSV-LD & Linked CSV• contexts to interpret and generate CSV• conventions for CSV to be linked in RDF

SAWSDLsemantic annotation of WSDL (W3C Rec. 2007)

semanticallyservices annotated and searchedproviderserviceclientrequesterdirectory312

a (too) fast three-tier summaryRDFa, microdata,…LDP, HTTP, JSON-LD, …R2RML, SPARQL, RDF, …presentationlogicdata

Provenance: PROV-DM & PROV-Odescribe entities and activitiesinvolved in providing a resource

PROV-DM & PROV-O: primer exampleex:compose prov:used ex:dataSet1 ;prov:used ex:regionList .ex:composition prov:wasGeneratedBy ex:compose .ex:illustrate prov:used ex:composition .ex:chart1 prov:wasGeneratedBy ex:illustrate .

annotating multimédia elements• semantic description of multimediaresources [Media Annotation]• pointing to internal elements ofmultimedia resources [Media Fragment]

multimedia fragment• part of the URL after the #http://www.example.com/example.ogv#track=audio&t=10,20• dimensions:– temporal:t=10,20 / t=npt:,0:02:01.5 / t=clock:2009-07-26T11:19:01Z– spatial:xywh=pixel:160,120,320,240 / xywh=percent:25,25,50,50– track:track=1 / track=video&track=subtitle / track=Wide– named:id=chapter-1• fragment are not sent with the URL but encoded inthe HTTP request

ontologies for multimedia descriptionsontology for Media Resources 1.0<video.ogv> a ma:MediaResource ;ma:hasTrack <video.ogv#track=audio>,<video.ogv#track=subtitle>;ma:hasSubtitling <video.ogv#track=subtitle> ;ma:hasSigning <video.ogv#xywh=percent:70,70,90,90> .<video.ogv#track=audio> a ma:AudioTrack ;ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "en-GB" ] ;ma:hasFragment <video.ogv#track=audio&t=10,20> .<video.ogv#track=audio&t=10,20> a ma:MediaFragment ;ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "fr" ] .<video.ogv#track=subtitle> a ma:DataTrack ;ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "es" ] .<video.ogv#xywh=percent:70,70,90,90> a ma:MediaFragment ;ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "bfi" ] .

some pointers• W3C standardshttp://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/• SW Toolshttp://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Tools• Linked Data Bookhttp://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/• W3DevCampushttp://www.w3devcampus.com/• EUCLID materialhttp://www.euclid-project.eu/

http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Tools

impossibleto predict everyusage

explicitmake conceptualizations

open your datato those who could use them

#WatchDogs #WeAreData @ubisoft

66 FOAF primitives 3 475 908 348 references (2)x 52 millions“a small tree ruling a big graph”(1)(1) Franck Van Harmelen, ISWC 2011(2) Libby Miller, 2009

“semantic web”and not“semanticweb”[C. Welty, ISWC 2007]“a lightweight ontologyallows us to dolightweight reasoning”[J. Hendler, ISWC 2007]

datadata basesdata modelsopen datalinked dataclosed dataenterprise datalinked enterprise datalinked open datadata schemassemantic web of datadata structureslinked data schemasweb of databig databig data streamsdata streamslinked data streams web of sensors, things, …VELOCITYbig linked dataVOLUMEVARIETYVVeb datalinked healthcare dataVICINITYVISIBILITYpersonal datadata miningdata type

price convert?person homepage?more info?web 1, 2, 3

identifydescribe & linkqueryreasoningtraceURIRDFHTTP, SPARQL, LDPRDFS & OWLPROV-OGOALS AND MEANS

identifydescribe & linkqueryreasoningtracehttp://fabien.fr#me#me type manselect * {?r type ?t}man subClassOf malewasAttributedTo #meGOALS AND MEANS

informalformalusage representationone web…dataperson documentprogrammetadata

he who controls metadata, controls the weband through the world-wide web many things in our world.fabien, gandon, @fabien_gandon, http://fabien.infoWWW 2014

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An introduction to Semantic Web and Linked Data