Downloaded 24 times
PM
Uploaded byPooja Mistry
641 views
Quantum Computing and Qiskit
The document discusses quantum computing and IBM's efforts in the field. It provides an overview of quantum computing concepts like superposition and entanglement. It describes IBM's superconducting qubit technology and how qubits can be controlled and entangled. The document outlines IBM's quantum computing platforms including the IBM Quantum Experience for experimenting with quantum circuits in the cloud. It encourages users to get involved with the Qiskit open source framework and global quantum computing community.
In this document
Powered by AI
Introduction to exploring quantum computing using Qiskit, presented by Doug McClure from IBM.
Basic chemical composition of caffeine, represented by its molecular formula C8H10N4O2.
Discusses Moore’s Law, which states that transistors get smaller and cheaper while the computational model remains unchanged.
Highlights quantum computing as a new computational model, distinct from Moore’s Law, exemplified by IBM’s 20-qubit system.
Outlines the evolution of quantum computing from foundational science to achieving practical quantum advantage.
Key principles of quantum mechanics including superposition, entanglement, uncertainty, and decoherence.
Explains features of quantum computing like superposition and entanglement, including illustrative examples.
Discusses challenges such as decoherence and the uncertainty principle impacting quantum system measurement.
Contrasts classical bits with quantum bits (qubits), their logical states, and their representation on the Bloch sphere.
Overview of various physical systems used for qubits, including superconducting circuits and topological systems.
Details on superconducting microwave resonators, their role in qubit state readout and noise filtering.
Describes the structure of a quantum chip, including qubit and resonator roles and dimensions.
Explains how individual superconducting qubits are controlled and manipulated using microwave pulses.
Explores various methods for generating entanglement between qubits, emphasizing IBM’s CNOT implementation.
Discusses the control and readout electronics for superconducting qubits, including signal processing components.
Describes the operational environment for superconducting qubits, highlighting the need for cryogenic temperatures.
Introduction to IBM Quantum Experience, a cloud-based platform facilitating access to quantum devices.
Details the workflow of submitting quantum circuits through a user API and processing results.
Describes the representation of quantum circuits through a user-friendly interface suitable for beginners.
Highlights the desired functionalities in quantum programming including error mitigation and real-world problem-solving.
Outlines the components of Qiskit’s framework for quantum programming, emphasizing its modularity.
Describes the basic workflow in Qiskit, from defining circuits to retrieving results.
Examines the strategy for designing quantum algorithms that effectively utilize short circuits due to noise.
Illustrates the application of quantum computing in quantum chemistry through the Variational Quantum Eigensolver.
Introduces the IQX platform, resources for quantum computing, and available documentation.
Overview of the user dashboard available in the IQX platform for quantum computing.
Details on the backend operations and insights provided by the IQX platform.
Provides links to documentation for support in using the IQX platform.
Features a GUI for quantum circuit visualization and construction, enhancing user interaction with circuits.
Discusses the integration of Jupyter Notebooks for developing quantum programs within the IQX environment.
Introduces a practical exercise for users to explore concepts of superposition and entanglement.
Encourages joining the Qiskit community for collaboration, support, and participation in events.
Promotes IBM’s resources for learning more about quantum computing and getting started with Qiskit.
More Related Content
What's hot
Similar to Quantum Computing and Qiskit
More from Pooja Mistry
Recently uploaded
![ANPARA THERMAL POWER STATION[1] sangam.pdf](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2fcdn.slidesharecdn.com%2fss_thumbnails%2fanparathermalpowerstation1sangam-251121115219-9261cde4-thumbnail.jpg%3fwidth%3d640%26amp%3bheight%3d640%26amp%3bfit%3dbounds&f=jpg&w=240)
Quantum Computing and Qiskit
- 1.Exploring QuantumComputing withQiskitJuly 15, 2020Doug McClureResearch Staff MemberManager of Quantum System DeploymentIBM Quantum
- 2.
- 3.3IBM Confidential –Internal Use OnlyJuly 20193 © 2017 IBM CorporationPerformanceMoore’s Law• Transistors get smaller and cheaper
- 4.4IBM Confidential –Internal Use OnlyJuly 20194 © 2017 IBM CorporationPerformanceMoore’s Law• Transistors get smaller and cheaper• Underlying model of computation still the sameENIAC (1945)Galaxy Z Flip(2020)=
- 5.5IBM Confidential –Internal Use OnlyJuly 20195 © 2017 IBM CorporationPerformanceBeyond Moore’s Law• Quantum computing is an entirely new model ofcomputation, NOT simply an extension of Moore’s lawENIAC (1945)=Galaxy Z Flip(2020)=IBM Quantum20-qubit system(2018)
- 6.The roadto quantumadvantage2016~2020s1960s 2050+QuantumScienceQuantumReadyQuantumAdvantageCreated thefundamentaltheoretical andphysical buildingblocks of quantumcomputing.Engage the worldand prepare forthe quantumcomputing era.Beneficial to use aquantum computerto solve real-world problems.IBM Quantum ExperienceLaunched (May 2016)IBM Quantum NetworkLaunched (Dec 2017)Qiskit v0.1 released(Mar 2017)
- 7.Quantum mechanics:a two-sidedcoinSuperpositionEntanglementUncertaintyDecoherence
- 8.Computing with quantummechanics: featuresSuperposition: a system’s state can be anylinear combination of classical states …untilit is measured, at which point it collapses toone of the classical statesExample: Schrodinger’s CatEntanglement: particles in superpositioncan develop correlations such thatmeasuring just one affects them allExample: EPR Paradox (Einstein: “spookyaction at a distance”)QuantumwavefunctionNormalization“Classical” statesLinearcombination
- 9.Computing with quantummechanics: challengesTimeQubitState01Decoherence: a system is gradually measuredby residual interaction with its environment,killing quantum behaviorConsequence: quantum effects observed onlyin well-isolated systems (so not cats… yet)Uncertainty principle: measuring onevariable (e.g. position) disturbs itsconjugate (e.g. momentum)Consequence: complete knowledge of anarbitrary quantum state is impossible.→ “No-Cloning Theorem”
- 10.Classical bits:Quantum bits(“qubits”)What should a quantum bit look like?Physical systems: capacitor charge,transistor state, magnetic polarization,presence or absence of a punched hole, etc.Logical states: 0 and 1Physical systems: spin of an electron, state of an atom,superconducting circuitsLogical states: |0>, |1>, superpositions thereof.Represented on the Bloch sphere
- 11.Physical qubit systemsTopologicalsystems?Atomicsystems Electron spinsImage: http://vandersypenlab.tudelft.nl/Image: http://www.quantumoptics.at/Image: http://topocondmat.org/w2_majorana/braiding.htmlMajorana fermionsSuperconducting circuits• Straightforward wafer-scalefabrication with establishedmaterials and processes• Accurate device design withstandard software• Scalable architecture withcircuit QED paradigm• Control and readout usingreadily available componentsPhotonsImage: PSIQuantum
- 12.SuperconductingMicrowave Resonators:▪ read-outof qubit states▪ multi-qubit quantum bus▪ noise filterSuperconducting Transmon Qubits:Superconducting quantum processor building blocks100 nmX 100 nm▪ Josephson Junction acts as a non-linear inductor, allowingisolation of lowest two allowed energy levelsPhys. Rev. A 76, 04319 (2007)
- 13.Anatomy of aquantum chip1 mmQubits:Single-junction transmonFrequency ~ 5 GHzAnharmonicity ~ 0.3 GHzResonators:Co-planar waveguideFrequency ~ 6 – 7 GHzRoles:1. Individual qubit readout2. Qubit coupling (“bus”)Ground planePeriodic holes preventstray magnetic field fromhurting superconductorperformance Corcoles et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 6979 (2015)
- 14.Controlling individual superconductingqubits• Typically | ۧ𝟎 and | ۧ𝟏 differ in energy by E01 ~ 20 meV• We drive this transition with a microwave pulse at frequency E01/h ~ 5 GHz• While pulse is on, qubit undergoes Rabi oscillations between | ۧ𝟎 and | ۧ𝟏• Applying a pulse for just the right time and amplitude (a “pi pulse”) flips the qubitXYZ| ۧ𝟎| ۧ𝟏| ۧ+| ۧ−| ۧ| ۧPulse lengthProbabilityofmeasuring|ۧ𝟎100%0%“pi pulse” = NOT gate
- 15.Generating entanglementVarious approachesdemonstrated:– Fast frequency tuning with flux bias– Tunable couplers– All-microwave controlIBM Quantum systems use CNOT implementedusing cross-resonance technique (all-microwave)– Bus resonator provides static coupling betweenneighboring qubits– Drive control at target’s frequency → targetoscillates at rate dependent on state of control– Adjust amplitude/time of pulse to get CNOT– Error rates around 1% in multi-qubit devicesInitial State Final StateControl Target Control Target| ۧ𝟎 | ۧ𝟎 | ۧ𝟎 | ۧ𝟎| ۧ𝟏 | ۧ𝟎 | ۧ𝟏 | ۧ𝟏a | ۧ𝟎 + b | ۧ𝟏 | ۧ𝟎 a | ۧ𝟎𝟎 + b | ۧ𝟏𝟏CNOT Gate Operationentanglement!superposition →
- 16.Superconducting qubit controland readout electronics• RF signal source• Produces a continuous sine wave at arequested frequency/power• Arbitrary waveform generator• Generates and outputs aprogrammed pulse envelope• Mixer• Multiplies a sine wave by an envelopeto produce an RF pulse• Down-converts readout signal to MHzrange to facilitate digitization• Digitizer• Captures down-converted readoutsignal for analysisRF Source:@ f01AWG: Ch1Ch2IQto qubitI/Q MixerQubit control:RF Source 1:@ frDigitizer:@ Dto readout resonatorQubit readout:RF Source 2:@ fr + Dreadoutsignal
- 17.Superconducting qubit environmentand signal flow• Cryo temperatures required▪ Qubits sit at base of dilution refrigerator• Control and readout performed bysending pulses over coaxial cables• Input lines use attenuation toreduce incoming noise• Output lines use cryogenicamplification and isolation
- 18.IBM Quantum ExperienceLaunchedMay 4, 2016Free, cloud-based GUIand programmatic accessto small quantum devicesand simulatorsDetailed user guide withexample algorithms> 200,000 users> 150 billion circuits run> 200 scientific papers
- 19.© 2017 IBMCorporation19Quantum computing through the cloudClassical computer API serverControl computerControl instrumentsQuantum computer1. User submits “circuits” (sets of instructions) via API2. Control computer directs instruments to sendpulses to quantum chip3. Readout signals are analyzed to determinequbit states at end of each circuit4. Typically repeat many times to averageaway fluctuations5. Results sent to user
- 20.Writing quantum circuits:the “quantum score”arxiv.org/pdf/1905.02666.pdf• “Textbook” way of showing quantum circuits• Conducive to user-friendly drag-and-drop interface• Useful for beginners studying simple circuits• Becomes unmanageable for large/complex circuits
- 21.Quantum programming desires•Build and run circuits• Study and mitigate errors• Simulate device behavior• Solve real-world problems
- 22.The elements ofQiskit• Build and run circuits• Study and mitigate errors• Simulate device behavior• Solve real-world problemsTerraAquaAerIgnisOpen Source(Apache 2.0)Written inPython 3Modular andextendibleqiskit.org
- 23.© 2017 IBMCorporation23Basic workflow (Qiskit Terra)▪Define → build → compile → run → retrieveCompile and run Get resultsDefine quantum circuitsState Counts00000 51300011 48700000 000110.50.0ProbabilityOutcome
- 24.Designing algorithms fortoday’s quantum computers• Quantum processors are noisy → long circuits won’t work!▪ Design algorithms to use many small circuits rather than a single big one• Example: “hybrid” quantum-classical optimization▪ Quantum processor calculates objective function for classical optimizer▪ Applicable to many problems including quantum chemistry (below)Prepare a trial state 𝝍 𝜽and compute its energy 𝑬(𝜽)Use classical optimizer toguess a better value of 𝜽
- 25.Black dots: VQEresultsDensity plots: numericalsimulations (classical)Dashed lines: exactcalculationsMore recently: improvedaccuracy using errormitigation techniquePrepare a trial state 𝝍 𝜽and compute its energy 𝑬(𝜽)Use classical optimizer toguess a better value of 𝜽Quantum Chemistry with theVariational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE)
- 26.Tour of IQXPlatformarxiv.org/pdf/1905.02666.pdfquantum-computing.ibm.com
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.Circuit composer: quantumscore GUIarxiv.org/pdf/1905.02666.pdf
- 32.
- 33.Jupyter notebook environmentarxiv.org/pdf/1905.02666.pdfStarta new notebook from scratch – or import oneeasy access to notebooks in qiskit-iqx-tutorials
- 34.Hands-On Exercise: creatingsuperpositionand entanglementarxiv.org/pdf/1905.02666.pdfquantum-computing.ibm.comhttps://github.com/dtmcclure/exploring-qc-with-qiskitStep-by-step instructions at
- 35.35 © 2017IBM CorporationJoin the global Qiskit community▪Diverse developer and user community▪Slack workspace for questions and discussions▪Online and in-person events (contests, hackathons, camps)
- 36.Learn more!Discover moreaboutIBM’s quantumcomputing initiativeibm.com/IBMQExplore the IBM Quantum Experienceand start using real machines today(don’t miss the embedded tutorial athttps://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/guide)ibm.co/iqxLearn the basics of programmingquantum computers with Qiskit(I particularly recommend theCoding with Qiskit video seriesand the Qiskit Textbook)qiskit.org