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Python Programming - VI. Classes and Objects
This document discusses classes and objects in Python programming. It covers key concepts like class attributes, instantiating classes to create objects, using constructors and destructors, composition where objects have other objects as attributes, and referencing objects. The document uses examples like a Time class to demonstrate class syntax and how to define attributes and behaviors for classes.
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Overview of Python programming focusing on classes and objects, covering various programming topics.
Discussion on different programming paradigms: procedural, object-oriented, functional, and multi-paradigm programming.Focus on procedure-oriented programming, its characteristics, and design approach in programming.
Introduction to object-oriented programming, emphasizing data structuring over procedures.
Key advantages of OOP such as inheritance, data hiding, and enhanced project organization.
Origins of OOP traced back to Simula and its influence on modern languages like C++ and Java.
Basics of classes and objects, including their structure and relationship.
Detailed examination of class instantiation, special attributes, constructors, destructors, and class behaviors.
Concept of composition in OOP, focusing on the attributes' references to objects of other classes.
Citations for the content and artwork used in the presentation, maintaining a spirit of educational sharing.
Python Programming - VI. Classes and Objects
- 1.PYTHON PROGRAMMINGVI. CLASSESAND OBJECTSEngr. Ranel O. Padon
- 2.PYTHON PROGRAMMING TOPICSI•Introductionto Python ProgrammingII•Python BasicsIII•Controlling the Program FlowIV•Program Components: Functions, Classes, Packages, and ModulesV•Sequences (List and Tuples), and DictionariesVI•Object-Based Programming: Classes and ObjectsVII•Customizing Classes and Operator OverloadingVIII•Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance and PolymorphismIX•Randomization AlgorithmsX•Exception Handling and AssertionsXI•String Manipulation and Regular ExpressionsXII•File Handling and ProcessingXIII•GUI Programming Using Tkinter
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- 4.PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS• Procedural/Imperative(C, FORTRAN, COBOL)• Object-Oriented (C++, Java, C#, Objective-C)Objective-C is used in Apple’s OS X and iOS and for customizing its apps.• Functional Programming (Lisp)Lisp is used for customizing AutoCAD• Logic Programming (Prolog)• Concurrent (Erlang)• Multi-Paradigm (Python, Scala, PHP, JavaScript)•…
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- 10.PROCEDURE-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING1/6) Emphasisis on doing things (algorithms).2/6) Large programs are divided into smaller programsknown as functions.3/6) Most of the functions share global data.
- 11.PROCEDURE-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING4/6) Dataare more open around the system from functionto function.5/6) Functions transform data from one form to another.6/6) Employs top-down approach in program design.
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- 13.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGThe dataof an object can be accessed only by the functionsassociated with that object.Functions of one object can access the functions of other objects.
- 14.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING1/8) Emphasisis on data rather than procedures or algorithms.2/8) Programs are divided into what are known as objects.3/8) Data structures are designed such that they characterizethe objects.4/8) Functions that operate on the data are tied together inthe data structure.
- 15.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING5/8) Datais hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.6/8) Objects may communicate with each other through functions.7/8) New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.8/8) Follows bottom-up approach in program design.
- 16.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGBenefits ofOOP:1/8) Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extendthe use of existing classes which is not possible in procedure-orientedapproach.2/8) We can build programs from the standard working modules thatcommunicate with one another, rather than having to start writing thecode from scratch which happens procedure-oriented approach.This leads to saving of development time and higher productivity.
- 17.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGBenefits ofOOP:3/8) The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secureprograms that cannot be invaded by code in other parts of the program.4/8) It is possible to have multiple instances of object to co-exist withoutany interference.
- 18.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGBenefits ofOOP:5/8) It is possible to map objects in the problem domainto those in the program.6/8) It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects .
- 19.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGBenefits ofOOP:7/8) Object oriented systems can be easily upgraded from smallto large systems.8/8) Software complexity can be easily managed.
- 20.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGOOP firstappeared in the Simula programming language in the 1960s.
- 21.OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING• Simulawas invented by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard,which influenced C++, Java, and C#• professors Dahl and Nygaard received two very prestigious prizes:1.) von Neumann medal2.) Turing prize (the Nobel prize of computer science)
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- 23.CLASSES• A classis just like a blueprint of a house.• An object is the actual house built from that blueprint.• You could then create numerous houses/objects from a single blueprint.
- 24.CLASSESTwo main componentsof an Object/Class(these terms are synonymous/equivalent):• Attributes & Behaviors• Variables & Functions• Fields & Methods• Data Members & Member Functions
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- 27.THE TIME CLASS| Time1.py
- 28.THE TIME CLASS| Time1.py
- 29.THE TIME CLASS| Time1.py
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- 39.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 40.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Protected Var
- 41.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Protected Var
- 42.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 43.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |ChainingChaining Comparisons in Other LanguagesConcise Equivalent in Python
- 44.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |ChainingChaining Comparisons
- 45.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 46.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 47.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 48.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 49.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 50.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 51.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and GetRaising Exceptions
- 52.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 53.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 54.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 55.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 56.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Set and Get
- 57.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Private Var
- 58.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Private Var
- 59.OBJECT ATTRIBUTES |Private Var
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- 69.DESTRUCTORS• method called__del__• executes when the last reference toan object is deleted or goes out of scope.• specifies no parameters other than self• returns None.
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- 71.CLASS ATTRIBUTESClass Attributesare used to track the state of allobjects/instances of a given class.They are also known as Static VariablesThere are also Class Behaviors (Static Methods), methodsthat involve all objects/instances of a given class). In Java,Static Methods are used heavily by the Math class so that youcould execute methods without creating an object of the Mathclass
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- 73.CLASS ATTRIBUTESLists arenot restricted to homogeneous data types.Python programmers typically use liststo store sequences of homogeneous values(values of the same data type)
- 74.CLASS ATTRIBUTESLists arenot restricted to homogeneous data types.Python programmers typically use liststo store sequences of homogeneous values(values of the same data type)
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- 76.COMPOSITION• Objects usuallyhave attributes of basic/primitive data types(string, integers, boolean, etc)• Composition: when objects whose attributesare themselves references to objects of other classes
- 77.COMPOSITIONnote the gayagaya()method and the tao1.gayagaya(tao2) statement
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- 83.REFERENCES Deitel, Deitel,Liperi, and Wiedermann - Python: How to Program (2001). Disclaimer: Most of the images/information used here have no proper source citation, and I donot claim ownership of these either. I don’t want to reinvent the wheel, and I just want to reuseand reintegrate materials that I think are useful or cool, then present them in another light,form, or perspective. Moreover, the images/information here are mainly used forillustration/educational purposes only, in the spirit of openness of data, spreading light, andempowering people with knowledge.