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Python String FunctionsBy - Aamir Abdullah KhanJason J SamuelSushanthManish

Objective of the Seminar: Python String Basics. Common String Methods String Concatenation Formatting Strings Escape Characters Slicing Conclusion

String and String Basics Python strings are sequences of characters used to represent and manipulatetext or data in Python. They are one of the fundamental data types in thePython programming language. Strings are created by enclosing text withinsingle (''), double ("") or triple (''' or """) quotes. For example:

 Important characteristics and uses of Python strings:1. Text Handling: Python strings are primarily used for text processing andmanipulation. They can represent anything from a single character to entiredocuments.2. Immutable: Strings are immutable, meaning once they are created, theircontents cannot be changed. Operations on strings create new strings ratherthan modifying the original.3. Sequence: Strings are sequences of characters, which means you can accessindividual characters using indexing and perform various sequence operations(e.g., slicing, concatenation).4. Data Representation: Strings can be used to represent and work with dataother than text, such as binary data, serialized data (e.g., JSON, XML), andmore.5. String Methods: Python provides a rich set of built-in string methods thatallow you to perform common string operations, such as converting touppercase or lowercase, splitting, joining, finding substrings, and replacing.

Common String Methods: len( ): Returns the length (number of characters) of a string.Output: 13 str.lower( ) , str.upper( ): Convert the string to lowercase or uppercase.Output:

 str.strip( ) , str.lstrip( ) , str.rstrip( ): Remove leading and trailing whitespace.Output: str.split( ): Split a string into a list of substrings based on a separator.Output:

 str.join( ): Join a list of strings into a single string using a separator.Output: str.replace( ): Replace a substring with another substring.Output: str.find( ) , str.index( ): Find the index of a substring.Output:

String Concatenation: In Python, you can concatenate strings using the ‘ +‘operator, which allows you to join two or more stringstogether. Here's how string concatenation works:Output:Another example: Output:

Formatting Strings: String formatting in Python allows you to create well-structured, dynamic stringsby incorporating variables and values within text. There are various methods forstring formatting in Python, including f-strings, %-formatting, and thestr.format() method. Here are examples of each: F-strings (Formatted String Literals): F-strings provide a concise and readable way to format strings by embeddingexpressions within curly braces { }. Output:

 %-formatting: The ‘%’ operator allows you to formatstrings by specifying placeholders using ‘%’ and thenproviding values in a tuple. Example: Output: Here, ‘%s’ is a placeholder for a string, and ‘%d’ is a placeholderfor an integer.

 str.format( ) method: The ‘str.format( )’ method allows youto format strings by specifying placeholders using curlybraces ‘{ }’ and then providing values within the ‘format( )’method. Example: Output: These are three common methods for string formatting in Python. F-strings are recommended in Python 3.6 and later due to their simplicityand readability.

Escape Characters: Escape characters in Python are special characters that are used torepresent non-printable and special characters within strings. Theyare preceded by a backslash ‘’. Here are some common escapecharacters and their usage in Python strings: Newline Character (‘n’): Represents a line break or a new line.Output: Tab Character (‘t’): Represents a tab or an indentation.Output:

 Backslash Character (‘’): Represents a literal backslash.Output: Single Quote (‘`’) and Double Quote (‘``’) Characters: To include a singleor double quote within a string.Output: Unicode Escape (‘u’ and ‘U’): Represents Unicode characters using theircode points.Output:

Slicing: String slicing in Python is a technique used to extract a portion(substring) of a string. You can slice a string using square bracketswith a specified range of indices. Here are some examples of stringslicing: Basic String Slicing:

 Negative Index Slicing: Negative indices can be used to count charactersfrom the end of the string. Slicing with Stride (Step):You can include a third parameter to specify thestep (stride) between characters in the slice.

 Slicing with Length: You can use the length of the string to make your slices. String slicing is a powerful tool for working with text data in Python.It allows you to extract specific portions of strings for various textprocessing tasks.

Conclusion: In conclusion we learnt about basics of string functions inpython and learnt various methods and techniques thatcan be used with strings in python. We've learned toharness the power of built-in string methods, enablingtasks such as splitting, and replacing text etc. withprecision. And we have learnt about String formatting,including the elegant f-strings in modern Python, allows usto create dynamic and structured text effortlessly.

Objective: Importance of Input and Output Functions Python Output Functions Python Input Functions Conclusion

Importance I/O Functions1. User Interaction: I/O operations allow a program to interact with users. Theyenable input from users via keyboards, mice, touchscreens, or other devices,and they provide output to users through screens, speakers, or other outputdevices. This interaction is essential for creating user-friendly applications,from command-line tools to graphical user interfaces.2. Data Handling: Programs often need to read, process, and manipulate data.I/O operations enable programs to access data from external sources likefiles, databases, or network connections, and to display results or store datafor later use. Effective data handling is a core function of softwaredevelopment.3. Automation: I/O operations are vital for automation. They allow programs toperform repetitive tasks, read and write data in bulk, and make decisionsbased on input. Automation can lead to increased efficiency, reduced humanerror, and the ability to perform tasks at scales that would be impracticalmanually.

Python Output Functions In Python, we can simply use the print( ) function to print output. For example, Here, the print( ) function displays the string enclosed inside the singlequotation. Syntax of print( ) In the above code, the print( ) function is taking a single parameter. However,the actual syntax of the print function accepts 5 parametersHere,object - value(s) to be printedsep (optional) - allows us to separate multiple objects inside print( )end (optional) - allows us to add add specific values like new line “n”

file (optional) - where the values are printed. It's default value is sys.stdoutflush (optional) - Boolean specifying if the output is flushed or buffered. Default:FALSE Example 1: Output: Example 2: Python print() with end Parameter: Output:

 Example 3: Python print() with sep parameter: Output: Example: Print Python Variables and Literals: Output:

Python Input Functions While programming, we might want to take the input from the user. InPython, we can use the input( ) function.Syntax of input() Example: Python User Input: Output:

Conclusion: In conclusion, this seminar has equipped us with theessential knowledge and skills for effectively workingwith input and output functions in Python. We'velearned how to gather user input using the ‘ input( ) ’function and provide clear, informative output with the ‘print( ) ’ function. These fundamental skills are thebackbone of Python programming, enabling us to builduser-friendly applications, automate tasks, and processdata efficiently.

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