The document discusses the characteristics of problems in artificial intelligence, emphasizing the need to categorize problems based on aspects such as decomposability, predictability, and the role of knowledge. It outlines different types of problems, including ignorable, recoverable, and irrecoverable problems, and explains their solutions. Additionally, it covers the necessity of human interaction in problem-solving and the importance of knowledge in AI applications.

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Problem Characteristics in Artificial Intelligence

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  PresentationonByBHARAT BHUSHANAsst. Professor,Department of Computer Sc.RLSY College, RanchiBuddha Science and Technical Institute, Ranchiwww.bharatsir.comProblem Characteristics inArtificial Intelligence
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial IntelligenceProblem CharacteristicsA problem may have different aspects ofrepresentation and explanation.In order to choose an appropriate methodfor a particular problem first we need tocategorize the problem based on thefollowing characteristics.1. Is the problem decomposable into smallsub-problems which are easy to solve?
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial IntelligenceProblem Characteristics2. Can solution steps be ignored or undone?3. Is the universe of the problem is predictable?4. Is a good solution to the problem is absoluteor relative?5. Is the solution to the problem a state or apath?6. What is the role of knowledge in solving aproblem using artificial intelligence?7. Does the task of solving a problem requirehuman interaction?
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial Intelligence1. Is the problem decomposable into small sub-problems which are easy to solve?The decomposable problem can be solved easily.Example: In the above case, the problem is divided into smallerproblems. The smaller problems are solved independently.Finally, the result is merged to get the final result.
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial Intelligence2. Can solution steps be ignored or undone?In the Theorem Proving problem, a lemma that has beenproved can be ignored for the next steps.Such problems are called Ignorable problems.In the 8-Puzzle, Moves can be undone and backtracked.Such problems are called Recoverable problems.0
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial IntelligenceIn Playing Chess, moves can be retracted.Such problems are called Irrecoverable problems.0Ignorable problems can be solved using asimple control structure that neverbacktracks. Recoverable problems can besolved using backtracking. Irrecoverableproblems can be solved by recoverablestyle methods via planning.
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial Intelligence3. Is the universe of the problem is predictable?In Playing Bridge, We cannot know exactly where all thecards are or what the other players will do on their turns.Uncertain outcome!For certain-outcome problems, planning can be used togenerate a sequence of operators that is guaranteed tolead to a solution.For uncertain-outcome problems, a sequence ofgenerated operators can only have a good probability ofleading to a solution. Plan revision is made as the plan iscarried out and the necessary feedback is provided.0
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial Intelligence4. Is a good solution to the problem is absoluteor relative?The Travelling Salesman Problem, we have to tryall paths to find the shortest one.Any path problem can be solved using heuristicsthat suggest good paths to explore.For best-path problems, a much more exhaustivesearch will be performed.0
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial Intelligence5. Is the solution to the problem a state or a path?The Water Jug Problem, the path that leads to thegoal must be reported.A path-solution problem can be reformulated as astate-solution problem by describing a state as apartial path to a solution. The question is whetherthat is natural or not.06. What is the role of knowledge in solving aproblem using artificial intelligence?Playing ChessConsider again the problem of playing chess.
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial IntelligenceSuppose you had unlimited computing poweravailable. How much knowledge would be requiredby a perfect program? The answer to this questionis very little—just the rules for determining legalmoves and some simple control mechanism thatimplements an appropriate search procedure.Additional knowledge about such things as goodstrategy and tactics could of course helpconsiderably to constrain the search and speed upthe execution of the program. Knowledge isimportant only to constrain the search for asolution.
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial IntelligenceReading NewspaperNow consider the problem of scanning dailynewspapers to decide which are supporting theDemocrats and which are supporting theRepublicans in some upcoming election. Againassuming unlimited computing power, how muchknowledge would be required by a computer tryingto solve this problem? This time the answer is agreat deal.It would have to know such things as: The names of the candidates in each party.
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial Intelligence The fact that if the major thing you want to seedone is have taxes lowered, you are probablysupporting the Republicans. The fact that if the major thing you want to seedone is improved education for minoritystudents, you are probably supporting theDemocrats. The fact that if you are opposed to biggovernment, you are probably supporting theRepublicans. And so on …
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial Intelligence7. Does the task of solving a problem requirehuman interaction?Sometimes it is useful to program computers tosolve problems in ways that the majority of peoplewould not be able to understand.This is fine if the level of the interaction betweenthe computer and its human users is problem-insolution-out.But increasingly we are building programs thatrequire intermediate interaction with people, bothto provide additional input to the program and toprovide additional reassurance to the user.
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  www.bharatsir.com || MoNo : 09835376044 || WhtasApp : 09006365889Artificial IntelligenceThe solitary problem, in which there is nointermediate communication and no demand foran explanation of the reasoning process.The conversational problem, in whichintermediate communication is to provide eitheradditional assistance to the computer oradditional information to the user.
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  Bharat Bhushan, AssistantProfessor, RLSY College, RanchiArtificial Intelligence