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Introduction to Quantum Computing
The document discusses quantum computing, explaining its basics such as superposition and entanglement, and how these principles distinguish quantum computers from classical ones. It covers the capabilities of quantum computing in various fields, including optimization, cryptography, and simulation, as well as current technological advancements and challenges in the field. Lastly, it outlines future prospects, including advancements in quantum algorithms and potential to break existing encryption methods.
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Overview of technology discussion focusing on Quantum Computing, presented by Jonathan Tan.
Outline of key topics discussing Quantum Computing basics, features, capabilities, state, and patents.
Introduction to key principles of quantum mechanics including superposition and entanglement.
Details how superposition and entanglement facilitate powerful computational capabilities.
Explains simulation of complex systems, cryptography innovations, and security in communications.
Describes optimization problem-solving, aiding AI and Big Data, and generating randomness.
Discusses precision sensors and secure quantum networks enabled by quantum computing technologies.
Overview of types of problems and corresponding quantum algorithms in optimization and cybersecurity.
Discusses various physical implementations of quantum computing being actively researched.
Explains measurement metrics for quantum computing capabilities such as Quantum Volume.
Listings of cloud-based quantum computing platforms and their significance for remote access.
Addresses major challenges in quantum computing relating to sensitivity, errors, and qubit control.
Highlights advancements toward quantum supremacy and hardware roadmap projections by industry leaders.
Introduces hybrid architectures and implications for breaking existing encryption methods.
Overview of Centre for Quantum Technologies at NUS and its research focus areas.
Spotlights startups from NUS working on quantum technologies, including various applications.
Overview of trends in quantum computing patent applications and grants.
Data on top countries of origin regarding patents filed in quantum computing.
Identifies leading companies in quantum computing patent assignments.
Presents a word cloud of significant patent terms related to quantum computing.
Continued exploration of the patent landscape data related to quantum computing.
Thank you note and conclusion of the quantum computing discussion.
Introduction to Quantum Computing
- 1.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Technology Discussion:Quantum ComputingJonathan Tan4 Jun 2021Image Source: https://www.roche.com/quantum-computing.htm
- 2.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Agenda• Quantum Computing Basics• Quantum Computing Features• Quantum Computing Capabilities• Types of Problems Solvable by Quantum Computing• Current State of Technology• Future State of Technology• Quantum Computing in NUS• Patent Landscape
- 3.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Quantum Computing Basics• Quantum Mechanicsᵒ Superposition- The ability of a quantum system to be in multiple states at the same time until it ismeasuredᵒ Entanglement- The way that particles of energy/matter can become correlated to predictably interact witheach other regardless of how far apart they are- Knowing the spin state of one entangled particle, whether the direction of the spin is up ordown, allows one to know that the spin of its mate is in the opposite direction- Einstein called it "spooky action at a distance"• Quantum Computerᵒ Classical Computer: uses bits- Tiny switches, with ‘off’ position represented by 0, ‘on’ position represented by 1ᵒ Quantum Computer: uses qubits- In state of superposition, where they are both on and off at the same time, or somewhereon a spectrum between the two- Allows for uncertaintySources :https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explainedhttps://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/superpositionhttps://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/entanglement
- 4.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Quantum Computing Features• With Superposition: Able to take multiple paths simultaneouslyᵒ A quantum computer may have solved a problem in minutes that wouldtake the fastest conventional supercomputer more than 10,000 yearsᵒ A 2-qubit machine allows for 4 (22) calculations simultaneously, a 3-qubitmachine allows for 8 (22) calculations simultaneously etc.ᵒ In principle, a quantum computer with 300 qubits could perform morecalculations in an instant than there are atoms in the visible universe• With Entanglement: Able to link 2 particles even if physicallyseparatedᵒ Multi-qubit entanglement is a fundamental property for potential quantumcomputers, to aid information processing tasksᵒ The simplest form of entanglement, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs,are maximally entangled pairs of qubits. Possible use in:- Quantum teleportation: Technique for transferring quantum information from a sender atone location to a receiver some distance away- Superdense coding: quantum communication protocol to transmit information in classicalbits securely via qubits, from a sender to a receiver pre-sharing an entangled stateSources :https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explainedhttps://theconversation.com/why-are-scientists-so-excited-about-a-recently-claimed-quantum-computing-milestone-124082https://www.edn.com/the-basics-of-quantum-computing-a-tutorial/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/qubit-supremacyhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49805-7https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/1663/how-are-epr-pairs-used-in-quantum-computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_teleportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdense coding
- 5.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Quantum Computing Capabilities• Simulate Complicated Systemsᵒ Sophisticated models may be expanded to factor in significantly more variables,producing more precise models and increasing their predictive power.ᵒ Examples- Predicting financial markets- Improving weather forecasts- Chemistry & biology research• Cryptographyᵒ Allowing for decryption of current encryption methods- A bulk of current encryption systems rely on factoring: being able to break large numbersinto prime numbers- Shor’s algorithm to factor large numbersᵒ To perfectly secure communications from eavesdropping or interception, since thevery act of intercepting the data would corrupt it- Uncertainty Principle: idea that you can’t measure something without influencing the result- Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): Allowing for unbreakable encryption keys that could notbe copied or hacked, enabling two parties to produce a shared random secret key knownonly to them Sources :https://interestingengineering.com/5-intractable-problems-quantum-computing-will-solvehttps://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explainedhttps://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-encryption-system-protects-data-from-quantum-computers/https://levelup.gitconnected.com/what-kind-of-problems-can-quantum-computers-solve-63234eb9fd76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum key distribution
- 6.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Quantum Computing Capabilities• Solve Intractable Optimisation Problemsᵒ Via superposition, quantum computing can reduce the most difficult optimizationproblems down to a manageable number of operationsᵒ Example- Route Optimisation for Supply Chain Logistics• Boost to Big Data & Artificial Intelligenceᵒ Quantum computing allows for quick search, detection, analysis, integration, anddiagnosis from large data sets, and uncover data patterns or anomalies at aquick speedᵒ Quantum computing algorithms enhances machine learning with faster trainingand testing• Generating Pure Randomnessᵒ When measuring the system in superposition, it will “collapse” into just one ofthose states, which is always fundamentally randomᵒ Example- Random number generatorSources :https://interestingengineering.com/5-intractable-problems-quantum-computing-will-solvehttps://www.quantamagazine.org/how-to-turn-a-quantum-computer-into-the-ultimate-randomness-generator-20190619/https://www.leanix.net/en/blog/quantum-computing-and-big-data-analyticshttps://www.analyticsinsight.net/machine-learning-and-big-data-in-the-quantum-computing-age/
- 7.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Quantum Computing Capabilities• High Precision Sensorsᵒ Quantum sensors leverage the extremely fragile state of tiny quantumparticles to provide very precise measurements- Sensitivity of quantum particles to disturbances can be used to create ultra-responsivemeasuring instruments• Secure Quantum Networksᵒ Enable secure transmission of information in the form of quantum bitsbetween physically-separated quantum processors or endpointsᵒ Secure quantum communication via exchange of quantum cryptographickeys (Quantum Key Distribution (QKD))- May be over fiber optic cables or even via satellites- Researchers in the Netherlands have established an entanglement-based network between 3quantum processors for the first time, from previous attempts by others only being able to link 2quantum processors Sources :https://www.zdnet.com/article/quantum-sensors-could-soon-be-heading-into-space/https://quantumxc.com/what-are-quantum-networks-and-how-do-they-work/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_networkhttps://www.zdnet.com/article/quantum-computing-networks-satellites-and-lots-more-qubits-china-reveals-ambitious-goals-in-five-year-plan/https://www.zdnet.com/article/first-multi-node-quantum-network-pavis-the-way-for-the-quantum-internet/
- 8.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Types of Problems Solvable byQuantum ComputingSources :https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/qubit-supremacyhttps://blogs.ams.org/mathgradblog/2014/04/30/shors-algorithm-breaking-rsa-encryption/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithmhttps://www.nap.edu/read/25196/chapter/5#66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_annealingProblem Type / Domain Quantum Computing AlgorithmOptimisation • Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) - Classical optimization ofquantum operations to maximize an objective function• Grover’s Algorithm - Searches an unstructured database or unordered list quickly• Quantum Annealing - Finding the global minimum of a given objective function overa given set of candidate solutions using quantum fluctuationsCybersecurity • Shor’s Algorithm – Integer factorization breaking current encryption techniquesSimulation • Hamiltonian Simulation Algorithms – Simulating dynamics of quantum systems, viaimplementation of time-evolution algorithms on a gate-based quantum computer• Quantum Computing Algorithms• A step-by-step procedure, where each of the steps can be performed on a quantum computer, typicallyusing some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantumentanglement
- 9.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Current State of Technology• Physical Implementations of Quantum Computing being Researchedᵒ Superconducting Quantum Computing- Superconducting electronic circuits cooled down in dilution refrigeratorsᵒ Trapped Ions & Atoms- Charged atomic particles confined and suspended in free space using electromagnetic fields, withlasers are applied to induce coupling- Ultracold atom clouds in electromagnetic traps to produce entangled twin atomsᵒ Photons- Special crystals to create pairs of entangled photonsᵒ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance- Uses the spin states of nuclei within molecules as qubitsᵒ Quantum dots- Nanoparticles so small that their electronic properties are governed by quantum mechanics, andmeasuring the spin of electrons held by silicon qubitᵒ Nanowires / Quantum Wires- Electrically conducting wire with nanometer dimensionsSources :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computinghttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/02/210224143434.htmhttps://cen.acs.org/materials/electronic-materials/Hotdots-quantum-computing/98/web/2020/04
- 10.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Current State of Technology• State of the Art Quantum Computersᵒ Measurement via Quantum Volume- Metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of a quantum computer.- It measures the relationship between number and quality of qubits, circuit connectivity, and error ratesof operations.Sources :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_volumehttps://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2020/08/20/ibm-announces-it-doubled-quantum-volume-from-32-to-64/?sh=493b2f7aa404https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/ibm-promises-1000-qubit-quantum-computer-milestone-2023https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/press/2020/10/honeywell-releases-next-generation-of-quantum-computerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_processorhttps://www.ibm.com/quantum-computing/learn/what-is-quantum-computing/https://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-announces-general-availability-first-quantum-computer-built-businesshttps://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.07240.pdfhttps://newsroom.ibm.com/2019-01-08-IBM-Unveils-Worlds-First-Integrated-Quantum-Computing-System-for-Commercial-Use , https://www.ibm.com/quantum-computing/quantum-computing-at-ibm/https://www.zdnet.com/article/quantum-computing-honeywell-just-quadrupled-the-power-of-its-computer/Company Quantum Volume Qubits ImplementationHoneywell 512 10 Trapped-ionIBM 64 27 (older version had53, newest has 65)Superconducting transmon qubit, with cryogenicengineering that delivers a continuous cold and isolatedenvironmentGoogle ? 54 Superconducting chip named SycamoreD-Wave ? 5000 May not considered a generic quantum computer.Implements specialized quantum annealing via adiabaticprocess. Superconducting qubits encoded by magnetic spinstates.
- 11.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Current State of Technology• Quantum Computing Platforms on the Cloudᵒ IBM Quantum Experience- Cloud access to advanced quantum computers- Program and prototype with Qiskit software, an open source software development kit(SDK) for working with quantum computersᵒ Microsoft Azure Quantum- Full-stack cloud service designed to allow users remote access to quantum computers- Development with open-source Quantum Development Kit (QDK) with the Q# quantumprogramming languageᵒ Amazon Braket- Fully managed quantum computing service, with development environment to explore andbuild quantum algorithms, test them on quantum circuit (ordered sequence of quantumgates) simulators, and run them on different quantum hardware technologies.- Delivers quantum computing as an AWS Cloud serviceᵒ Others, including D-Wave’s Leap, Atom Computing, Xanadu, Zapata etc.Sources :https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Azure-Quantumhttps://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/quantum/2021/02/01/azure-quantum-previewhttps://aws.amazon.com/braket/ /https://www.zdnet.com/article/eight-leading-quantum-computing-companies-in-2020/
- 12.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Current State of Technology• Challengesᵒ Quantum computers are incredibly sensitive to interference, leading todecoherence (loss of coherence)- They must be isolated to ensure nothing interferes with the delicate quantum states of thequbits- Kept in vacuum chambers containing fewer particles than outer space, or in refrigeratorscolder than anything in the universe- However, there is a need to find a way to interact with the qubits to carry out instructionson themᵒ Errors occur much more often than with classical computing- Error correction is the dominant task that quantum architectures need to perform well- Quantum error correction schemes do exist but consume such a large number of qubitsthat relatively few qubits remain for actual computation.ᵒ Qubit control of multiple qubits require low-latency- In the order of 10’s of nanoseconds (1 nanosecond = 1/1 000 000 000 of a second)Sources :https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explainedhttps://theconversation.com/why-are-scientists-so-excited-about-a-recently-claimed-quantum-computing-milestone-124082https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-8068-9_8https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/an-optimists-view-of-the-4-challenges-to-quantum-computinghttps://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-problem-with-quantum-computers/
- 13.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Future State of Technology• Quantum Supremacyᵒ The point at which a quantum computer can outperform a classical computer- No clear consensus in number of qubits required for quantum supremacy. May range from 53 to 10k• Advances in Hardwareᵒ IBM outlined its roadmap for its quantum computing development that includes- 433-qubit IBM Quantum Osprey system in 2022- 1,121-qubit device in 2023- Ultimate goal of building a million-qubit quantum systemᵒ Research in quantum computers being made with industrial-grade silicon chips using existingmanufacturing processes- Researchers from UCL were able to isolate and measure the quantum state of a single electron (the qubit) in asilicon transistor manufactured using a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, similar tothat used to make chips in computer processors- Startup InfinityQ developed quantum analog circuits with chips made with CMOS silicon and no exotic material.Their analog circuit behaves exactly like an electron would behave inside an atom, due to how the circuits areconnected• Advances in Algorithmsᵒ Quantum algorithms to be kept short to enable execution of more processing steps within theconstrained time frame before decoherence- Machine learning to translate, or compile, a quantum circuit into an optimally short equivalent- Using currently available quantum computers to compile their own quantum algorithmsSources :https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explainedhttps://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/qubit-supremacyhttps://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-plots-quantum-computing-roadmap-eyes-1121-qubit-system-in-2023/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-problem-with-quantum-computers/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210331130905.htmhttps://www.zdnet.com/article/the-future-is-analog-startup-infinityq-pushes-novel-quantum-computer/
- 14.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Future State of Technology• Hybrid Quantum-Classical Architecturesᵒ While we wait for large-scale quantum computers to become available,hybrid quantum-classical architectures are proposed to allow for the use ofsmall, unreliable quantum processors to evaluate large quantum circuits- E.g. Microsoft Quantum announced the creation of an intermediate bridge that will allowQ# and other programming languages to be used to send instructions to different quantumhardware platforms- Bridges and enables both classical and quantum computing resources to work together• Breaking Existing Encryptionᵒ Quantum computers will be able to crack the existing public-keyinfrastructure, e.g.- 128-bit AES encryption by 2029- RSA-2048 encrypted messages with a 20-million qubit computer• Identifying Use Casesᵒ Business leaders and experts in different sectors must collaborate withquantum researchers and engineers in an interdisciplinary fashion- To facilitate the development of industry-specific quantum solutions for the industriesSources :https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-017-9438-0https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-technology-why-the-future-is-already-on-its-way/https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/voices.uchicago.edu/dist/0/2327/files/2019/12/HybridQuantumPMES.pdhttps://hbr.org/2020/09/are-you-ready-for-the-quantum-computing-revolutionhttps://www.idginsiderpro.com/article/3532897/how-close-are-we-to-breaking-encryption-with-quantum-computing.html
- 15.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Quantum Computing in NUS• Centre for Quantum Technologies: CQTᵒ A Research Centre of Excellence in Singapore, bringing togetherphysicists, computer scientists and engineers to do basic research onquantum physics and to build devices based on quantum phenomena.ᵒ Established in December 2007 with support from NRF and MOE. CQTis hosted by NUS and also has staff at NTU.ᵒ Research Areas- Quantum Communication & Security- Quantum Computation & Simulation- Quantum Sensing & Metrology- Advanced Instruments- Basic ScienceSource : https://www.quantumlah.org/
- 16.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Quantum Computing in NUS• Centre for Quantum Technologies: CQTᵒ Startups- Atomionics Building atom-interferometry based sensing systems for navigation and exploration.- Entropica Labs Developing software tools to enable scalable, useful and accessible quantum machinelearning and optimisation.- Horizon Quantum Computing Developing a new generation of programming tools to simplify and expedite theprocess of developing software for quantum computers, and democratising thedevelopment of quantum-enhanced applications- S-Fifteen Instruments Offers equipment for quantum control as well as hardware devices for quantum-safesolutions, including those for Quantum Key Distribution and a Quantum RandomNumber Generator- SpeQtral Building space-based quantum communication systemsSource : https://www.quantumlah.org/
- 17.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Patent LandscapeSource : https://analytics-patsnap-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ᵒ Search Term : ‘Quantum Computing’Application & Grant Trend
- 18.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Patent LandscapeSource : https://analytics-patsnap-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ᵒ Search Term : ‘Quantum Computing’Top Countries of Origin
- 19.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Patent LandscapeSource : https://analytics-patsnap-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ᵒ Search Term : ‘Quantum Computing’Top Assignees
- 20.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Patent LandscapeSource : https://analytics-patsnap-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ᵒ Search Term : ‘Quantum Computing’Word Cloud
- 21.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.Patent LandscapeSource : https://analytics-patsnap-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/ᵒ Search Term : ‘Quantum Computing’
- 22.© Copyright NationalUniversity of Singapore. All Rights Reserved.THANK YOU