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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Overview of ClassGetting Started:Installation, Applications and MaterialsElectrical:Components, Ohm's Law, Input and Output, Analog and Digital-----------------------------Programming:Split into groups depending on experienceSerial Communication Basics:Troubleshooting and DebuggingVirtual Prototyping:Schematics and PCB Layout in Fritzing

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Arduino Board“Strong Friend” Created in Ivrea, Italyin 2005 by Massimo Banzi & David CuartiellesOpen Source HardwareProcessorCoding is accessible & transferrable  (C++, Processing, java)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Arduino…is the go-to gear for artists, hobbyists,students, and anyone with a gadgetrydream.rose out of another formidable challenge:how to teach students to createelectronics, fast.http://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/hands-on/the-making-of-arduino

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Getting Started• SW Installation: Arduino (v.1.0+)FritzingSIK Guide CodeDrivers (FTDI)• Materials: SIK GuideAnalog I/O, Digital I/O, Serial,& Fritzing handoutsArduino CheatSheet

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.AnalogINPUTSDigital IOPWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)PWR IN USB(to Computer)SCLSDA(I2C Bus)POWER5V / 3.3V / GNDRESET

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Go ahead and plug your board in!

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Arduino ShieldsPCB Built Shield Inserted Shield

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Arduino ShieldsMicro SD MP3 Trigger LCD

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.SIK ComponentsPush Button Digital Input Switch - Closesor opens circuitPolarized, needsresistorTrimpotentiometerAnalog Input Variable resistor Also called aTrimpot.Photoresistor Analog Input Light DependentResistor (LDR)Resistance varieswith light.Relay Digital Output Switch driven bya small signalUsed to controllarger voltagesTemp Sensor Analog Input Temp DependentResistorFlex Sensor Analog Input Variable resistorSoft Trimpot Analog Input Variable resistor Careful of shortsRGB LED Dig & AnalogOutput16,777,216different colorsOoh... So pretty.Name Image Type Function Notes

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.SIK Components

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Electricity Electronics Basic ConceptReview• Ohms Law• Voltage• Current• Resistance• Using a Multi-meter

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Ohm’s Law

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Electrical PropertiesVoltageV• Defined asthe amountof potentialenergy in acircuit.• Units: Volts (V)CurrentI• The rate ofcharge flowin a circuit.• Units: Amperes(A)ResistanceR

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Current Flow AnalogyHigh Current Low Current

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.WaterTowerVoltage AnalogyMore Energy == Higher Voltage Less Energy == Lower VoltageVWaterTowerV

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Resistance AnalogyBig Pipe == Lower Resistance Small Pipe == Higher ResistanceWaterTowerWaterTowerV

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Continuity – Is it a Circuit?The word “circuit” is derived from the circle. AnElectrical Circuit must have a continuous LOOP fromPower (Vcc) to Ground (GND).Continuity is important to make portions of circuits areconnect. Continuity is the simplest and possibly themost important setting on your multi-meter.Sometimes we call this “ringing out” a circuit.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Measuring Electricity – VoltageVoltage is a measure of potential electricalenergy. A voltage is also called a potentialdifference – it is measured between twopoints in a circuit – across a device.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Measuring Electricity -- CurrentCurrent is the measure of the rate of charge flow. ForElectrical Engineers – we consider this to be themovement of electrons.In order to measure this – you must break the circuit orinsert the meter in-line (series).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Measuring Electricity -- ResistanceResistance is the measure of how much opposition tocurrent flow is in a circuit.Components should be removed entirely from the circuitto measure resistance. Note the settings on the multi-meter. Make sure that you are set for the appropriaterange.Resistancesettings

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Prototyping CircuitsSolderless BreadboardOne of the most useful tools in an engineer orMaker’s toolkit. The three most importantthings:• A breadboard is easier than soldering• A lot of those little holes are connected, which ones?• Sometimes breadboards break

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.What’s a Breadboard?

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Solderless BreadboardEach row (horiz.) of 5holes are connected.Vertical columns –called power bus areconnected vertically

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Using the Breadboard to built a simplecircuitUse the breadboard towire up a single LEDwith a 330 OhmResistor (Orange-Orange-Brown).Note: the longer leg on theLED is the positive leg andthe shorter leg is thenegative

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Fritzing View of Breadboard CircuitWhat happenswhen you breakthe circuit?What if youwanted to addmore than oneLED?

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Adding control – let’s use the Arduinoand start programming!!!

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUTReferenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical board).Inputs is a signal / informationgoing into the board.Output is any signal exiting theboard.Almost all systems that use physical computing will havesome form of outputWhat are some examples of Outputs?

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUTReferenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical board).Inputs is a signal / informationgoing into the board.Output is any signal exiting theboard.Examples: Buttons Switches,Light Sensors, Flex Sensors,Humidity Sensors, TemperatureSensors…Examples: LEDs, DC motor,servo motor, a piezo buzzer,relay, an RGB LED

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Concepts: Analog vs. DigitalMicrocontrollers are digital devices – ON or OFF.Also called – discrete.analog signals are anything that can be a fullrange of values. What are some examples? Moreon this later…5 V0 V5 V0 V

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Open up ArduinoHints:For PC Users 1.Let the installer copyand move the files to theappropriate locations, or2.Create a folder underC:Program Files (x86)called Arduino. Move theentire Arduino programfolder here.For Mac Users 1. Move the Arduinoexecutable to the dockfor ease of access.2. Resist the temptationto run these from yourdesktop.

ArduinoIntegrated Development Environment (IDE)Two required functions /methods / routines:void setup(){// runs once}void loop(){// repeats}error & status messages

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Settings: Tools  Serial PortYour computercommunicates to the Arduinomicrocontroller via a serialport  through a USB-Serialadapter.Check to make sure that thedrivers are properly installed.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Settings: Tools  BoardNext, double-check that the proper board is selected under theToolsBoard menu.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Arduino & Arduino Compatible Boards

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.digitalWrite()analogWrite()digitalRead()if() statements / BooleananalogRead()Serial communicationThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.BIG6CONCEPTS

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Let’s get to coding…Project #1 – Blink“Hello World” of Physical ComputingPsuedo-code – how should this work?TurnLED ONWaitTurnLEDOFFWaitRinse &Repeat

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Comments, Comments, CommentsComments are for you – the programmer and yourfriends…or anyone else human that might read yourcode.// this is for single line comments// it’s good to put a description at thetop and before anything ‘tricky’/* this is for multi-line commentsLike this…And this….*/

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.comments

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Three commands to know…pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT);ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW);ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH);delay(time_ms);ex: delay(2500); // delay of 2.5 sec.// NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Project #1: Wiring DiagramMove the greenwire from thepower bus to pin13 (or any otherDigital I/O pin onthe Arduino board.Image created in Fritzing

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.A few simple challengesLet’s make LED#13 blink!Challenge 1a – blink with a 200 ms secondinterval.Challenge 1b – blink to mimic a heartbeatChallenge 1c – find the fastest blink that thehuman eye can still detect…1 ms delay? 2 ms delay? 3 ms delay???

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Try adding other LEDs

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Programming Concepts: VariablesVariable ScopeGlobal---Function-level

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Programming Concepts: Variable TypesVariable Types:8 bits 16 bits 32 bitsbytecharintunsigned intlongunsigned longfloat

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Fading in and Fading Out(Analog or Digital?)A few pins on the Arduino allow for us tomodify the output to mimic an analogsignal.This is done by a technique called:Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Concepts: Analog vs. DigitalTo create an analog signal, the microcontrolleruses a technique called PWM. By varying the dutycycle, we can mimic an “average” analog voltage.Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.analogWrite(pin, val);pin – refers to the OUTPUT pin(limited to pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11.)– denoted by a ~ symbolval – 8 bit value (0 – 255).0 => 0V | 255 => 5VProject #2 – FadingIntroducing a new command…

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Move one of your LED pins over to Pin 9In Arduino, open up:File  Examples  01.Basics  Fade

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Fade - Code Review

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Project# 2 -- FadingChallenge 2a – Change the rate of thefading in and out. There are at least twodifferent ways to do this – can you figurethem out?Challenge 2b – Use 2 (or more) LEDs – sothat one fades in as the other one fadesout.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Color MixingTri-color LEDIn the SIK, this is a standard –Common Cathode LEDThis means the negative side ofthe LED is all tied to Ground.R G B

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Project 3 – RGB LEDNote: The longestleg of the RGBLED is theCommonCathode. Thisgoes to GND.Use pins 5, 6, & 9

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.How many unique colors can you create?Use Colorpicker.com orexperiment on yourown.Pick out a few colors thatyou want to try re-creating for a lamp orlighting display...Play around with this withthe analogWrite()command.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.RGB LED Color Mixingint redPin = 5;int greenPin = 6;int bluePin = 9;void setup(){pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);}

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.RGB LED Color Mixingvoid loop(){analogWrite(redPin, 255);analogWrite (greenPin, 255);analogWrite (bluePin, 255);}

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Project: Mood Lamp / Light Sculpture

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.NapkinSchematicsEmphasize theengineering designprocess withstudents. We like toskirt the linebetween formal andinformal with a toolcalled NapkinSchematics.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Driving Motors or other High CurrentLoadsNPN Transistor (Common Emitter “Amplifier” Circuit)to DigitalPin 9

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.InputInput is any signal entering an electrical system.• Both digital and analog sensors are forms of input• Input can also take many other forms: Keyboards, amouse, infrared sensors, biometric sensors, or justplain voltage from a circuit

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Project #4 – Digital InputIn Arduino, open up:File  Examples  02.Digital  Button

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches)Pull-up Resistor (circuit)to Digital Pin 2

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches)Add an indicator LED to Pin 13This is just like our1st circuit!

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Digital Input• Connect digital input to your Arduino using Pins # 0 – 13(Although pins # 0 & 1 are also used for programming)• Digital Input needs a pinMode command:pinMode (pinNumber, INPUT);Make sure to use ALL CAPS for INPUT• To get a digital reading:int buttonState = digitalRead (pinNumber);• Digital Input values are only HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Digital Sensors• Digital sensors are more straight forward than Analog• No matter what the sensor there are only twosettings: On and Off• Signal is always either HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)• Voltage signal for HIGH will be a little less than 5V onyour Uno• Voltage signal for LOW will be 0V on most systems

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.http://opensourcehardwarejunkies.com/tutorial-03-digitalread-and-

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Programming: Conditional Statementsif()

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.void loop(){int buttonState = digitalRead(5);if(buttonState == LOW){ // do something}else{ // do something else}}Programming: Conditional Statementsif()DIGINPUT

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Boolean Operators<Boolean> Description( ) == ( ) is equal?( ) != ( ) is not equal?( ) > ( ) greater than( ) >= ( ) greater than or equal( ) < ( ) less than( ) <= ( ) less than or equal

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Trimpot (Potentiometer)Variable Resistorwiperfixedendfixedend

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Analog Sensors3 Pin Potentiometer = var. resistor (circuit)a.k.a. Voltage Divider Circuit1.0 V 1.0 Vwiperfixedends

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Ohms Law… (just the basics)Actually, this is the “voltage divider”

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.analogRead()Arduino uses a 10-bit A/D Converter:• this means that you get input values from0 to 1023• 0 V  0• 5 V  1023Ex:int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Using Serial CommunicationMethod used to transfer data between two devices.Arduino dedicates Digital I/O pin # 0 toreceiving and Digital I/O pin #1 to transmit.Data passes between the computer and Arduinothrough the USB cable. Data is transmitted as zeros(‘0’) and ones (‘1’) sequentially.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Serial Monitor & analogRead()Initializes the SerialCommunication9600 baud data rateprints data to serial bus

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Serial Monitor & analogRead()Opens up aSerial TerminalWindow

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Analog Sensors2 Pin Analog Sensors = var. resistorTake two sensors -- Usethe Serial Monitor and findthe range of input valuesyou get for each sensor.MaxAnalogRead = _________MinAnalogRead = _________

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Analog SensorsExamples:Sensors VariablesMic soundVolumePhotoresistor lightLevelPotentiometer dialPositionTemp Sensor temperatureFlex Sensor bendAccelerometer tilt/acceleration

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Additional Serial CommunicationSending a Messagevoid loop ( ){Serial.print(“Hands on “) ;Serial.print(“Learning ”) ;Serial.println(“is Fun!!!”) ;}

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Serial Communication:Serial Debuggingvoid loop(){int xVar = 10;Serial.print ( “Variable xVar is “ ) ;Serial.println ( xVar ) ;}

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Serial Communication:Serial Troubleshootingvoid loop ( ){Serial.print (“Digital pin 9: “);Serial.println (digitalRead(9));}

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Virtual Electrical Prototyping Projectstarted in 2007 by the Interaction Design Labat the University of Applied Science Potsdam, GermanyOpen SourcePrototypes: Document, Share, Teach, Manufacture

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Now that you feel comfortable putting togethercircuits with your breadboard let’s talk about howto go from the breadboard to a PCB

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.Free TimeThe rest of the class is dedicated to free pursuitExperiment with the various circuits and lessons inthe SIK.Explore the additional tutorials available onlearn.sparkfun.comThank you for attending our Intro to Arduino class

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