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Lunch & Learn: CSSOct 23 & 30 2013 // bswift

What we will talk about:Front-end vs Back-end coding at bswiftDefining HTML, CSS and JavascriptHow the client stylesheets workExamplesTools

SERVERpage.htmlpage.htmlpage.htmlA static website is a group of self-contained,individual pages (or page), sent to the browser fromthe server one-page-at-a-time.

.netSERVERpage.htmlSQL databasesHTMLDyamic web content is built when it is requested,by the user directly, or programmatically whilea user is on a page (e.g., facebook updates).Most websites contain both static and dynamic elements.

front-endSERVERREQUESTHTMLCSSJavascriptthanks!Can I havea webpage,please?.netSQL databasesback-end “recipe”SERVERRESPONSE

Server-side / Client-sideakaBack End / Front-end

.net.aspSQLpage.htmlSERVERBROWSERstyle.cssetcscript.jsClient-side (front-end) coding includes HTML, CSSand Javascript. This just means that our code will bedownloaded from the server and then compiledentirely in the browser.

Three layers of web design:Structure, Style, Behavior

BEHAVIORJavascriptPRESENTATIONCSSImagerySTRUCTUREHTML markupSite planningThree layers of web design

Markup LanguageA markup language is aset of markup tags.The purpose of the tags is togroup and describe page content.

Markup LanguageWithout any markup to give your content structure, thebrowser renders unformatted and unstyled text, alsoknown as “plain text”.

Markup LanguageHTML tags give structure and meaning to your content.“Semantic markup” refers to the use of meaningful tags todescribe content (e.g. using header tags for header content).

Markup LanguageOnce your content is marked up, the browser applies built-indefault styles to the tags. While you can override these styleswith css, your marked up, non-css styled document should bereadable and have a clear hierarchy.

EXCEPTION<!DOCTYPE html>The doctype is not actually a tag,but a declaration, telling the browserwhat kind of html you are using. Thedoctype above declares HTML 5.

<html></html>The <html> element definesthe whole HTML document.

<head></head>The <head> element contains specialelements that instruct the browserwhere to find stylesheets, provide metainfo, and more.

<body></body>The <body> element containsthe document content (what is showninside the browser window).

NestingThe use of our first three tags (html, head and body),introduces and important concept: Nesting, which is whentags “wrap” other tags. When you create markup, you shouldindicate nesting by indenting the nested tags with 2 spaces(preferred) or a tab.<html><head> </head><body><h1></h1><p></p></body></html>

Document Hierarchy: Parents, children and siblingsJust as in a genealogy tree, the family hierarchy is described interms of relationships. All elements in the document have aparent (up to ‘document’, which is at the top), and may havechildren (nested inside) or siblings (placed alongside).<parent x><child and sibling y> </child and sibling y><child and sibling z> </child and sibling z></parent x>

The ‘address’ of an elementThe document hierarchy provides us with an ‘address’ for eachelement.in the div with class “client-text-container”, make all of the h2elements orange and 24px.

Anatomy of an Element<tag>Content</tag>An HTML element includes boththe HTML tag and everything betweenthe tag (the content).

Anatomy of an Element<tag>Content</tag>Tags normally come in pairs. Thefirst tag is the start tag, and the secondtag is the end tag.

Anatomy of an Element<h1>Main Headline</h1>HTML has a defined set of tagnames (also called keywords) thatthe browser understands.

The essential element tagsPrimaryStructurehtmlStructuralElements(block)FormattingElements(inline)headpembodybrh1 – h6ulolaimg(div)istrongHeadElementstitlemetalinkbqblockquote(span)

Anatomy of an Element<html lang=”en”></html>Most elements can have attributes,which provides additional informationabout the element.

Anatomy of an Element<div class=”left-nav”></div>Attributes always follow the sameformat: name=”value”. You can useeither single or double quotes.

The essential attributeslink<link rel=”stylesheet” type-”text/css” href=”stylesheet/styles.css”>img<img src=”images/image.jpg” alt=”Sam”>a<a href=”http://colum.edu”>My school</a>

The StylesheetA stylesheet is a set of rules defininghow an html element will be “presented”in the browser.These rules are targeted to specificelements in the html document.

The CascadeThe “cascade” part of CSS is a set of rulesfor resolving conflicts with multiple CSSrules applied to the same elements.For example, if there are two rules definingthe color or your h1 elements, the rule thatcomes last in the cascade order will“trump” the other.

low importanceBrowser stylesheethigh importanceLinked (external) stylesheetEmbedded (internal) stylesheetInline (internal) Styles

InheritanceMost elements will inherit many style propertiesfrom their parent elements by default.HTMLrelationship<body><div><ul><li></li></ul></div></body>parent of siteparent of ul and li, child of bodyparent of li, child of div and bodychild of ul, div, and body

Inheritancebodymake the paragraph 16px, Verdana, redpmake the paragraph blue16px, Verdana, blue

SpecificityShortly after styling your first html elements,you will find yourself wanting more control overwhere your styles are applied.This is where specificity comes in.Specificity refers to how specific your selector isin naming an element.

Specificitybodymake the paragraph 16px, Verdana, redpmake the paragraph bluep.pinkmake the paragraph pink16px, Verdana, pink

HTML<div id=”plan-2323”><p>Here is some text.</p><p>Hide this text.</p><div><div id=”plan-2323”><p>Here is some text.</p><p class=”hideclass”>Hide this text.</p><div>CSS#plan-2323.hideclass {display: none}

CSS SyntaxSyntax = the rules for how to write the language

Three terms for describing your styles:CSS ruleCSS selectorCSS declaration

CSS Ruleselector {property: value;}declarationEvery style is defined by a selector anda declaration. The declaration contains at leastone property/value pair.Together they arecalled a CSS Rule.

CSS Selectorbody {font-family: Arial, Helvetica}p {color: #666666}h1 {font-size: 24px}a {color: blue}The selector associates css rules withHTML elements.

CSS Selectorp {color: red}The selector is typed in front of the declaration,with a space separating it and the openingcurly-bracket (aka curly-brace).Typically, extra spaces and returns are added asshown for the sake of readability.

CSS Selectorh1,h2,h3,h4 {font-weight: bold}You can apply styles to multiple selectors in thesame rule by separating the selectors withcommas.

CSS Declarationp {property: value}The declaration is always defined in a property/value pair. The two are separated by a colon.How you define the properties will affect howHTML elements are displayed.

CSS Declarationp {font-family: Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;color: #666666;}You can apply multiple declarations to aselector(s) by separating the delcarations withsemi-colons.

Type (element) Selectorsbody {declaration}p {declaration}h1 {declaration}ul {declaration}The simplest selector is the type selector, whichtargets an html element by name.

The essential selector types (elements)PrimaryStructurehtmlBodyElementspFormattingElementsembodybrih1 – h6ulolaimgdivstrongbqblockquotespan

ID SelectorsCSS#logo {declaration}HTML<img id=”logo” src=”” alt=””>An ID is an html attribute that is added to yourhtml markup. You reference that ID in your csswith a hash.

Class SelectorsCSS.ingredients {declaration}HTML<ul class=”ingredients”>A class is an html attribute that is added to yourhtml markup. You reference that ID in your csswith a period.

IDs vs ClassesThe most important difference between IDsand classes is that there can be only one IDon a page, but multiple classes.An ID is more specific than a class.An element can have both an ID andmultiple classes.

IDs vs ClassesID: #344-34-4344Class: MaleClass: EmployeeID: #123-54-9877Class: FemaleClass: Employee

Descendant SelectorsCSS#sidebar .author {declaration}HTML<div id=”sidebar”><p class=”author”></p></div>A space between two selectors indicates adescendant selector. In the example above, thestyle is targeted to an element with the class“author” inside the id “sidebar”.

Multiple classesCSS.ingredients.time {declaration}HTML<div class=”ingredients time”><h1></h1></div>Elements can have multiple classes, giving youmore control. The are written in the CSS in theexact order they appear in the html, with nospaces.

Common uses:Hiding elementsTweaking specific text stylesBranding

Some things you can change with CSScolorstypetype sizebackgroundsspacingsizesborderspositions (layout)Some things you can’t change with CSScontentmarkup

Example:Client text + Client CSS

END NOTESYou are not expected to writeyour own html & cssIf you do, please run it by the UX teamApply big changes only to ‘safe’ pagesMake sure we aren’t just fixing symptomsDon’t make changes that damageusability / readability / legibility

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