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HTML BasicsHTML,Text, Images,TablesDipen Parmardipenparmar12@gmail.comhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvhhqqFl23yYwq54ykoOQQ

Table of Contents1. Introduction to HTML How theWebWorks? What is a Web Page? My First HTML Page BasicTags: Hyperlinks, Images, Formatting Headings and Paragraphs2. HTML in Details The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration The <head> Section: Title, Meta, Script, Style2

Table of Contents (2)2. HTML in Details The <body> Section Text Styling and FormattingTags Hyperlinks: <a>, Hyperlinks and Sections Images: <img> Lists: <ol>, <ul> and <dl>3. The <div> and <span> elements4. HTMLTables5. HTML Forms3

How the Web Works? WWW use classical client / server architecture HTTP is text-based request-response protocol4Page requestClient running aWeb BrowserServer runningWebServer Software(IIS, Apache, etc.)Server responseHTTPHTTP

What is a Web Page? Web pages are text files containing HTML HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language A notation for describing document structure (semantic markup) formatting (presentation markup) Looks (looked?) like: A Microsoft Word document The markup tags provide information aboutthe page content structure5

Creating HTML Pages An HTML file must have an .htm or .html fileextension HTML files can be created with text editors: NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors): Microsoft FrontPage Macromedia Dreamweaver Netscape Composer Microsoft Word Visual Studio 6

HTML BasicsText, Images,Tables, Forms

HTML Structure HTML is comprised of “elements” and “tags” Begins with <html> and ends with </html> Elements (tags) are nested one inside another: Tags have attributes: HTML describes structure using two main sections:<head> and <body>8<html> <head></head> <body></body> </html><img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />

HTML Code Formatting The HTML source code should be formatted toincrease readability and facilitate debugging. Every block element should start on a new line. Every nested (block) element should be indented. Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the pagesource, so formatting is harmless. For performance reasons, formatting can besacrificed9

First HTML Page10<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>My First HTML Page</title></head><body><p>This is some text...</p></body></html>test.html

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>My First HTML Page</title></head><body><p>This is some text...</p></body></html>First HTML Page:Tags11Opening tagClosing tagAn HTML element consists of an opening tag, a closing tagand the content inside.

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>My First HTML Page</title></head><body><p>This is some text...</p></body></html>First HTML Page: Header12HTML header

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>My First HTML Page</title></head><body><p>This is some text...</p></body></html>First HTML Page: Body13HTML body

Some SimpleTags HyperlinkTags ImageTags Text formatting tags14<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a><img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />This text is <em>emphasized.</em><br />new line<br />This one is <strong>more emphasized.</strong>

Some SimpleTags – Example15<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>Simple Tags Demo</title></head><body><a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title="Telerik site">This is a link.</a><br /><img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" /><br /><strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.</body></html>some-tags.html

Some SimpleTags – Example (2)16<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>Simple Tags Demo</title></head><body><a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title="Telerik site">This is a link.</a><br /><img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" /><br /><strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.</body></html>some-tags.html

Tags Attributes Tags can have attributes Attributes specify properties and behavior Example: Few attributes can apply to every element: id, style, class, title The id is unique in the document Content of title attribute is displayed as hintwhen the element is hovered with the mouse Some elements have obligatory attributes17<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />Attribute alt with value "logo"

Headings and Paragraphs HeadingTags (h1 – h6) ParagraphTags Sections: div and span18<p>This is my first paragraph</p><p>This is my second paragraph</p><h1>Heading 1</h1><h2>Sub heading 2</h2><h3>Sub heading 3</h3><div style="background: skyblue;">This is a div</div>

Headings and Paragraphs –Example19<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head><body><h1>Heading 1</h1><h2>Sub heading 2</h2><h3>Sub heading 3</h3><p>This is my first paragraph</p><p>This is my second paragraph</p><div style="background:skyblue">This is a div</div></body></html>headings.html

<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head><body><h1>Heading 1</h1><h2>Sub heading 2</h2><h3>Sub heading 3</h3><p>This is my first paragraph</p><p>This is my second paragraph</p><div style="background:skyblue">This is a div</div></body></html>Headings and Paragraphs –Example (2)20headings.html

Introduction to HTMLHTML Document Structure in Depth

Preface It is important to have the correct vision andattitude towards HTML HTML is only about structure, not appearance Browsers tolerate invalid HTML code and parseerrors – you should not.22

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration HTML documents must start with a documenttype definition (DTD) It tells web browsers what type is the served code Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0(Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5 Example: See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a listof possible doctypes23<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

HTML vs. XHTML XHTML is more strict than HTML Tags and attribute names must be in lowercase All tags must be closed (<br/>, <img/>) whileHTML allows <br> and <img> and impliesmissing closing tags (<p>par1 <p>par2) XHTML allows only one root <html> element(HTML allows more than one)24

XHTML vs. HTML (2) Many element attributes are deprecated inXHTML, most are moved to CSS Attribute minimization is forbidden, e.g. Note:Web browsers load XHTML faster thanHTML and valid code faster than invalid!25<input type="checkbox" checked><input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />

The <head> Section Contains information that doesn’t showdirectly on the viewable page Starts after the <!doctype> declaration Begins with <head> and ends with </head> Contains mandatory single <title> tag Can contain some other tags, e.g. <meta> <script> <style> <!–- comments --> 26

<head> Section: <title> tag Title should be placed between <head> and</head> tags Used to specify a title in the window title bar Search engines and people rely on titles27<title>Telerik Academy – Winter Season 2009/2010</title>

<head> Section: <meta> Meta tags additionally describe the contentcontained within the page28<meta name="description" content="HTMLtutorial" /><meta name="keywords" content="html, webdesign, styles" /><meta name="author" content="Chris Brewer" /><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;url=http://www.telerik.com" />

<head> Section: <script> The <script> element is used to embedscripts into an HTML document Script are executed in the client's Web browser Scripts can live in the <head> and in the <body>sections Supported client-side scripting languages: JavaScript (it is not Java!) VBScript JScript29

The <script>Tag – Example30<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><title>JavaScript Example</title><script type="text/javascript">function sayHello() {document.write("<p>Hello World!</p>");}</script></head><body><script type="text/javascript">sayHello();</script></body></html>scripts-example.html

<head> Section: <style> The <style> element embeds formattinginformation (CSS styles) into an HTML page31<html><head><style type="text/css">p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 12pt; }p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; }span { text-transform: uppercase; }</style></head><body><p>Styles demo.<br /><span>Test uppercase</span>.</p></body></html>style-example.html

Comments: Tag Comments can exist anywhere between the<html></html> tags Comments start with 32<!–- Telerik Logo (a JPG file) --><img src="logo.jpg" alt=“Telerik Logo"><!–- Hyperlink to the web site --><a href="http://telerik.com/">Telerik</a><!–- Show the news table --><table class="newstable">...

<body> Section: Introduction The <body> section describes the viewableportion of the page Starts after the <head> </head> section Begins with <body> and ends with </body>33<html><head><title>Test page</title></head><body></body></html>

Text Formatting Text formatting tags modify the text betweenthe opening tag and the closing tag Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold<b></b> bold<i></i> italicized<u></u> underlined<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript<sub></sub> Samplesubscript<strong></strong> strong<em></em> emphasized<pre></pre> Preformatted text<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block<del></del> Deleted text – strike through34

Text Formatting – Example35<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html><head><title>Page Title</title></head><body><h1>Notice</h1><p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p><p><pre>Next paragraph:preformatted.</pre></p><h2>More Info</h2><p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />Next line.</p></body></html>text-formatting.html

Text Formatting – Example (2)36<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html><head><title>Page Title</title></head><body><h1>Notice</h1><p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p><p><pre>Next paragraph:preformatted.</pre></p><h2>More Info</h2><p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />Next line.</p></body></html>text-formatting.html

Hyperlinks: <a>Tag Link to a document called form.html on thesame server in the same directory: Link to a document called parent.html onthe same server in the parent directory: Link to a document called cat.html on thesame server in the subdirectory stuff:37<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a><a href="../parent.html">Parent</a><a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>

Hyperlinks: <a>Tag (2) Link to an external Web site: Always use a full URL, including "http://", notjust "www.somesite.com" Using the target="_blank" attribute opensthe link in a new window Link to an e-mail address:38<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a><a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug+Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

Hyperlinks: <a>Tag (3) Link to a document called apply-now.html On the same server, in same directory Using an image as a link button: Link to a document called index.html On the same server, in the subdirectory english ofthe parent directory:39<a href="apply-now.html"><imgsrc="apply-now-button.jpg" /></a><a href="../english/index.html">Switch toEnglish version</a>

Hyperlinks and Sections Link to another location in the same document: Link to a specific location in another document:40<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>...<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2><a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section3.1.1</a><!–- In chapter3.html -->...<div id="section3.1.1"><h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3></div>

Hyperlinks – Example41<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br /><a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br /><a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br /><a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a><br /><a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=BugReport">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a><br /><a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg”/></a> <br /><a href="../english/index.html">Switch to Englishversion</a> <br />hyperlinks.html

<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br /><a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br /><a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br /><a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a><br /><a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=BugReport">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a><br /><a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg”/></a> <br /><a href="../english/index.html">Switch to Englishversion</a> <br />hyperlinks.htmlHyperlinks – Example (2)42

Links to the Same Document –Example43<h1>Table of Contents</h1><p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br /><a href="#section2">Some background</A><br /><a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />...the rest of the table of contents...<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>... Section 1 follows here ...<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>... Section 2 follows here ...<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>... Section 2.1 follows here ...links-to-same-document.html

Links to the Same Document –Example (2)44<h1>Table of Contents</h1><p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br /><a href="#section2">Some background</A><br /><a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />...the rest of the table of contents...<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>... Section 1 follows here ...<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>... Section 2 follows here ...<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>... Section 2.1 follows here ...links-to-same-document.html

 Inserting an image with <img> tag: Image attributes: Example:Images: <img> tagsrc Location of image file (relative or absolute)alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)height Number of pixels of the heightwidth Number of pixels of the widthborder Size of border, 0 for no border<img src="/img/basd-logo.png"><img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" />45

MiscellaneousTags <hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line): <center></center>: Deprecated! <font></font>: Deprecated!46<hr size="5" width="70%" /><center>Hello World!</center><font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font><font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>

MiscellaneousTags – Example47<html><head><title>Miscellaneous Tags Example</title></head><body><hr size="5" width="70%" /><center>Hello World!</center><font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font><font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font></body></html>misc.html

a. Appleb. Orangec. GrapefruitOrdered Lists: <ol>Tag Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>: Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i481. Apple2. Orange3. GrapefruitA. AppleB. OrangeC. GrapefruitI. AppleII. OrangeIII. Grapefruiti. Appleii. Orangeiii. Grapefruit<ol type="1"><li>Apple</li><li>Orange</li><li>Grapefruit</li></ol>

Unordered Lists: <ul>Tag Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>: Attribute values for type are: disc, circle or square49• Apple• Orange• Pearo Appleo Orangeo Pear Apple Orange Pear<ul type="disk"><li>Apple</li><li>Orange</li><li>Grapefruit</li></ul>

Definition lists: <dl> tag Create definition lists using <dl> Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in<dt> tag, definition in <dd> tag Renders without bullets Definition is indented50<dl><dt>HTML</dt><dd>A markup language …</dd><dt>CSS</dt><dd>Language used to …</dd></dl>

Lists – Example51<ol type="1"><li>Apple</li><li>Orange</li><li>Grapefruit</li></ol><ul type="disc"><li>Apple</li><li>Orange</li><li>Grapefruit</li></ul><dl><dt>HTML</dt><dd>A markup lang…</dd></dl>lists.html

HTML Special Characters££British Pound€€Euro""Quotation Mark¥¥JapaneseYen——Em Dash Non-breaking Space&&Ampersand>>GreaterThan<<LessThan™™Trademark Sign®®RegisteredTrademark Sign©©Copyright SignSymbolHTML EntitySymbol Name52

Special Characters – Example53<p>[>>  Welcome  <<]</p><p>►I have following cards:A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p><p>►I prefer hard rock ♫music ♫</p><p>© 2006 by Svetlin Nakov & histeam</p><p>Telerik Academy™</p>special-chars.html

Special Chars – Example (2)54<p>[>>  Welcome  <<]</p><p>►I have following cards:A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p><p>►I prefer hard rock ♫music ♫</p><p>© 2006 by Svetlin Nakov & histeam</p><p>Telerik Academy™</p>special-chars.html

Using <DIV> and <SPAN>Block and Inline Elements

Block and Inline Elements Block elements add a line break before andafter them <div> is a block element Other block elements are <table>, <hr>,headings, lists, <p> and etc. Inline elements don’t break the text beforeand after them <span> is an inline element Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>56

The <div>Tag <div> creates logical divisions within a page Block style element Used with CSS Example:57<div style="font-size:24px; color:red">DIVexample</div><p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>div-and-span.html

The <span>Tag Inline style element Useful for modifying a specific portion of text Don't create a separate area(paragraph) in the document Very useful with CSS58<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p><p>This one is another <span style="font-size:32px;font-weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>span.html

HTMLTables Tables represent tabular data A table consists of one or several rows Each row has one or more columns Tables comprised of several core tags:<table></table>: begin / end the table<tr></tr>: create a table row<td></td>: create tabular data (cell) Tables should not be used for layout. Use CSSfloats and positioning styles instead60

HTMLTables (2) Start and end of a table Start and end of a row Start and end of a cell in a row61<table> ... </table><tr> ... </tr><td> ... </td>

Simple HTMLTables – Example62<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><img src="ppt.gif"></td><td><a href="lecture1.ppt">Lecture 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><img src="ppt.gif"></td><td><a href="lecture2.ppt">Lecture 2</a></td></tr><tr><td><img src="zip.gif"></td><td><a href="lecture2-demos.zip">Lecture 2 - Demos</a></td></tr></table>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><img src="ppt.gif"></td><td><a href="lecture1.ppt">Lecture 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><img src="ppt.gif"></td><td><a href="lecture2.ppt">Lecture 2</a></td></tr><tr><td><img src="zip.gif"></td><td><a href="lecture2-demos.zip">Lecture 2 - Demos</a></td></tr></table>Simple HTMLTables – Example (2)63

Complete HTMLTables Table rows split into three semantic sections:header, body and footer <thead> denotes table header and contains<th> elements, instead of <td> elements <tbody> denotes collection of table rows thatcontain the very data <tfoot> denotes table footer but comesBEFORE the <tbody> tag <colgroup> and <col> define columns (mostoften used to set column widths)64

Complete HTMLTable: Example65<table><colgroup><col style="width:100px" /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Column 1</th><th>Column 2</th></tr></thead><tfoot><tr><td>Footer 1</td><td>Footer 2</td></tr></tfoot><tbody><tr><td>Cell 1.1</td><td>Cell 1.2</td></tr><tr><td>Cell 2.1</td><td>Cell 2.2</td></tr></tbody></table>headerfooterLast comes the body (data)thcolumns

<table><colgroup><col style="width:200px" /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Column 1</th><th>Column 2</th></tr></thead><tfoot><tr><td>Footer 1</td><td>Footer 2</td></tr></tfoot><tbody><tr><td>Cell 1.1</td><td>Cell 1.2</td></tr><tr><td>Cell 2.1</td><td>Cell 2.2</td></tr></tbody></table>Complete HTMLTable:Example (2)66table-full.htmlAlthough the footer isbefore the data in thecode, it is displayed lastBy default, header textis bold and centered.

NestedTables Table data “cells” (<td>) can contain nestedtables (tables within tables):67<table><tr><td>Contact:</td><td><table><tr><td>First Name</td><td>Last Name</td></tr></table></td></tr></table>nested-tables.html

 cellpadding Defines the emptyspace around the cellcontent cellspacing Defines theempty spacebetween cellsCell Spacing and Padding Tables have two important attributes:68cell cellcell cellcellcellcellcell

Cell Spacing and Padding –Example69<html><head><title>Table Cells</title></head><body><table cellspacing="15" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr></table><br/><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"><tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr></table></body></html>table-cells.html

Cell Spacing and Padding –Example (2)70<html><head><title>Table Cells</title></head><body><table cellspacing="15" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr></table><br/><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"><tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr></table></body></html>table-cells.html

 rowspan Defines howmany rows thecell occupies colspan Defines howmany columnsthe cell occupiesColumn and Row Span Table cells have two important attributes:71cell[1,1] cell[1,2]cell[2,1]colspan="1"colspan="1"colspan="2"cell[1,1]cell[1,2]cell[2,1]rowspan="2" rowspan="1"rowspan="1"

Column and Row Span – Example72<table cellspacing="0"><tr class="1"><td>Cell[1,1]</td><td colspan="2">Cell[2,1]</td></tr><tr class=“2"><td>Cell[1,2]</td><td rowspan="2">Cell[2,2]</td><td>Cell[3,2]</td></tr><tr class=“3"><td>Cell[1,3]</td><td>Cell[2,3]</td></tr></table>table-colspan-rowspan.html

<table cellspacing="0"><tr class="1"><td>Cell[1,1]</td><td colspan="2">Cell[2,1]</td></tr><tr class=“2"><td>Cell[1,2]</td><td rowspan="2">Cell[2,2]</td><td>Cell[3,2]</td></tr><tr class=“3"><td>Cell[1,3]</td><td>Cell[2,3]</td></tr></table>Column and Row Span –Example (2)73table-colspan-rowspan.htmlCell[2,3]Cell[1,3]Cell[3,2]Cell[2,2]Cell[1,2]Cell[2,1]Cell[1,1]

HTML FormsEntering User Data from a Web Page

HTML Forms Forms are the primary method for gatheringdata from site visitors Create a form block with Example:75<form></form><form name="myForm" method="post"action="path/to/some-script.php">...</form>The "action" attribute tells wherethe form data should be sentThe “method" attribute tells howthe form data should be sent –via GET or POST request

Form Fields Single-line text input fields: Multi-line textarea fields: Hidden fields contain data not shown to the user: Often used by JavaScript code76<input type="text" name="FirstName" value="Thisis a text field" /><textarea name="Comments">This is a multi-linetext field</textarea><input type="hidden" name="Account" value="Thisis a hidden text field" />

Fieldsets Fieldsets are used to enclose a group of relatedform fields: The <legend> is the fieldset's title.77<form method="post" action="form.aspx"><fieldset><legend>Client Details</legend><input type="text" id="Name" /><input type="text" id="Phone" /></fieldset><fieldset><legend>Order Details</legend><input type="text" id="Quantity" /><textarea cols="40" rows="10"id="Remarks"></textarea></fieldset></form>

Form Input Controls Checkboxes: Radio buttons: Radio buttons can be grouped, allowing only oneto be selected from a group:78<input type="checkbox" name="fruit"value="apple" /><input type="radio" name="title" value="Mr." /><input type="radio" name="city" value="Lom" /><input type="radio" name="city" value="Ruse" />

Other Form Controls Dropdown menus: Submit button:79<select name="gender"><option value="Value 1"selected="selected">Male</option><option value="Value 2">Female</option><option value="Value 3">Other</option></select><input type="submit" name="submitBtn"value="Apply Now" />

Other Form Controls (2) Reset button – brings the form to its initial state Image button – acts like submit but image isdisplayed and click coordinates are sent Ordinary button – used for Javascript, no defaultaction80<input type="reset" name="resetBtn"value="Reset the form" /><input type="image" src="submit.gif"name="submitBtn" alt="Submit" /><input type="button" value="click me" />

Other Form Controls (3) Password input – a text field which masks theentered text with * signs Multiple select field – displays the list of items inmultiple lines, instead of one81<input type="password" name="pass" /><select name="products" multiple="multiple"><option value="Value 1"selected="selected">keyboard</option><option value="Value 2">mouse</option><option value="Value 3">speakers</option></select>

Other Form Controls (4) File input – a field used for uploading files When used, it requires the form element to have aspecific attribute:82<input type="file" name="photo" /><form enctype="multipart/form-data">...<input type="file" name="photo" />...</form>

Labels Form labels are used to associate an explanatorytext to a form field using the field's ID. Clicking on a label focuses its associated field(checkboxes are toggled, radio buttons arechecked) Labels are both a usability and accessibilityfeature and are required in order to passaccessibility validation.83<label for="fn">First Name</label><input type="text" id="fn" />

HTML Forms – Example84<form method="post" action="apply-now.php"><input name="subject" type="hidden" value="Class" /><fieldset><legend>Academic information</legend><label for="degree">Degree</label><select name="degree" id="degree"><option value="BA">Bachelor of Art</option><option value="BS">Bachelor of Science</option><option value="MBA" selected="selected">Master ofBusiness Administration</option></select><br /><label for="studentid">Student ID</label><input type="password" name="studentid" /></fieldset><fieldset><legend>Personal Details</legend><label for="fname">First Name</label><input type="text" name="fname" id="fname" /><br /><label for="lname">Last Name</label><input type="text" name="lname" id="lname" />form.html

HTML Forms – Example (2)85<br />Gender:<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gm" value="m" /><label for="gm">Male</label><input name="gender" type="radio" id="gf" value="f" /><label for="gf">Female</label><br /><label for="email">Email</label><input type="text" name="email" id="email" /></fieldset><p><textarea name="terms" cols="30" rows="4"readonly="readonly">TERMS AND CONDITIONS...</textarea></p><p><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send Form" /><input type="reset" value="Clear Form" /></p></form>form.html (continued)

form.html (continued)HTML Forms – Example (3)86

TabIndex The tabindex HTML attribute controls theorder in which form fields and hyperlinks arefocused when repeatedly pressing theTAB key tabindex="0" (zero) - "natural" order If X >Y, then elements with tabindex="X" areiterated before elements with tabindex="Y" Elements with negative tabindex are skipped,however, this is not defined in the standard87<input type="text" tabindex="10" />

HTML Frames<frameset>, <frame> and <iframe>

HTML Frames Frames provide a way to show multiple HTMLdocuments in a single Web page The page can be split into separate views(frames) horizontally and vertically Frames were popular in the early ages of HTMLdevelopment, but now their usage is rejected Frames are not supported by all user agents(browsers, search engines, etc.) A <noframes> element is used to providecontent for non-compatible agents.89

HTML Frames – Demo90<html><head><title>Frames Example</title></head><frameset cols="180px,*,150px"><frame src="left.html" /><frame src="middle.html" /><frame src="right.html" /></frameset></html>frames.html Note the target attribute applied to the<a> elements in the left frame.

Inline Frames: <iframe> Inline frames provide a way to show onewebsite inside another website:91<iframe name="iframeGoogle" width="600" height="400"src="http://www.google.com" frameborder="yes"scrolling="yes"></iframe>iframe-demo.html

Table of Contents What is CSS? Styling with Cascading Stylesheets (CSS) Selectors and style definitions Linking HTML and CSS Fonts, Backgrounds, Borders The Box Model Alignment, Z-Index, Margin, Padding Positioning and Floating Elements Visibility, Display, Overflow CSS DevelopmentTools93

CSS: A New Philosophy Separate content from presentation!94TitleLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetuer adipiscing elit.Suspendisse at pede ut purusmalesuada dictum. Donec vitaeneque non magna aliquamdictum.• Vestibulum et odio et ipsum• accumsan accumsan. Morbi at• arcu vel elit ultricies porta. Prointortor purus, luctus non, aliquamnec, interdum vel, mi. Sed necquam nec odio lacinia molestie.Praesent augue tortor, convalliseget, euismod nonummy, laciniaut, risus.BoldItalicsIndentContent(HTML document)Presentation(CSS Document)

The Resulting Page95TitleLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetuer adipiscing elit.Suspendisse at pede ut purusmalesuada dictum. Donec vitae nequenon magna aliquam dictum.• Vestibulum et odio et ipsum• accumsan accumsan. Morbi at• arcu vel elit ultricies porta. ProinTortor purus, luctus non, aliquam nec,interdum vel, mi. Sed nec quam necodio lacinia molestie. Praesent auguetortor, convallis eget, euismodnonummy, lacinia ut, risus.

CSS IntroStyling with Cascading Stylesheets

CSS Introduction Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Used to describe the presentation of documents Define sizes, spacing, fonts, colors, layout, etc. Improve content accessibility Improve flexibility Designed to separate presentation from content Due to CSS, all HTML presentation tags andattributes are deprecated, e.g. font, center, etc.97

CSS Introduction (2) CSS can be applied to any XML document Not just to HTML / XHTML CSS can specify different styles for differentmedia On-screen In print Handheld, projection, etc. … even by voice or Braille-based reader98

Why “Cascading”? Priority scheme determining which style rulesapply to element Cascade priorities or specificity (weight) arecalculated and assigned to the rules Child elements in the HTML DOM tree inheritstyles from their parent Can override them Control via !important rule99

Why “Cascading”? (3) Some CSS styles are inherited and some not Text-related and list-related properties areinherited - color, font-size, font-family,line-height, text-align, list-style, etc Box-related and positioning styles are notinherited - width, height, border, margin,padding, position, float, etc <a> elements do not inherit color and text-decoration101

Style Sheets Syntax Stylesheets consist of rules, selectors,declarations, properties and values Selectors are separated by commas Declarations are separated by semicolons Properties and values are separated by colons102h1,h2,h3 { color: green; font-weight: bold; }http://css.maxdesign.com.au/

Selectors Selectors determine which element the ruleapplies to: All elements of specific type (tag) Those that mach a specific attribute (id, class) Elements may be matched depending on howthey are nested in the document tree (HTML) Examples:103.header a { color: green }#menu>li { padding-top: 8px }

Selectors (2) Three primary kinds of selectors: By tag (type selector): By element id: By element class name (only for HTML): Selectors can be combined with commas:This will match <h1> tags, elements with classlink, and element with id top-link104h1 { font-family: verdana,sans-serif; }#element_id { color: #ff0000; }.myClass {border: 1px solid red}h1, .link, #top-link {font-weight: bold}

Selectors (3) Pseudo-classes define state :hover, :visited, :active , :lang Pseudo-elements define element "parts" or areused to generate content :first-line , :before, :after105a:hover { color: red; }p:first-line { text-transform: uppercase; }.title:before { content: "»"; }.title:after { content: "«"; }

Selectors (4) Match relative to element placement:This will match all <a> tags that are inside of <p> * – universal selector (avoid or use with care!):This will match all descendants of <p> element + selector – used to match “next sibling”:This will match all siblings with class name linkthat appear immediately after <img> tag 106p a {text-decoration: underline}p * {color: black}img + .link {float:right}

Selectors (5) > selector – matches direct child nodes:This will match all elements with class error, directchildren of <p> tag [ ] – matches tag attributes by regular expression:This will match all <img> tags with alt attributecontaining the word logo .class1.class2 (no space) - matches elementswith both (all) classes applied at the same time107p > .error {font-size: 8px}img[alt~=logo] {border: none}

Values in the CSS Rules Colors are set in RGB format (decimal or hex): Example: #a0a6aa = rgb(160, 166, 170) Predefined color aliases exist: black, blue, etc. Numeric values are specified in: Pixels, ems, e.g. 12px , 1.4em Points, inches, centimeters, millimeters E.g. 10pt , 1in, 1cm, 1mm Percentages, e.g. 50% Percentage of what?... Zero can be used with no unit: border: 0;108

Default Browser Styles Browsers have default CSS styles Used when there is no CSS information or anyother style information in the document Caution: default styles differ in browsers E.g. margins, paddings and font sizes differmost often and usually developers reset them109* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }body, h1, p, ul, li { margin: 0; padding: 0; }

Linking HTML and CSS HTML (content) and CSS (presentation) can belinked in three ways: Inline: the CSS rules in the style attribute No selectors are needed Embedded: in the <head> in a <style> tag External: CSS rules in separate file (best) Usually a file with .css extension Linked via <link rel="stylesheet" href=…> tagor @import directive in embedded CSS block110

Linking HTML and CSS (2) Using external files is highly recommended Simplifies the HTML document Improves page load speed as the CSS file iscached111

Inline Styles: Example112<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Inline Styles</title></head><body><p>Here is some text</p><p style="font-size: 20pt">Here is somemore text</p><p style="font-size: 20pt;color:#0000FF" >Even more text</p></body></html>inline-styles.html

Inline Styles: Example113<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Inline Styles</title></head><body><p>Here is some text</p><p style="font-size: 20pt">Here is somemore text</p><p style="font-size: 20pt;color:#0000FF" >Even more text</p></body></html>inline-styles.html

CSS Cascade (Precedence) There are browser, user and author stylesheetswith "normal" and "important" declarations Browser styles (least priority) Normal user styles Normal author styles (external, in head, inline) Important author styles Important user styles (max priority)114a { color: red !important ; }http://www.slideshare.net/maxdesign/css-cascade-1658158

CSS Specificity CSS specificity is used to determine theprecedence of CSS style declarations with thesame origin. Selectors are what matters Simple calculation: #id = 100, .class = 10,:pseudo = 10, [attr] = 10, tag = 1, * = 0 Same number of points? Order matters. See also: http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/07/27/css-specificity-things-you-should-know/ http://css.maxdesign.com.au/selectutorial/advanced_conflict.htm115

Embedded Styles Embedded in the HTML in the <style> tag: The <style> tag is placed in the <head>section of the document type attribute specifies the MIME type MIME describes the format of the content Other MIME types include text/html,image/gif, text/javascript … Used for document-specific styles116<style type="text/css">

Embedded Styles: Example117<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Style Sheets</title><style type="text/css">em {background-color:#8000FF; color:white}h1 {font-family:Arial, sans-serif}p {font-size:18pt}.blue {color:blue}</style><head>embedded-stylesheets.html

Embedded Styles: Example (2)118…<body><h1 class="blue">A Heading</h1><p>Here is some text. Here is some text. Hereis some text. Here is some text. Here is sometext.</p><h1>Another Heading</h1><p class="blue">Here is some more text.Here is some more text.</p><p class="blue">Here is some <em>more</em>text. Here is some more text.</p></body></html>

…<body><h1 class="blue">A Heading</h1><p>Here is some text. Here is some text. Hereis some text. Here is some text. Here is sometext.</p><h1>Another Heading</h1><p class="blue">Here is some more text.Here is some more text.</p><p class="blue">Here is some <em>more</em>text. Here is some more text.</p></body></html>Embedded Styles: Example (3)119

External CSS Styles External linking Separate pages can all use a shared style sheet Only modify a single file to change the styles acrossyour entire Web site (see http://www.csszengarden.com/) link tag (with a rel attribute) Specifies a relationship between current documentand another document link elements should be in the <head>120<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"href="styles.css">

External CSS Styles (2)@import Another way to link external CSS files Example: Ancient browsers do not recognize @import Use @import in an external CSS file toworkaround the IE 32 CSS file limit121<style type="text/css">@import url("styles.css");/* same as */@import "styles.css";</style>

External Styles: Example122/* CSS Document */a { text-decoration: none }a:hover { text-decoration: underline;color: red;background-color: #CCFFCC }li em { color: red;font-weight: bold }ul { margin-left: 2cm }ul ul { text-decoration: underline;margin-left: .5cm }styles.css

External Styles: Example (2)123<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0Transitional//EN""http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Importing style sheets</title><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"href="styles.css" /></head><body><h1>Shopping list for <em>Monday</em>:</h1><li>Milk</li>…external-styles.html

External Styles: Example (3)124…<li>Bread<ul><li>White bread</li><li>Rye bread</li><li>Whole wheat bread</li></ul></li><li>Rice</li><li>Potatoes</li><li>Pizza <em>with mushrooms</em></li></ul><a href="http://food.com" title="grocerystore">Go to the Grocery store</a></body></html>

…<li>Bread<ul><li>White bread</li><li>Rye bread</li><li>Whole wheat bread</li></ul></li><li>Rice</li><li>Potatoes</li><li>Pizza <em>with mushrooms</em></li></ul><a href="http://food.com" title="grocerystore">Go to the Grocery store</a></body></html>External Styles: Example (4)125

Text-related CSS Properties color – specifies the color of the text font-size – size of font: xx-small, x-small,small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large,smaller, larger or numeric value font-family – comma separated font names Example: verdana, sans-serif, etc. The browser loads the first one that is available There should always be at least one generic font font-weight can be normal, bold, bolder,lighter or a number in range [100 … 900]126

CSS Rules for Fonts (2) font-style – styles the font Values: normal, italic, oblique text-decoration – decorates the text Values: none, underline, line-trough,overline, blink text-align – defines the alignment of text orother content Values: left, right, center, justify127

Shorthand Font Property font Shorthand rule for setting multiple fontproperties at the same timeis equal to writing this:128font:italic normal bold 12px/16px verdanafont-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;font-size: 12px;line-height: 16px;font-family: verdana;

Backgrounds background-image URL of image to be used as background, e.g.: background-color Using color and image and the same time background-repeat repeat-x, repeat-y, repeat, no-repeat background-attachment fixed / scroll129background-image:url("back.gif");

Backgrounds (2) background-position: specifies vertical andhorizontal position of the background image Vertical position: top, center, bottom Horizontal position: left, center, right Both can be specified in percentage or othernumerical values Examples:130background-position: top left;background-position: -5px 50%;

Background Shorthand Property background: shorthand rule for settingbackground properties at the same time:is equal to writing: Some browsers will not apply BOTH color andimage for background if using shorthand rule131background: #FFF0C0 url("back.gif") no-repeatfixed top;background-color: #FFF0C0;background-image: url("back.gif");background-repeat: no-repeat;background-attachment: fixed;background-position: top;

Background-image or <img>? Background images allow you to save manyimage tags from the HTML Leads to less code More content-oriented approach All images that are not part of the pagecontent (and are used only for "beautification")should be moved to the CSS132

Borders border-width: thin, medium, thick ornumerical value (e.g. 10px) border-color: color alias or RGB value border-style: none, hidden, dotted,dashed, solid, double, groove, ridge,inset, outset Each property can be defined separately forleft, top, bottom and right border-top-style, border-left-color, …133

Border Shorthand Property border: shorthand rule for setting borderproperties at once:is equal to writing: Specify different borders for the sides viashorthand rules: border-top, border-left,border-right, border-bottom When to avoid border:0 134border: 1px solid redborder-width:1px;border-color:red;border-style:solid;

Width and Height width – defines numerical value for the widthof element, e.g. 200px height – defines numerical value for theheight of element, e.g. 100px By default the height of an element is definedby its content Inline elements do not apply height, unless youchange their display style.135

Margin and Padding margin and padding define the spacingaround the element Numerical value, e.g. 10px or -5px Can be defined for each of the four sidesseparately - margin-top, padding-left, … margin is the spacing outside of the border padding is the spacing between the border andthe content What are collapsing margins?136

Margin and Padding: Short Rules margin: 5px; Sets all four sides to have margin of 5 px; margin: 10px 20px; top and bottom to 10px, left and right to 20px; margin: 5px 3px 8px; top 5px, left/right 3px, bottom 8px margin: 1px 3px 5px 7px; top, right, bottom, left (clockwise from top) Same for padding137

IE Quirks Mode When using quirksmode (pages with noDOCTYPE or with aHTML 4TransitionalDOCTYPE), InternetExplorer violates thebox model standard139

Positioning position: defines the positioning of theelement in the page content flow The value is one of: static (default) relative – relative position according to wherethe element would appear with static position absolute – position according to the innermostpositioned parent element fixed – same as absolute, but ignores pagescrolling140

Positioning (2) MarginVS relative positioning Fixed and absolutely positioned elements donot influence the page normal flow and usuallystay on top of other elements Their position and size is ignored whencalculating the size of parent element orposition of surrounding elements Overlaid according to their z-index Inline fixed or absolutely positioned elementscan apply height like block-level elements141

Positioning (3) top, left, bottom, right: specifies offset ofabsolute/fixed/relative positioned element asnumerical values z-index : specifies the stack level ofpositioned elements Understanding stacking context142Each positioned element creates a stackingcontext.Elements in different stacking contexts areoverlapped according to the stacking order oftheir containers. For example, there is no wayfor #A1 and #A2 (children of #A) to be placedover #B without increasing the z-index of #A.

Inline element positioning vertical-align: sets the vertical-alignmentof an inline element, according to the lineheight Values: baseline, sub, super, top, text-top,middle, bottom, text-bottom or numeric Also used for content of table cells (which applymiddle alignment by default)143

Float float: the element “floats” to one side left: places the element on the left andfollowing content on the right right: places the element on the right andfollowing content on the left floated elements should come before thecontent that will wrap around them in the code margins of floated elements do not collapse floated inline elements can apply height144

Float (2) How floated elements are positioned145

Clear clear Sets the sides of the element where otherfloating elements are NOT allowed Used to "drop" elements below floated ones orexpand a container, which contains only floatedchildren Possible values: left, right, both Clearing floats additional element (<div>) with a clear style146

Clear (2) Clearing floats (continued) :after { content: ""; display: block;clear: both; height: 0; } Triggering hasLayout in IE expands a containerof floated elements display: inline-block; zoom: 1;147

Opacity opacity: specifies the opacity of the element Floating point number from 0 to 1 For old Mozilla browsers use –moz-opacity For IE use filter:alpha(opacity=value)where value is from 0 to 100; also, "binary andscript behaviors" must be enabled andhasLayout must be triggered, e.g. with zoom:1148

Visibility visibility Determines whether the element is visible hidden: element is not rendered, but stilloccupies place on the page (similar toopacity:0) visible: element is rendered normally149

Display display: controls the display of the elementand the way it is rendered and if breaks shouldbe placed before and after the element inline: no breaks are placed before and after(<span> is an inline element) block: breaks are placed before AND after theelement (<div> is a block element)150

Display (2) display: controls the display of the elementand the way it is rendered and if breaks shouldbe placed before and after the element none: element is hidden and its dimensions arenot used to calculate the surrounding elementsrendering (differs from visibility: hidden!) There are some more possible values, but notall browsers support them Specific displays like table-cell and table-row151

Overflow overflow: defines the behavior of element whencontent needs more space than you have specified bythe size properties or for other reasons.Values: visible (default) – content spills out of theelement auto - show scrollbars if needed scroll – always show scrollbars hidden – any content that cannot fit is clipped152

Other CSS Properties cursor: specifies the look of the mouse cursorwhen placed over the element Values: crosshair, help, pointer,progress, move, hair, col-resize, row-resize, text, wait, copy, drop, and others white-space – controls the line breaking oftext.Value is one of: nowrap – keeps the text on one line normal (default) – browser decides whether tobrake the lines if needed153

Benefits of using CSS More powerful formatting than usingpresentation tags Your pages load faster, because browserscache the .css files Increased accessibility, because rules can bedefined according given media Pages are easier to maintain and update154

Maintenance Example155TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.TitleSome randomtext here. Youcan’t read itanyway! Har harhar! Use Css.CSSfile

CSS DevelopmentTools Visual Studio – CSS Editor156

CSS DevelopmentTools (3) Firebug – add-on to Firefox used to examineand adjust CSS and HTML157

CSS DevelopmentTools (4) IE DeveloperToolbar – add-on to IE used toexamine CSS and HTML (press [F12])158

Table of Contents What is DHTML? DHTMLTechnologies XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, DOM160

Table of Contents (2) Introduction to JavaScript What is JavaScript Implementing JavaScript into Web pages In <head> part In <body> part In external .js file161

Table of Contents (3) JavaScript Syntax JavaScript operators JavaScript DataTypes JavaScript Pop-up boxes alert, confirm and prompt Conditional and switch statements, loops andfunctions Document Object Model Debugging in JavaScript162

DHTMLDynamic Behavior at the Client Side

What is DHTML? Dynamic HTML (DHTML) Makes possible a Web page to react and changein response to the user’s actions DHTML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript164DHTMLXHTML CSS JavaScript DOM

DTHML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript HTML defines Web sites content throughsemantic tags (headings, paragraphs, lists, …) CSS defines 'rules' or 'styles' for presentingevery aspect of an HTML document Font (family, size, color, weight, etc.) Background (color, image, position, repeat) Position and layout (of any object on the page) JavaScript defines dynamic behavior Programming logic for interaction with theuser, to handle events, etc.165

JavaScriptDynamic Behavior in a Web Page

JavaScript JavaScript is a front-end scripting languagedeveloped by Netscape for dynamic content Lightweight, but with limited capabilities Can be used as object-oriented language Client-side technology Embedded in your HTML page Interpreted by theWeb browser Simple and flexible Powerful to manipulate the DOM167

JavaScript Advantages JavaScript allows interactivity such as: Implementing form validation React to user actions, e.g. handle keys Changing an image on moving mouse over it Sections of a page appearing and disappearing Content loading and changing dynamically Performing complex calculations Custom HTML controls, e.g. scrollable table Implementing AJAX functionality168

What Can JavaScript Do? Can handle events Can read and write HTML elements andmodify the DOM tree Can validate form data Can access / modify browser cookies Can detect the user’s browser and OS Can be used as object-oriented language Can handle exceptions Can perform asynchronous server calls (AJAX)169

The First Scriptfirst-script.html170<html><body><script type="text/javascript">alert('Hello JavaScript!');</script></body></html>

Another Small Examplesmall-example.html171<html><body><script type="text/javascript">document.write('JavaScript rulez!');</script></body></html>

Using JavaScript Code The JavaScript code can be placed in: <script> tag in the head <script> tag in the body – not recommended External files, linked via <script> tag the head Files usually have .js extension Highly recommended The .js files get cached by the browser172<script src="scripts.js" type="text/javscript"><!– code placed here will not be executed! --></script>

JavaScript – When is Executed? JavaScript code is executed during the pageloading or when the browser fires an event All statements are executed at page loading Some statements just define functions that canbe called later Function calls or code can be attached as"event handlers" via tag attributes Executed when the event is fired by the browser173<img src="logo.gif" onclick="alert('clicked!')" />

<html><head><script type="text/javascript">function test (message) {alert(message);}</script></head><body><img src="logo.gif"onclick="test('clicked!')" /></body></html>Calling a JavaScript Functionfrom Event Handler – Exampleimage-onclick.html174

Using External Script Files Using external script files: External JavaScript file:175<html><head><script src="sample.js" type="text/javascript"></script></head><body><button onclick="sample()" value="Call JavaScriptfunction from sample.js" /></body></html>function sample() {alert('Hello from sample.js!')}external-JavaScript.htmlsample.jsThe <script> tag is always empty.

JavaScript Syntax The JavaScript syntax is similar to C# and Java Operators (+, *, =, !=, &&, ++, …) Variables (typeless) Conditional statements (if, else) Loops (for, while) Arrays (my_array[]) and associative arrays(my_array['abc']) Functions (can return value) Function variables (like the C# delegates)177

DataTypes JavaScript data types: Numbers (integer, floating-point) Boolean (true / false) String type – string of characters Arrays Associative arrays (hash tables)178var myName = "You can use both single or doublequotes for strings";var my_array = [1, 5.3, "aaa"];var my_hash = {a:2, b:3, c:"text"};

Everything is Object Every variable can be considered as object For example strings and arrays have memberfunctions:179var test = "some string";alert(test[7]); // shows letter 'r'alert(test.charAt(5)); // shows letter 's'alert("test".charAt(1)); //shows letter 'e'alert("test".substring(1,3)); //shows 'es'var arr = [1,3,4];alert (arr.length); // shows 3arr.push(7); // appends 7 to end of arrayalert (arr[3]); // shows 7objects.html

String Operations The + operator joins strings What is "9" + 9? Converting string to number:180string1 = "fat ";string2 = "cats";alert(string1 + string2); // fat catsalert("9" + 9); // 99alert(parseInt("9") + 9); // 18

Arrays Operations and Properties Declaring new empty array: Declaring an array holding few elements: Appending an element / getting the last element: Reading the number of elements (array length): Finding element's index in the array:181var arr = new Array();var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];arr.push(3);var element = arr.pop();arr.length;arr.indexOf(1);

Standard Popup Boxes Alert box with text and [OK] button Just a message shown in a dialog box: Confirmation box Contains text, [OK] button and [Cancel] button: Prompt box Contains text, input field with default value:182alert("Some text here");confirm("Are you sure?");prompt ("enter amount", 10);

Sum of Numbers – Examplesum-of-numbers.html183<html><head><title>JavaScript Demo</title><script type="text/javascript">function calcSum() {value1 =parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox1.value);value2 =parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox2.value);sum = value1 + value2;document.mainForm.textBoxSum.value = sum;}</script></head>

Sum of Numbers – Example (2)sum-of-numbers.html (cont.)184<body><form name="mainForm"><input type="text" name="textBox1" /> <br/><input type="text" name="textBox2" /> <br/><input type="button" value="Process"onclick="#

JavaScript Prompt – Exampleprompt.html185price = prompt("Enter the price", "10.00");alert('Price + VAT = ' + price * 1.2);

Greater than<=Symbol Meaning>< Less than>= Greater than or equal toLess than or equal to== Equal!= Not equalConditional Statement (if)186unitPrice = 1.30;if (quantity > 100) {unitPrice = 1.20;}

Conditional Statement (if) (2) The condition may be of Boolean or integer type:187var a = 0;var b = true;if (typeof(a)=="undefined" || typeof(b)=="undefined") {document.write("Variable a or b is undefined.");}else if (!a && b) {document.write("a==0; b==true;");} else {document.write("a==" + a + "; b==" + b + ";");}conditional-statements.html

Switch Statement The switch statement works like in C#:188switch (variable) {case 1:// do somethingbreak;case 'a':// do something elsebreak;case 3.14:// another codebreak;default:// something completely different}switch-statements.html

Loops Like in C# for loop while loop do … while loop189var counter;for (counter=0; counter<4; counter++) {alert(counter);}while (counter < 5) {alert(++counter);} loops.html

Functions Code structure – splitting code into parts Data comes in, processed, result returned190function average(a, b, c){var total;total = a+b+c;return total/3;}Parameters comein here.Declaring variablesis optional.Type isnever declared.Value returnedhere.

Function Argumentsand ReturnValue Functions are not required to return a value When calling function it is not obligatory tospecify all of its arguments The function has access to all the argumentspassed via arguments array191function sum() {var sum = 0;for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i ++)sum += parseInt(arguments[i]);return sum;}alert(sum(1, 2, 4)); functions-demo.html

Document Object Model (DOM) Every HTML element is accessible via theJavaScript DOM API Most DOM objects can be manipulated by theprogrammer The event model lets a document to react whenthe user does something on the page Advantages Create interactive pages Updates the objects of a page without reloading it193

Accessing Elements Access elements via their ID attribute Via the name attribute Via tag name Returns array of descendant <img> elements ofthe element "el"194var elem = document.getElementById("some_id")var arr = document.getElementsByName("some_name")var imgTags = el.getElementsByTagName("img")

DOM Manipulation Once we access an element, we can read andwrite its attributes195function change(state) {var lampImg = document.getElementById("lamp");lampImg.src = "lamp_" + state + ".png";var statusDiv =document.getElementById("statusDiv");statusDiv.innerHTML = "The lamp is " + state";}…<img src="test_on.gif" onmouseover="change('off')"onmouseout="change('on')" />DOM-manipulation.html

Common Element Properties Most of the properties are derived from theHTML attributes of the tag E.g. id, name, href, alt, title, src, etc… style property – allows modifying the CSSstyles of the element Corresponds to the inline style of the element Not the properties derived from embedded orexternal CSS rules Example: style.width, style.marginTop,style.backgroundImage196

Common Element Properties (2) className – the class attribute of the tag innerHTML – holds all the entire HTML codeinside the element Read-only properties with information for thecurrent element and its state tagName, offsetWidth, offsetHeight,scrollHeight, scrollTop, nodeType, etc…197

Accessing Elements throughthe DOMTree Structure We can access elements in the DOM throughsome tree manipulation properties: element.childNodes element.parentNode element.nextSibling element.previousSibling element.firstChild element.lastChild198

Accessing Elements throughthe DOMTree – Example Warning: may not return what you expecteddue to Browser differences199var el = document.getElementById('div_tag');alert (el.childNodes[0].value);alert (el.childNodes[1].getElementsByTagName('span').id);…<div id="div_tag"><input type="text" value="test text" /><div><span id="test">test span</span></div></div> accessing-elements-demo.html

The HTML DOM Event Model JavaScript can register event handlers Events are fired by the Browser and are sent tothe specified JavaScript event handler function Can be set with HTML attributes: Can be accessed through the DOM:201<img src="test.gif" onclick="imageClicked()" />var img = document.getElementById("myImage");img.onclick = imageClicked;

The HTML DOM Event Model (2) All event handlers receive one parameter It brings information about the event Contains the type of the event (mouse click, keypress, etc.) Data about the location where the event hasbeen fired (e.g. mouse coordinates) Holds a reference to the event sender E.g. the button that was clicked202

The HTML DOM Event Model (3) Holds information about the state of [Alt], [Ctrl]and [Shift] keys Some browsers do not send this object, butplace it in the document.event Some of the names of the event’s objectproperties are browser-specific203

Common DOM Events Mouse events: onclick, onmousedown, onmouseup onmouseover, onmouseout, onmousemove Key events: onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup Only for input fields Interface events: onblur, onfocus onscroll204

Common DOM Events (2) Form events onchange – for input fields onsubmit Allows you to cancel a form submission Useful for form validation Miscellaneous events onload, onunload Allowed only for the <body> element Fires when all content on the page was loaded /unloaded 205

onload Event – Example onload event206<html><head><script type="text/javascript">function greet() {alert("Loaded.");}</script></head><body onload="greet()" ></body></html>onload.html

Built-in Browser Objects The browser provides some read-only data via: window The top node of the DOM tree Represents the browser's window document holds information the current loaded document screen Holds the user’s display properties browser Holds information about the browser208

DOM Hierarchy – Example209windownavigator screen document history locationformbutton formform

Opening New Window – Example window.open()210var newWindow = window.open("", "sampleWindow","width=300, height=100, menubar=yes,status=yes, resizable=yes");newWindow.document.write("<html><head><title>Sample Title</title></head><body><h1>SampleText</h1></body>");newWindow.status ="Hello folks";window-open.html

The Navigator Object211alert(window.navigator.userAgent);The navigator in thebrowser windowThe userAgent(browser ID)The browserwindow

The Screen Object The screen object contains information aboutthe display212window.moveTo(0, 0);x = screen.availWidth;y = screen.availHeight;window.resizeTo(x, y);

Document and Location document object Provides some built-in arrays of specific objectson the currently loaded Web page document.location Used to access the currently open URL orredirect the browser213document.links[0].href = "yahoo.com";document.write("This is some <b>bold text</b>");document.location = "http://www.yahoo.com/";

FormValidation – Example214function checkForm(){var valid = true;if (document.mainForm.firstName.value == "") {alert("Please type in your first name!");document.getElementById("firstNameError").style.display = "inline";valid = false;}return valid;}…<form name="mainForm" onsubmit="return checkForm()"><input type="text" name="firstName" />…</form>form-validation.html

The Math Object The Math object provides some mathematicalfunctions215for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {var x = Math.random();x = 10*x + 1;x = Math.floor(x);document.write("Random number (" +i + ") in range " +"1..10 --> " + x +"<br/>");}math.html

The Date Object The Date object provides date / calendarfunctions216var now = new Date();var result = "It is now " + now;document.getElementById("timeField").innerText = result;...<p id="timeField"></p>dates.html

Timers: setTimeout() Make something happen (once) after a fixeddelay217var timer = setTimeout('bang()', 5000);clearTimeout(timer);5 seconds after this statementexecutes, this function is calledCancels the timer

Timers: setInterval() Make something happen repeatedly at fixedintervals218var timer = setInterval('clock()', 1000);clearInterval(timer);This function is calledcontinuously per 1 second.Stop the timer.

Timer – Example219<script type="text/javascript">function timerFunc() {var now = new Date();var hour = now.getHours();var min = now.getMinutes();var sec = now.getSeconds();document.getElementById("clock").value ="" + hour + ":" + min + ":" + sec;}setInterval('timerFunc()', 1000);</script><input type="text" id="clock" />timer-demo.html

Debugging JavaScript Modern browsers have JavaScript consolewhere errors in scripts are reported Errors may differ across browsers Several tools to debug JavaScript Microsoft Script Editor Add-on for Internet Explorer Supports breakpoints, watches JavaScript statement debugger; opens the scripteditor221

Firebug Firebug – Firefox add-on for debuggingJavaScript, CSS, HTML Supports breakpoints, watches, JavaScriptconsole editor Very useful for CSS and HTML too You can edit all the document real-time: CSS,HTML, etc Shows how CSS rules apply to element Shows Ajax requests and responses Firebug is written mostly in JavaScript222

JavaScript Console Object The console object exists only if there is adebugging tool that supports it Used to write log messages at runtime Methods of the console object: debug(message) info(message) log(message) warn(message) error(message)224

HTML, CSS and JavaScriptBasicsThankYou dipenparmar12@gmail.com https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvhhqqFl23yYwq54ykoOQQ Dipen Parmar

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