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Spooky ProjectsIntroduction to Microcontrollers with ArduinoClass 17 Oct 2006 - machineproject - Tod E. KurtEveryone’s had a little programming experience, right?Who’s had any electrical experience?

What’s for Today• Introduction to Arduino• Building an LED ﬂashlight• Making some blinky LED eyes

Class KitWhat’s in your goodie bag

Class Kit Manifest• Arduino NG USB board• Arduino ProtoShield• Solderless breadboard• USB cable• RC servo• piezo buzzer• 6m hookup wire in ghastlycolors• potentiometer with knob• R,G,B and mystery LEDs• two push switches• 9V battery and connector• 220, 330, 10k, and 1Mresistors• light sensitive resistor• 5.1v zener diode• square of velcro• scary eyeballsAnd other bits as we progressIgnore most of the kit for now, just use Arduino board and USB cableComplete kit manifest with part numbers will be online

A Word on Safety• Electronics are toxic to you• Lead in some of the parts• Wash up afterwards• You are toxic to electronics• Static-sensitive: don’t shufﬂe your feet• Wires only bend so much

What is Arduino?• Open Source Physical Computing Platform• open source: free to inspect & modify• physical computing. er, what?ubiquitous computing, pervasivecomputing, ambient intelligence, calm computing, everyware, spimes, blogjects, smart objects...• A physical board, a programmingenvironment, a development philosophy• Tiny computer you can program• Completely stand-alone, talks to other devicesPhysical computing as invisible computingCan run off a batteryCan talk to other computers, cell phones, etc.

What is Arduino?• Based on AVR-GCC, avr-libc, AVRlib andProcessing (all open source projects)• Very similar to Basic Stamp (if you know it)• but cheaper, faster, & open• Uses AVR ATmega8 microcontroller chipBasic Stamp uses PIC microcontroller chip.PICs and AVRs are very comparable, one’s not necessarily better than the otherAVRs are a little better if you’re using a language like C (stack-based)Don’t need to worry about the chip particulars for now

What is Arduino?• Why not just use a bare AVR ATmega8 chip?• Arduino is also a standardized “bootloader”• A tiny program that loads other programs• It’s alive during ﬁrst 5 secondsA bootloader is akin to an BIOS on a real computer. It handles the startup of the chipAfter 5 seconds, your program runsDon’t need special programmer board with a bootloaderArduino can work with other AVR chips, some are smaller than your ﬁngernail, cost ~ 40 cents

What is Arduino?• Capabilities• 8 kBytes of Flash program memory• 1 kByte of RAM• 12 MHz (Apple II: 1 MHz)• Inputs and Outputs• 13 digital input/output pins• 5 analog input pinsDigital I/O can read switches and buttons, control LEDs and motorsAnalog input can read knobs or other varying sensorsAnalog output can be done with PWM

What is Arduino?• Write programs on your PC• Download them into the Arduino board• Arduino board can then be used by itselfBut how do you program it?No keyboard, mouse or displayYour PC becomes the “head”

Arduino Board2”1.7”resetbuttonpowerLEDtestLEDTX/RXLEDsdigital input/outputanalog inputAlso: USB input, power input, ICSP programming header

Arduino Boardanalog inputsresetbuttonpowerLEDtestLEDdigital I/ODiagrammatic version, to simplifyBut of a slightly older version of the board

Digital? Analog?• Digital – only has two values: on/off• Analog – has many (inﬁnite) values• Computers don’t really do analog• So they fake it, with quantizationQuantization = breaking up the analog range into bins. The number of bins is the resolution.More bins = higher accuracy, but is more complexDigital can be thought of as only two bins.

Arduino Softwarecompile(verify)upload to boardstatusareaThat’s the full code for blinking an LED, btw.Arduino deﬁnes several useful functions like digitalWrite() and delay(). more on that laterProcessing and Wiring not needed

Arduino & Processinghttp://processing.org/build generative art or other applets easilynot needed for Arduino, but can work with itArduino has essentially the same GUI as ProcessingEasier than Arduino, since all softwareThough similar UI and philosophy, Arduino is a different languageWe’ll use Processing later in the class to let the computer control Arduino & vice-versa

• Download software: http://arduino.cc/• Mac OS X PPC or Intel (must pick)• Windows 2000/XP• Install drivers• In “drivers” folder, pick appropriate one• Windows: unzip driver, plug in board, setup• “macosx-setup-command” for Mac folk• RebootInstalling ArduinoDifferent Arduino downloads for each operating systemDifferent drivers for each OS too“macosx-setup-command” must be run before reboot,but, it will go away in next version

Using Arduino• Programs are called “sketches”• Load up example sketch “led_blink”

ErrorsMust selectserial port“Programmer isnot responding”

What’s my serial port?Windows: Use Device Manager to ﬁnd COM portMac: It’s called “/dev/tty.usbserial-something”

Using Arduino• Write program• Compile (check for errors)• Reset board• Upload to boardTry it out with “led_blink”!On reset, board will flash on-board pin 13 LED really fast for a split-second to indicate bootloaderexistsWhen uploading, TX/RX lights will flash as data is transferredThen the board resets, pin 13 will flash fast againFinally, your program will run

Making Circuitsheart pumps, blood ﬂows voltage pushes, current ﬂows

LEDsphysical characteristics schematic symbol• LED = Light-Emitting Diode• electricity only ﬂows one way in a diode• Needs a “current limiting” resistor, or burnsoutbar = minusMany types of integrated lenses.Some project a narrow beam (like the ones in this class), some project a very wide beam

LED ﬂashlightwiring diagram schematicAll LED circuits are essentially this: power source, current limiter, LEDFlat part of LED goes to negative, like bar in schematicThe higher the resistance, the dimmer the LED; the lower, the brighter

LED ﬂashlightTake out solderless breadboard, resistor, LED, and battery and make a circuitLEDs have been marked a little as to what color they are, but color doesn’t matter here

Solderless Breadboardsgroups of 5connectedbut not connectedacross the jump notconnectedInsert wires into holes to make a connection.*Much* easier, quicker than solderingBut, they wear out, are expensive ($8 for this little one)

Using SolderlessBreadboardsUsing needle nose pliers can helpGrab wire or lead toward end and push into hole

Blinky LED circuitwiring diagram schematic“hello world” of microcontrollersIn schematics signals often ﬂow from top-left to bottom-rightCommon nodes like “gnd” are given their own symbolPick any digital pin to hook up to, doesn’t matter which

Blinky LED circuit• Plug shield on top of Arduino board• Stick breadboard to shield

Blinky LED SoftwareYou’ve already seen it.

Arduino SketchStructure• Declare variables at top• Initialize• setup() – run once at beginning, set pins• Running• loop() – run repeatedly, after setup()Pins can be changed in loop() too, but conceptually easier in setup()

Arduino “Language”• Language is standard C (but made easy)• Lots of useful functions• pinMode() – set a pin as input or output• digitalWrite() – set a digital pin high/low• digitalRead() – read a digital pin’s state• analogRead() – read an analog pin• analogWrite() – write an “analog” PWM value• delay() – wait an amount of time• millis() – get the current time• And many others. And libraries. And examples!Also: serial library, LCD library, servo examples

Development Cycle• Make as many changes as you want• Not like most web programming: edit ➝ run• Edit ➝ compile ➝ upload ➝ runeditcompileuploadrun

Next Week• Reading buttons• Reading analog values (knobs)• Detecting the dark• More complex LED circuits• Stand-alone Arduino

Tod E. Kurttod@todbot.comEND Class 1

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