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THE ARDUINO PLATFORMAND C PROGRAMMINGPRESENTED BYPRESENTED BYGOVIND JHAGOVIND JHA

What is Arduino?A microcontroller board, contains on-board power supply, USB port to communicatewith PC, and an Atmel microcontroller chip.It simplify the process of creating any control system by providing the standard boardthat can be programmed and connected to the system without the need to anysophisticated PCB design and implementation.It is an open source hardware, any one can get the details of its design and modify itor make his own one himself.

Arduino Development BoardArduino Development Board• Eight bit microcontroller – brain of the boardEight bit microcontroller – brain of the board• USB Port – to communicate with theUSB Port – to communicate with thedesktop/laptopdesktop/laptop• USB controller chip – manages USB transferredUSB controller chip – manages USB transferreddatadata• IO pins – board’s connection to the outside worldIO pins – board’s connection to the outside world• Quartz oscillator – board’s time keeperQuartz oscillator – board’s time keeper• Reset button – taking the board back to its initialReset button – taking the board back to its initialstatestate• External power jack – power from dedicatedExternal power jack – power from dedicatedsourcesourceCo-axial jack, but USB can also be used.Co-axial jack, but USB can also be used.

Arduino UNO:Arduino UNO:Digital output~: PWM.0,1: Serial port.In circuit SerialprogrammingAtmelMicroControllerAnalog input.Power SupplyUSB portPower input

Input/output Pins (I/OPins)Input/output Pins (I/OPins)• Top and bottom rows of the boardTop and bottom rows of the board• Holes in the board which we can stick wires inHoles in the board which we can stick wires in• Holes are connected to the chips through traces on-boardHoles are connected to the chips through traces on-board• 14 Digital I/O pins on top [0-13]14 Digital I/O pins on top [0-13]• Highs – 5 voltsHighs – 5 volts Lows – 0 voltsLows – 0 voltsMax Current - 40 mAMax Current - 40 mA• 6 Analog input pins on the bottom [A0 – A5]6 Analog input pins on the bottom [A0 – A5]• Power output pins on the bottom [ 5v , 3.3 v ]Power output pins on the bottom [ 5v , 3.3 v ]• Reset pin to reset the board to initial state.Reset pin to reset the board to initial state.

MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers• Two microcontrollers on the boardTwo microcontrollers on the board• Main ATmega328 – 8 bit microcontrollerMain ATmega328 – 8 bit microcontroller• User programmable, runs user-written application codeUser programmable, runs user-written application codeCarries firmware, like bootloaderCarries firmware, like bootloader• ATmega16U2ATmega16U2• Handles the communication with the USB interface, notHandles the communication with the USB interface, notdirectly accessibledirectly accessible

Storage and MemoryStorage and Memory•Non-volatile flash memory for storageNon-volatile flash memory for storage•32 kilobytes in size32 kilobytes in size•Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) for memoryStatic Random Access Memory (SRAM) for memory(volatile)(volatile)•3 kilobytes in size3 kilobytes in size

ClockClock• 16 MHz clock speed ~ 16 million operations per16 MHz clock speed ~ 16 million operations persecondsecond• Helps synchronize all components togetherHelps synchronize all components together• Keeping track of occurrence of eventsKeeping track of occurrence of events

Programming FirmwareProgramming Firmware• The ISCP headers can be used to program theThe ISCP headers can be used to program thefirmware on the boardfirmware on the board• ICSP1 for the main ATmega328 microcontrollerICSP1 for the main ATmega328 microcontroller• ICSP2 for the ATmega16U2 microcontrollerICSP2 for the ATmega16U2 microcontroller• Special equipment are required in order to re-Special equipment are required in order to re-program the firmware through these headersprogram the firmware through these headers

Software EnvironmentSoftware Environment• Arduino IDE – Integrated Development EnvironmentArduino IDE – Integrated Development Environment• Can be programmed using other IDEs too, like EclipseCan be programmed using other IDEs too, like Eclipse• Arduino IDE is more versatileArduino IDE is more versatile• Needs no special drivers or additional componentsNeeds no special drivers or additional components• Available for Windows, Linux and MacAvailable for Windows, Linux and Mac• Cross compiler – compiles for a different target platform than the one beingCross compiler – compiles for a different target platform than the one beingprogrammed onprogrammed on

IDE – Software Tool forIDE – Software Tool forProgrammingProgramming• File operations and other general options on topFile operations and other general options on top• Buttons for most commonly used options (Verify, Upload,Buttons for most commonly used options (Verify, Upload,etc.)etc.)• Main window – Text editor for writing codeMain window – Text editor for writing code• Message area – for messages to the programmerMessage area – for messages to the programmer

Options ButtonsOptions ButtonsButtons on the top have the most common ,useful operationsButtons on the top have the most common ,useful operationsVerify – compiles the code and checks for errorsVerify – compiles the code and checks for errorsUploads – compiles the code, uploads it to the board. Works only ifUploads – compiles the code, uploads it to the board. Works only ifthe board is connectedthe board is connectedNew – creates a new sketch, a new programNew – creates a new sketch, a new programOpen – opens an existing sketchOpen – opens an existing sketchSave – saves the current sketch in the directory of your choiceSave – saves the current sketch in the directory of your choiceSerial Monitor – opens window to communicate with the boardSerial Monitor – opens window to communicate with the board

Arduino ShieldsArduino Shields• The prominent reason that Arduino got so popularThe prominent reason that Arduino got so popular• Additional hardware to do particular, complex tasksAdditional hardware to do particular, complex tasks• Form of separate boardsForm of separate boards• Pre-wired pins that stick into holes in ArduinoPre-wired pins that stick into holes in Arduino• Stack on top of the Arduino to make connectionsStack on top of the Arduino to make connections• Pre-written functions for operations of these boardsPre-written functions for operations of these boards• Open-source designs in most of the cases, third partyOpen-source designs in most of the cases, third party•

• IntegerInteger: used with integer variables with value between2147483647 and -2147483647.Ex: int x=1200;• CharacterCharacter: used with single character, represent value from -127 to128.Ex. char c=‘r’;• LongLong: Long variables are extended size variables for numberstorage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from -2,147,483,648 to2,147,483,647.Ex. long u=199203;• Floating-point:Floating-point: Numbers can be as large as 3.4028235E+38 andas low as -3.4028235E+38. They are stored as 32 bits (4 bytes) ofinformation.Ex. float num=1.291; [The same as doubledouble type]Data Types and OperatorsData Types and Operators

Statement represents a command, it ends with ;;Ex:int x;x=13;Operators are symbols that used to indicate a specific function:- Math operators: [+,-,* ,/,%,^+,-,* ,/,%,^]- Logic operators: [==, !=, &&, ||==, !=, &&, ||]- Comparison operators: [==, >, <, !=, <=, >===, >, <, !=, <=, >=]Syntax:;; Semicolon, {}{} curly braces, ////single line comment, /*/* Multi-lineco m m e nts * /* /Statement and OperatorsStatement and Operators

Compound Operators:Compound Operators:++ (increment)-- (decrement)+= (compound addition)-= (compound subtraction)*= (compound multiplication)/= (compound division)Statement and OperatorsStatement and Operators

If Conditioning:If Conditioning:if(co nditio n){state m e nts-1 ;…State m e nt-N;}else if(co nditio n2 ){State m e nts;}Else{state m e nts ;}Control StatementsControl Statements

Switch case:Switch case:switch (var) {case 1 ://do so m e thing whe n var e q uals 1bre ak;case 2://do so m e thing whe n var e q uals 2bre ak;de fault:// if no thing e lse m atche s, do the de fault// de fault is o ptio nal}Control StatementsControl Statements

Do… while:Do… while:do{Statements;}while(condition); // the statements are run at least once.While:While:While(condition){statements;}forforfor (int i=0; i <= val; i++){statements;}Loop StatementsLoop Statements

Void setup(){}Void setup(){}Used to indicate the initial values of system on starting.Void loop(){}Void loop(){}Contains the statements that will run whenever the system is poweredafter setup.Code StructureCode Structure

Arduino Tool chainArduino Tool chain• Steps taken post code authoringSteps taken post code authoring• Source code(sketch) is compiled to an executableSource code(sketch) is compiled to an executableformatformat• Executable file is linked with libraries and interpretedExecutable file is linked with libraries and interpretedinto a hex fileinto a hex file• Hex file is uploaded to boardHex file is uploaded to board• Starts executing right awayStarts executing right away

Cross CompilationCross Compilation• Compile on one machine, but the target is another machine.Compile on one machine, but the target is another machine.E.g.: compiling it on an Intel processor, compiling it for anE.g.: compiling it on an Intel processor, compiling it for anAVR processorAVR processor• avr-gcc – C compiler for AVR targets, gives a *.o fileavr-gcc – C compiler for AVR targets, gives a *.o file• avr-lnk – links library object files, results in a *.elf fileavr-lnk – links library object files, results in a *.elf file• avr-objcopy – change the *.elf file into Arduino compatible *.hexavr-objcopy – change the *.elf file into Arduino compatible *.hexfilefile

Running IDE on WindowsRunning IDE on Windows• Emacs or NotePad++ text editorEmacs or NotePad++ text editor• Gcc C compilerGcc C compiler• The debugger, gdbThe debugger, gdb• IDE provides one-stop solutionIDE provides one-stop solution

BlinkLEDExampleBlinkLEDExample• Pin 13 is represented by numeral 13Pin 13 is represented by numeral 13• digitalWrite() writes voltage values todigitalWrite() writes voltage values topinspins• delay() sets delays in millisecondsdelay() sets delays in milliseconds• HIGH – 5vHIGH – 5v LOW – 0vLOW – 0v

THE ENDTHE ENDTHANK YOUTHANK YOU

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