The study is the first to use nationally representative data to calculate parental assistance to young adults and to analyze how help varies by family and individual characteristics. It is based on data from 2,098 interviews conducted between 2005 and 2009, with young men and women and their families, part of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Transition to Adulthood Study at the U-M Institute for Social Research (ISR).

The analysis by Patrick Wightman and Robert Schoeni of the U-M National Poverty Center and Keith Robinson of the University of Texas at Austin was presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America in San Francisco.

"Young people in the U.S. are taking longer to leave home, finish their schooling, get stable jobs, get married, and have children," says Wightman, who is the MacArthur Network on Transitions to Adulthood research fellow at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at U-M. "And the slow transition to traditional adult roles has been accompanied by an increase in the financial support young adults receive from their parents."

Interestingly, the researchers found that childhood characteristics had a significant impact on the likelihood parents would provide financial help to children when they were young adults. If parents reported that children age 12 and under were cheerful, self-reliant, and got along well with others, they were more likely to give them financial gifts or loans when they were young adults.

"Basically, this finding shows that parents are more inclined to provide extra support to children whom they perceive as more positive and outgoing," says Wightman. "They're more likely to help those who, even at a young age, help themselves."

About 65 percent of the young adults lived at home for a significant portion of every year, and the analysis did not include the value of room, board or food. Participants were asked how much money their parents gave to them or paid on their behalf during the past year for each of the following categories: housing away from home, a vehicle, college tuition, help paying pills or just as a gift or personal loan.

Among the key findings:

• About 42 percent of respondents reported their parents helped them pay bills, with those receiving help getting an average of $1,741;
• Nearly 35 percent of young adults said their parents helped with college tuition, with those receiving help given an average of $10,147;
• About 23 percent received help with vehicles (about $9,682 on average);
• About 22 percent received help with their rent away from home ($3,937 on average);
• About 11 percent said they received loans from their parents ($2,079 on average) and nearly 7 percent said they received financial gifts (average amount of $8,220).

"As expected, we found a large difference between high- and low-income families both in terms of whether or not they provided financial help to young adult children, and in terms of the amount they provided," says Wightman.

About 80 percent of high-income parents provided help to young adult children, Wightman found, compared with slightly less than half of low-income parents.

"The gap is especially large for education related assistance," he reports. "While just 11 percent of low-income youth received tuition assistance from their parents, 66 percent of high-income youth did. And among those who did get help, kids from high-income families received an average of $12,877, compared to $5,788 for those from low-income families."

Still, he reports, poorer families who did help their young adult children provided as great a share of their income overall as wealthier families did -- about 10 percent.

The analysis was funded by the Research Network on Transitions to Adulthood with the support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics is funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Working paper.

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