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RFC 9802HSS and XMSS for X.509June 2025
Van Geest, et al.Standards Track[Page]
Stream:
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
RFC:
9802
Category:
Standards Track
Published:
ISSN:
2070-1721
Authors:
D. Van Geest
CryptoNext Security
K. Bashiri
BSI
S. Fluhrer
Cisco Systems
S. Gazdag
genua GmbH
S. Kousidis
BSI

RFC 9802

Use of the HSS and XMSS Hash-Based Signature Algorithms in Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure

Abstract

This document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding formats for the following stateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS) schemes: Hierarchical Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), and XMSSMT (a multi-tree variant of XMSS). This specification applies to the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) when digital signatures are used to sign certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs).

Status of This Memo

This is an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained athttps://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9802.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

1.Introduction

Stateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS) schemes such as the Hierarchical Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), and XMSSMT combine Merkle trees with One-Time Signatures (OTS). This is done in order to provide digital signature schemes that remain secure even when quantum computers become available. Their theoretic security is well understood and depends only on the security of the underlying hash function. As such, they can serve as an important building block for quantum computer resistant information and communication technology.

A stateful HBS private key consists of a finite collection of OTS keys, along with state information that tracks the usage of these keys to ensure the security of the scheme. Only a limited number of messages can be signed, and the private key's state must be updated and persisted after signing to prevent reuse of OTS keys. While the right selection of algorithm parameters would allow a private key to sign a virtually unbounded number of messages (e.g., 260), this is at the cost of a larger signature size and longer signing time. Because the private key in stateful HBS schemes is stateful and the number of signatures that can be generated is limited, these schemes may be unsuitable for use in interactive protocols. However, in some use cases, the deployment of stateful HBS schemes may be appropriate. Such use cases are described and discussed inSection 3.

2.Conventions and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14[RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

3.Use Cases of Stateful HBS Schemes in X.509

As described in the Security Considerations inSection 10, it is imperative that stateful HBS implementations do not reuse OTS signatures. This makes stateful HBS algorithms inappropriate for general use cases. The exact conditions under which stateful HBS certificates may be used is left to certificate policies[RFC3647]. However, the intended use of stateful HBS schemes as described by[SP800208] can be used as a guideline:

stateful HBS schemes are primarily intended for applications with the following characteristics: 1) it is necessary to implement a digital signature scheme in the near future; 2) the implementation will have a long lifetime; and 3) it would not be practical to transition to a different digital signature scheme once the implementation has been deployed.

In addition, since a stateful HBS private key can only generate a finite number of signatures, use cases for stateful HBS public keys in certificates should have a predictable range of the number of signatures that will be generated, falling safely below the maximum number of signatures that a private key can generate.

Use cases where stateful HBS public keys in certificates may be appropriate due to the relatively small number of signatures generated and the signer's ability to enforce security restrictions on the signing environment include:

In each of these cases, the operator tightly controls their secured signing environment and can mitigate OTS key reuse by employing state management strategies such as those inSection 10. Also, for secure private key backup and restoration, adequate mechanisms have to be implemented (seeSection 11).

Generally speaking, stateful HBS public keys are not appropriate for use in end-entity certificates, however, in the firmware and software signing cases, signature generation will often be more tightly controlled. Some manufactures use common and well-established key formats like X.509 for their code signing and update mechanisms. Also, there are multi-party Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems where publicly trusted code signing certificates are useful.

In general, root CAs[RFC4949] generate signatures in a more secure environment and issue fewer certificates than subordinate CAs[RFC4949]. This makes the use of stateful HBS public keys more appropriate in root CA certificates than in subordinate CA certificates. However, if a subordinate CA can match the security and signature count restrictions of a root CA, for example, if the subordinate CA only issues code-signing certificates, then using a stateful HBS public key in the subordinate CA certificate may be practical.

4.Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters

In this document, we define new Object Identifiers (OIDs) for identifying the different stateful hash-based signature algorithms. An additional OID is defined in[RFC9708] and repeated here for convenience.

The AlgorithmIdentifier type is defined in[RFC5912] as follows:

AlgorithmIdentifier{ALGORITHM-TYPE, ALGORITHM-TYPE:AlgorithmSet} ::=        SEQUENCE {            algorithm   ALGORITHM-TYPE.&id({AlgorithmSet}),            parameters  ALGORITHM-TYPE.                   &Params({AlgorithmSet}{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL        }

NOTE: The above syntax is from[RFC5912] and is compatible with the 2021 ASN.1 syntax[X680]. See[RFC5280] for the 1988 ASN.1 syntax.

The fields in AlgorithmIdentifier have the following meanings:

algorithm:
this identifies the cryptographic algorithm with an OID.
parameters:
these are optional and are the associated parameters for the algorithm identifier in the algorithm field.

The parameters field of the AlgorithmIdentifier for HSS, XMSS, and XMSSMT public keysMUST be absent.

4.1.HSS Algorithm Identifier

The OID and public key algorithm identifier for HSS is defined in[RFC9708]. The definitions are repeated here for reference.

The AlgorithmIdentifier for an HSS public keyMUST use the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OID.

   id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {      iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)      smime(16) alg(3) 17 }

Note that the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig algorithm identifier is also referred to as id-alg-mts-hashsig. This synonym is based on the terminology used in an early draft of the document that became[RFC8554].

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the HSS tree.[RFC8554] and[SP800208] define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry[IANA-LMS].

4.2.XMSS Algorithm Identifier

The AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSS public keyMUST use the id-alg-xmss-hashsig OID.

   id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)      security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the XMSS tree.[RFC8391] and[SP800208] define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry[IANA-XMSS].

4.3.XMSSMT Algorithm Identifier

The AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSSMT public keyMUST use the id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID.

   id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)      security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the XMSSMT tree.[RFC8391] and[SP800208] define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry[IANA-XMSS].

5.Public Key Identifiers

Certificates conforming to[RFC5280] can convey a public key for any public key algorithm. The certificate indicates the algorithm through an algorithm identifier. An algorithm identifier consists of an OID and optional parameters.

[RFC8554] defines the encoding of HSS public keys, and[RFC8391] defines the encodings of XMSS and XMSSMT public keys. When used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, the subjectPublicKey BIT STRING contains these encodings of the public key.

This document defines ASN.1[X680] OCTET STRING types for encoding the public keys when not used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo. The OCTET STRING is mapped to a subjectPublicKey (a value of type BIT STRING) as follows: the most significant bit of the OCTET STRING value becomes the most significant bit of the BIT STRING value, and so on; the least significant bit of the OCTET STRING becomes the least significant bit of the BIT STRING.

5.1.HSS Public Keys

The HSS public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {      IDENTIFIER id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --      PARAMS ARE absent      CERT-KEY-USAGE         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The HSS public key is defined as follows:

   HSS-LMS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8554] defines the encoding of an HSS public key using thehss_public_key structure. See[SP800208] and[RFC8554] for more information on the contents and format of an HSS public key. Note that the Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) single-tree signature scheme is instantiated as HSS with the number of levels being equal to 1.

5.2.XMSS Public Keys

The XMSS public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --      PARAMS ARE absent      CERT-KEY-USAGE         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The XMSS public key is defined as follows:

   XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8391] defines the encoding of an XMSS public key using thexmss_public_key structure. See[SP800208] and[RFC8391] for more informationon the contents and format of an XMSS public key.

5.3.XMSSMT Public Keys

The XMSSMT public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --      PARAMS ARE absent      CERT-KEY-USAGE         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The XMSSMT public key is defined as follows:

   XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8391] defines the encoding of an XMSSMT public key using thexmssmt_public_key structure. See[SP800208] and[RFC8391] for more informationon the contents and format of an XMSSMT public key.

6.Key Usage Bits

The intended application for the key is indicated in the keyUsage certificate extension[RFC5280]. When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig, or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of a CA X.509 certificate[RFC5280], the certificate key usage extensionMUST contain at least one of the following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, or cRLSign. However, itMUST NOT contain other values.

When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig, or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of an end entity X.509 certificate[RFC5280], the certificate key usage extensionMUST contain at least one of the following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation or cRLSign. However, itMUST NOT contain other values.

7.Signature Algorithms

The same OIDs used to identify HSS, XMSS, and XMSSMT public keys are also used to identify their respective signatures. When these algorithm identifiers appear in the algorithm field of an AlgorithmIdentifier, the encodingMUST omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifierSHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, one of the OIDs defined in the following subsections.

When the signature algorithm identifiers described in this document are used to create a signature on a message, no digest algorithm is applied to the message before signing. That is, the full data to be signed is signed rather than a digest of the data.

The format of an HSS signature is described inSection 6.2 of [RFC8554]. The format of an XMSS signature is described inAppendix B.2 of [RFC8391], and the format of an XMSSMT signature is described inAppendix C.2 of [RFC8391]. The octet string representing the signature is encoded directly in a BIT STRING without adding any additional ASN.1 wrapping. For the Certificate and CertificateList structures, the octet string is encoded in the "signatureValue" BIT STRING field.

7.1.HSS Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OID is used to specify that an HSS signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not hashed before being processed by the HSS signature algorithm.

See[SP800208] and[RFC8554] for more information on the contents and format of an HSS signature.

7.2.XMSS Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-xmss-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSS signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not hashed before being processed by the XMSS signature algorithm.

See[SP800208] and[RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSS signature.

The signature generationMUST be performed according to Section 7.2 of[SP800208].

7.3.XMSSMT Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSSMT signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not hashed before being processed by the XMSSMT signature algorithm.

See[SP800208] and[RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSSMT signature.

The signature generationMUST be performed according to Section 7.2 of[SP800208].

8.Key Generation

The key generation for XMSS and XMSSMTMUST be performed according to Section 7.2 of[SP800208].

9.ASN.1 Module

For reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax is presented as an ASN.1 module here[X680]. Note that as per[RFC5280], certificates use the Distinguished Encoding Rules; see[X690]. This ASN.1 module builds upon the conventions established in[RFC5912]. This module imports objects from[RFC5912] and[RFC9708].

X509-SHBS-2024  { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)    mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024(114) }DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGINEXPORTS ALL;IMPORTS  PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM    FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009  -- [RFC5912]      { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)        security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)        id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }  sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig, pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig    FROM MTS-HashSig-2013 -- [RFC9708]      { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)        id-smime(16) id-mod(0) id-mod-mts-hashsig-2013(64) };---- Object Identifiers---- id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig is defined in [RFC9708]id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {   iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)   mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {   iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)   mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }---- Signature Algorithms and Public Keys---- sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]sa-XMSS-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig   PARAMS ARE absent   PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSS-HashSig }   SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmss-hashsig } }sa-XMSSMT-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig   PARAMS ARE absent   PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSSMT-HashSig }   SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig } }-- pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig   -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --   PARAMS ARE absent   CERT-KEY-USAGE      { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRINGpk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig   -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --   PARAMS ARE absent   CERT-KEY-USAGE      { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING---- Public Key (pk-) Algorithms--PublicKeys PUBLIC-KEY ::= {   -- This expands PublicKeys from RFC 5912   pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig |   pk-XMSS-HashSig |   pk-XMSSMT-HashSig,   ...}---- Signature Algorithms (sa-)--SignatureAlgs SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {   -- This expands SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912   sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig |   sa-XMSS-HashSig |   sa-XMSSMT-HashSig,   ...}END

10.Security Considerations

The security requirements of[SP800208]MUST be taken into account.

As stateful HBS private keys can only generate a limited number of signatures, a user needs to be aware of the total number of signatures they intend to generate in their use case; otherwise, they risk exhausting the number of OTS keys in their private key.

For stateful HBS schemes, it is crucial to stress the importance of correct state management. If an attacker were able to obtain signatures for two different messages created using the same OTS key, then it would become computationally feasible for that attacker to create forgeries[BH16]. As noted in[MCGREW] and[ETSI-TR-103-692], extreme care needs to be taken in order to avoid the risk that an OTS key will be reused accidentally. This is a new requirement that most developers will not be familiar with and requires careful handling.

Various strategies for a correct state management can be applied:

11.Backup and Restore Management

Certificate authorities have high demands in order to ensure the availability of signature generation throughout the validity period of signing key pairs.

Some usual backup and restore strategies when using a stateless signature scheme (e.g., SLH-DSA) are to:

For stateful HBS schemes, such straightforward backup and restore strategies will lead to OTS reuse with high probability as a correct state management is not guaranteed. Strategies for maintaining availability and keeping a correct state are described in Section 7 of[SP800208] and[S-HBS].

12.IANA Considerations

IANA has registered the following OID for the ASN.1 module (seeSection 9) in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0) registry:

Table 1
DecimalDescriptionReferences
114id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024RFC 9802

IANA has registered the following entries in the "SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.6) registry[SMI-PKIX]:

Table 2
DecimalDescriptionReferences
34id-alg-xmss-hashsigRFC 9802
35id-alg-xmssmt-hashsigRFC 9802

13.References

13.1.Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S.,"Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels",BCP 14,RFC 2119,DOI 10.17487/RFC2119,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5280]
Cooper, D.,Santesson, S.,Farrell, S.,Boeyen, S.,Housley, R., andW. Polk,"Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile",RFC 5280,DOI 10.17487/RFC5280,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.
[RFC5912]
Hoffman, P. andJ. Schaad,"New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)",RFC 5912,DOI 10.17487/RFC5912,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5912>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B.,"Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words",BCP 14,RFC 8174,DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8391]
Huelsing, A.,Butin, D.,Gazdag, S.,Rijneveld, J., andA. Mohaisen,"XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme",RFC 8391,DOI 10.17487/RFC8391,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8391>.
[RFC8554]
McGrew, D.,Curcio, M., andS. Fluhrer,"Leighton-Micali Hash-Based Signatures",RFC 8554,DOI 10.17487/RFC8554,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8554>.
[RFC9708]
Housley, R.,"Use of the HSS/LMS Hash-Based Signature Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",RFC 9708,DOI 10.17487/RFC9708,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9708>.
[SP800208]
Cooper, D.,Apon, D.,Dang, Q.,Davidson, M.,Dworkin, M., andC. Miller,"Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes",NIST SP 800-208,DOI 10.6028/nist.sp.800-208,,<https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-208>.
[X680]
ITU-T,"Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation",ITU-T Recommendation X.680,ISO/IEC 8824-1:2021,,<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.680>.
[X690]
ITU-T,"Information technology: ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)",ITU-T Recommendation X.690,ISO/IEC 8825-1:2021,,<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690>.

13.2.Informative References

[ANSSI]
Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information (ANSSI),"ANSSI views on the Post-Quantum Cryptography transition (2023 follow up)",,<https://cyber.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/document/follow_up_position_paper_on_post_quantum_cryptography.pdf>.
[BH16]
Bruinderink, L. andS. Hülsing,"Oops, I did it again - Security of One-Time Signatures under Two-Message Attacks.",Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2016/1042,,<https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1042>.
[BSI]
Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI),"Quantum-safe cryptography - fundamentals, current developments and recommendations",,<https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Brochure/quantum-safe-cryptography.pdf>.
[CNSA2.0]
National Security Agency (NSA),"The Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 and Quantum Computing FAQ",,<https://media.defense.gov/2022/Sep/07/2003071836/-1/-1/0/CSI_CNSA_2.0_FAQ_.PDF>.
[ETSI-TR-103-692]
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI),"CYBER; State management for stateful authentication mechanisms",ETSI TR 103 692 v1.1.1,,<https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/103600_103699/103692/01.01.01_60/tr_103692v010101p.pdf>.
[IANA-LMS]
IANA,"Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)",<https://www.iana.org/assignments/leighton-micali-signatures/>.
[IANA-XMSS]
IANA,"XMSS: Extended Hash-Based Signatures",<https://iana.org/assignments/xmss-extended-hash-based-signatures/>.
[MCGREW]
McGrew, D.,Kampanakis, P.,Fluhrer, S.,Gazdag, S.,Butin, D., andJ. Buchmann,"State Management for Hash-Based Signatures",Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2016/357,,<https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/357>.
[RFC3279]
Bassham, L.,Polk, W., andR. Housley,"Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile",RFC 3279,DOI 10.17487/RFC3279,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3279>.
[RFC3647]
Chokhani, S.,Ford, W.,Sabett, R.,Merrill, C., andS. Wu,"Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Policy and Certification Practices Framework",RFC 3647,DOI 10.17487/RFC3647,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3647>.
[RFC4949]
Shirey, R.,"Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",FYI 36,RFC 4949,DOI 10.17487/RFC4949,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.
[RFC8410]
Josefsson, S. andJ. Schaad,"Algorithm Identifiers for Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, and X448 for Use in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure",RFC 8410,DOI 10.17487/RFC8410,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8410>.
[RFC8411]
Schaad, J. andR. Andrews,"IANA Registration for the Cryptographic Algorithm Object Identifier Range",RFC 8411,DOI 10.17487/RFC8411,,<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8411>.
[S-HBS]
Wiggers, T.,Bashiri, K.,Kölbl, S.,Goodman, J., andS. Kousidis,"Hash-based Signatures: State and Backup Management",Work in Progress,Internet-Draft, draft-wiggers-hbs-state-02,,<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-wiggers-hbs-state-02>.
[SMI-PKIX]
IANA,"SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms",<https://www.iana.org/assignments/smi-numbers>.

Appendix A.HSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using HSS.

Certificate:    Data:        Version: 3 (0x2)        Serial Number:            e8:91:d6:06:91:4f:ce:f3        Signature Algorithm: hss        Issuer: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA        Validity            Not Before: May 14 08:58:11 2024 GMT            Not After : May 14 08:58:11 2034 GMT        Subject: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA        Subject Public Key Info:            Public Key Algorithm: hss                hss public key:                PQ key material:                    00:00:00:01:00:00:00:05:00:00:00:04:c0:96:12:                    8b:ea:38:30:78:eb:f6:fb:43:d7:7f:9f:9e:81:39:                    e2:7c:b9:34:4e:6e:53:19:f0:ee:68:75:85:83:d3:                    2b:e9:7b:14:46:9e:4e:c5:e3:5a:18:0b:30:e5:13        X509v3 extensions:            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:                58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:                8A:19:21:68            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:                58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:                8A:19:21:68            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical                CA:TRUE            X509v3 Key Usage: critical                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign    Signature Algorithm: hss    Signature Value:        00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:04:9c:37:52:ff:b9:d7:        df:f5:5b:01:ba:50:c2:50:cc:6f:f3:b1:73:df:0c:2a:ea:b3:        ed:96:1e:ce:e7:58:05:da:8d:a7:77:21:42:32:d9:f9:4a:4d:        f7:2b:18:2a:1c:5c:69:03:f3:1c:9c:95:6d:31:9a:c9:ca:84:        4d:ae:b3:8b:c3:71:ac:3f:87:51:be:38:b4:bf:d9:dc:90:1f:        1e:54:bd:f9:1a:65:70:d4:46:b6:ad:4d:6d:16:b9:fb:29:f4:        e3:86:42:4a:3f:a4:8f:01:84:9b:44:0b:23:22:9c:97:6d:d5:        b9:26:39:11:ab:46:82:bd:10:6c:b4:7a:64:ed:c7:40:b0:33:        f0:b5:81:1c:b4:41:54:9c:30:d9:d2:93:ba:48:8c:4f:d0:25:        41:60:7b:90:5e:12:20:b7:30:16:16:1e:b7:ee:d8:4b:ee:ed:        3c:70:fc:ff:36:18:aa:24:23:87:91:65:a8:95:2d:b6:1c:d1:        02:7b:70:81:8a:18:17:c0:45:62:fe:47:a1:3e:69:54:31:67:        58:9a:e1:e3:c9:8d:ee:1e:2a:d1:46:75:e9:e4:90:67:01:57:        92:54:db:b4:ea:de:8b:e7:eb:fc:27:80:9b:d5:da:e0:8e:b0:        b3:08:ca:6f:a1:1c:f4:40:65:b0:f6:f8:c9:a7:97:04:c8:7c:        9e:56:ec:2f:4b:cd:45:8b:d7:e6:a7:50:c7:e6:21:2c:17:31:        23:11:7a:ae:9a:b5:84:5f:e6:5c:82:99:a8:3a:a9:91:87:9a:        24:5c:83:01:91:7c:fc:cd:be:2e:92:50:fb:12:11:96:08:0d:        c9:24:0d:bb:6f:fb:59:05:af:7f:96:bc:a3:f4:58:e2:fa:0a:        4a:f2:4c:f7:b3:1b:81:dd:4a:41:a0:b1:dd:52:4c:bb:6d:c0:        a8:d9:bb:29:c8:fc:e3:7e:f8:6a:e5:5e:c4:e4:e8:7c:0b:00:        87:15:75:a2:06:50:97:c6:1f:14:52:79:04:a8:9c:ec:b1:c7:        6a:46:33:98:b8:63:f7:a7:2c:d4:62:78:94:1c:5d:9d:4f:a6:        0a:ae:39:50:85:b2:09:8d:62:c9:4c:11:9f:0c:91:a5:ac:2d:        11:bd:71:b6:0c:ea:34:98:53:fc:2e:cc:7b:a4:9c:2e:7a:a4:        8d:e2:e8:8c:01:a9:9c:3e:b5:34:77:33:82:01:d4:ef:72:04:        d6:5b:e5:f6:2c:1b:ae:86:c4:73:02:44:85:d6:f7:ac:a3:e8:        f6:a9:b5:5c:6d:46:88:da:55:b8:2b:7a:4c:0c:9a:e7:cd:5d:        62:8a:ca:c8:96:ce:8d:71:7b:d2:c1:0d:9a:35:55:2b:84:3e:        0e:a5:fa:d6:a0:76:8e:23:b3:df:c9:3b:4f:68:56:1e:e9:3c:        79:5b:d3:25:54:11:ad:a6:ac:58:11:49:8f:4d:c4:c1:39:99:        76:3a:a6:d1:2f:57:ad:bf:7c:9d:57:cc:37:0d:29:84:29:7b:        cb:46:85:c3:81:c5:33:9a:65:c3:2f:01:48:ca:44:6c:f1:84:        3d:d0:49:c2:c1:05:db:77:4c:b9:72:3d:6f:ce:69:f2:91:c6:        15:25:8f:da:38:7e:ef:5b:3e:5f:35:ab:a6:78:16:28:42:c1:        2c:2f:9e:11:53:2c:bd:c4:24:7b:e9:c4:ce:3d:d6:41:c7:5d:        92:91:c3:37:cb:72:44:d7:0d:70:85:13:0b:ac:b3:0f:b0:e5:        e3:2e:48:b9:9c:b8:d7:3e:7c:50:69:03:7a:5f:ae:f8:6c:09:        61:97:6b:ce:cd:e5:f0:55:fe:05:f8:97:1d:9e:81:65:f5:ff:        9a:7a:8c:96:d8:f8:cf:d8:dc:55:ce:67:7a:00:6b:fd:bb:3f:        1b:3d:65:94:c1:5a:b6:a0:8e:be:a4:be:26:90:5f:1f:06:d4:        ea:3f:a6:97:40:8e:bf:18:5c:92:0f:15:e3:05:4a:14:51:1e:        23:81:ef:cf:f7:a8:88:75:f8:2d:28:37:26:87:27:63:5c:01:        53:0e:5e:53:d2:a7:18:eb:2f:c0:82:49:05:b0:4d:33:6f:94:        10:91:77:f8:90:9e:ca:fe:bb:3d:c4:42:d6:89:84:98:42:f4:        24:b3:b4:db:5e:2b:66:a9:ff:6c:18:d4:79:f8:72:73:53:9b:        02:ed:04:73:77:a4:68:cf:4b:be:4b:16:50:62:87:f9:49:99:        e3:a1:0c:42:92:bc:a9:e3:2d:22:82:35:7f:71:15:88:70:6a:        01:ab:44:64:ad:e5:52:d4:97:ee:bb:44:7b:6e:08:7f:dd:94:        fd:c9:1c:6b:59:d1:92:51:29:03:ce:ec:bf:41:a5:14:69:54:        3a:b4:39:d9:44:5d:f1:b2:f4:5c:6b:9f:c9:5f:bb:fc:c8:c7:        a3:8b:e1:ec:e2:d0:69:5a:40:1c:9c:9d:8a:3d:77:3b:c1:5d:        c0:72:61:4b:37:c5:96:8c:6d:8b:f8:56:da:ac:3e:3c:72:09:        ce:f6:c3:fe:5d:cf:37:d9:68:cd:a7:dd:f7:96:63:da:8c:1d:        df:b8:32:cf:eb:97:11:83:fe:6b:aa:b9:e2:4b:b2:ea:62:73:        c3:1c:e9:40:90:56:4f:12:c3:ba:f4:2b:d9:1c:50:cc:e0:51:        d8:eb:bf:67:28:0c:2d:13:8d:b3:6f:13:6a:1d:a7:54:20:ba:        82:5b:b8:e5:1f:89:f1:67:26:c1:dc:1b:60:57:ed:a6:2c:f2:        17:01:7f:a5:e7:5c:64:c9:3c:08:f2:cf:48:ec:88:84:ef:03:        c2:f5:eb:05:31:7d:fe:7f:3c:71:41:28:17:64:5f:b9:ec:54:        79:d0:b3:98:fb:84:9c:36:8b:43:0b:d4:c9:ec:09:4a:70:13:        62:f2:36:c8:b4:75:cc:2a:77:08:a0:9d:ef:19:d6:88:dc:e2:        b2:4e:40:61:71:cb:c7:c3:de:16:6f:49:7f:5e:d5:17:00:00:        00:05:79:47:12:9f:ce:eb:1d:a8:fd:0d:b0:18:44:6a:ef:54:        28:46:e4:19:f6:2d:3e:74:bb:9d:36:0a:ae:67:4a:28:7a:1b:        80:39:a0:08:2a:28:a0:ec:55:ee:55:aa:a1:cc:94:d4:36:1a:        b3:57:25:30:ad:2c:5e:63:ba:22:fc:aa:7a:59:64:f6:d8:03:        20:28:71:f9:dc:09:fa:4c:81:b9:64:1b:ad:ea:cb:db:18:17:        5d:d8:98:bd:d2:8d:c5:04:7c:5b:92:9a:89:f6:bc:d6:55:c7:        08:5d:3c:58:8e:18:ac:6f:88:a8:d7:9e:d4:ee:5d:f5:21:4e:        a5:8b:19:5f:e3:f4:66:f9:25:4d:f9:c6:60:62:31:72:5c:34:        34:67:1a:a7:6a:7d:54:a3:d8:9b:1f:5b:f8:08:41:79:5b:43
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----MIIGnjCCAXagAwIBAgIJAOiR1gaRT87zMA0GCyqGSIb3DQEJEAMRMD8xCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIDAJWQTEQMA4GA1UEBwwHSGVybmRvbjERMA8GA1UECgwIQm9ndXMgQ0EwHhcNMjQwNTE0MDg1ODExWhcNMzQwNTE0MDg1ODExWjA/MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECAwCVkExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0hlcm5kb24xETAPBgNVBAoMCEJvZ3VzIENBME4wDQYLKoZIhvcNAQkQAxEDPQAAAAABAAAABQAAAATAlhKL6jgweOv2+0PXf5+egTnifLk0Tm5TGfDuaHWFg9Mr6XsURp5OxeNaGAsw5ROjYzBhMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRYFav0zwNpAmB6V03F1bNyihkhaDAfBgNVHSMEGDAWgBRYFav0zwNpAmB6V03F1bNyihkhaDAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBBjANBgsqhkiG9w0BCRADEQOCBREAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEnDdS/7nX3/VbAbpQwlDMb/Oxc98MKuqz7ZYezudYBdqNp3chQjLZ+UpN9ysYKhxcaQPzHJyVbTGaycqETa6zi8NxrD+HUb44tL/Z3JAfHlS9+RplcNRGtq1NbRa5+yn044ZCSj+kjwGEm0QLIyKcl23VuSY5EatGgr0QbLR6ZO3HQLAz8LWBHLRBVJww2dKTukiMT9AlQWB7kF4SILcwFhYet+7YS+7tPHD8/zYYqiQjh5FlqJUtthzRAntwgYoYF8BFYv5HoT5pVDFnWJrh48mN7h4q0UZ16eSQZwFXklTbtOrei+fr/CeAm9Xa4I6wswjKb6Ec9EBlsPb4yaeXBMh8nlbsL0vNRYvX5qdQx+YhLBcxIxF6rpq1hF/mXIKZqDqpkYeaJFyDAZF8/M2+LpJQ+xIRlggNySQNu2/7WQWvf5a8o/RY4voKSvJM97Mbgd1KQaCx3VJMu23AqNm7Kcj84374auVexOTofAsAhxV1ogZQl8YfFFJ5BKic7LHHakYzmLhj96cs1GJ4lBxdnU+mCq45UIWyCY1iyUwRnwyRpawtEb1xtgzqNJhT/C7Me6ScLnqkjeLojAGpnD61NHczggHU73IE1lvl9iwbrobEcwJEhdb3rKPo9qm1XG1GiNpVuCt6TAya581dYorKyJbOjXF70sENmjVVK4Q+DqX61qB2jiOz38k7T2hWHuk8eVvTJVQRraasWBFJj03EwTmZdjqm0S9Xrb98nVfMNw0phCl7y0aFw4HFM5plwy8BSMpEbPGEPdBJwsEF23dMuXI9b85p8pHGFSWP2jh+71s+XzWrpngWKELBLC+eEVMsvcQke+nEzj3WQcddkpHDN8tyRNcNcIUTC6yzD7Dl4y5IuZy41z58UGkDel+u+GwJYZdrzs3l8FX+BfiXHZ6BZfX/mnqMltj4z9jcVc5negBr/bs/Gz1llMFatqCOvqS+JpBfHwbU6j+ml0COvxhckg8V4wVKFFEeI4Hvz/eoiHX4LSg3JocnY1wBUw5eU9KnGOsvwIJJBbBNM2+UEJF3+JCeyv67PcRC1omEmEL0JLO0214rZqn/bBjUefhyc1ObAu0Ec3ekaM9LvksWUGKH+UmZ46EMQpK8qeMtIoI1f3EViHBqAatEZK3lUtSX7rtEe24If92U/ckca1nRklEpA87sv0GlFGlUOrQ52URd8bL0XGufyV+7/MjHo4vh7OLQaVpAHJydij13O8FdwHJhSzfFloxti/hW2qw+PHIJzvbD/l3PN9lozafd95Zj2owd37gyz+uXEYP+a6q54kuy6mJzwxzpQJBWTxLDuvQr2RxQzOBR2Ou/ZygMLRONs28Tah2nVCC6glu45R+J8WcmwdwbYFftpizyFwF/pedcZMk8CPLPSOyIhO8DwvXrBTF9/n88cUEoF2RfuexUedCzmPuEnDaLQwvUyewJSnATYvI2yLR1zCp3CKCd7xnWiNzisk5AYXHLx8PeFm9Jf17VFwAAAAV5RxKfzusdqP0NsBhEau9UKEbkGfYtPnS7nTYKrmdKKHobgDmgCCoooOxV7lWqocyU1DYas1clMK0sXmO6Ivyqellk9tgDIChx+dwJ+kyBuWQbrerL2xgXXdiYvdKNxQR8W5Kaifa81lXHCF08WI4YrG+IqNee1O5d9SFOpYsZX+P0ZvklTfnGYGIxclw0NGcap2p9VKPYmx9b+AhBeVtD-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix B.XMSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSS.

Certificate:    Data:        Version: 3 (0x2)        Serial Number:            54:7e:64:70:29:9e:03:c5:7a:a5:5c:78:d1:27:87:8c:            54:35:17:5d        Signature Algorithm: xmss        Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA        Validity            Not Before: Jul 10 08:27:24 2024 GMT            Not After : Jul  8 08:27:24 2034 GMT        Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA        Subject Public Key Info:            Public Key Algorithm: xmss                xmss public key:                PQ key material:                    00:00:00:01:2b:eb:bf:66:14:de:6f:96:5b:4d:2a:                    50:00:7b:ad:5c:22:b0:13:79:72:02:14:a9:5f:fc:                    96:e0:9b:78:8e:d6:be:8c:1c:70:3c:d8:dd:78:b2:                    1a:14:47:be:1f:0d:74:72:3f:36:76:c2:cb:19:ad:                    29:90:0b:82:de:9b:7f:df        X509v3 extensions:            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:                62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:                35:6B:CF:D8            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:                62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:                35:6B:CF:D8            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical                CA:TRUE            X509v3 Key Usage: critical                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign    Signature Algorithm: xmss    Signature Value:        00:00:00:00:e5:88:a8:b8:73:ad:4d:92:f8:5c:81:c5:8a:63:        57:6a:a7:3b:54:aa:b6:06:8a:d9:f1:c2:0b:c8:27:1e:4b:a2:        cf:e2:da:44:ea:e8:f2:40:a8:b9:54:9c:49:36:12:24:df:74:        ad:e5:29:ef:4f:da:88:0d:21:5d:3b:64:63:27:d0:84:b5:95:        7a:30:18:37:cd:34:17:dd:ac:9d:9e:48:db:74:07:79:84:21:        5a:f0:26:cd:21:64:7b:77:33:48:58:67:9b:2c:b2:85:6d:cc:        ec:31:4b:2f:51:55:3a:85:e1:ca:04:15:ce:6e:47:39:f5:e9:        31:45:41:ed:71:c6:4f:96:f5:ae:64:6a:bd:72:d0:8c:17:02:        99:10:1d:14:34:ca:e5:47:e3:f7:66:96:96:11:d5:97:76:76:        83:f1:84:a5:b6:00:5e:3e:67:97:7a:32:dc:c8:eb:4c:29:46:        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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix C.XMSSMT X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSSMT.

Certificate:    Data:        Version: 3 (0x2)        Serial Number:            5c:22:ad:8a:06:51:9e:67:02:6a:2d:43:3e:8b:c7:23:            43:77:80:c8        Signature Algorithm: xmssmt        Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA        Validity            Not Before: Jul 10 08:28:04 2024 GMT            Not After : Jul  8 08:28:04 2034 GMT        Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA        Subject Public Key Info:            Public Key Algorithm: xmssmt                xmssmt public key:                PQ key material:                    00:00:00:01:4b:a7:89:11:6f:fc:1d:fb:d3:e7:71:                    73:b8:a2:48:ef:53:b9:9d:1f:c6:8a:7c:be:4f:8a:                    29:fa:41:fd:bd:da:20:7f:f6:3b:b0:c5:b8:a7:c2:                    f2:5a:f2:26:14:eb:36:f0:26:2f:87:74:fb:0e:d5:                    7e:17:a0:d1:4d:b6:cf:51        X509v3 extensions:            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:                7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:                04:CD:DB:5F            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:                7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:                04:CD:DB:5F            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical                CA:TRUE            X509v3 Key Usage: critical                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign    Signature Algorithm: xmssmt    Signature Value:        00:00:00:57:c4:98:89:ff:d9:0a:8e:6e:6f:16:95:8c:ec:35:        42:21:c2:ca:56:ed:f8:81:f1:b2:4f:2b:6d:73:f4:37:55:fc:        f4:4e:15:eb:6b:90:de:34:fe:d6:96:70:94:8d:c1:e7:4a:32:        49:30:3a:40:a4:67:d2:fb:da:f8:d8:a1:7a:48:22:1c:e3:98:        bc:d0:68:85:29:c9:e5:f7:5c:56:d8:9c:80:be:68:ed:11:eb:        39:0f:ef:cb:09:b2:28:30:a6:2b:05:bc:de:11:22:be:c4:dc:        08:9a:3d:b4:49:37:1f:54:5e:5f:2d:93:62:b0:95:c5:5d:23:        92:f3:55:40:78:19:00:56:9e:a2:f1:0e:4b:ae:75:d6:92:09:        b1:79:ec:c9:18:67:19:09:86:83:74:5d:0a:06:ab:da:f0:af:        02:97:4d:d7:73:06:8b:a2:84:c7:09:af:dd:8b:15:39:e4:30:        9f:c9:00:25:a8:33:4d:de:e8:25:b6:35:0b:51:bf:7a:34:a7:        e8:84:e8:fa:39:5b:aa:37:6e:95:89:ac:26:4a:4e:ca:be:29:        08:4b:3c:28:a7:85:6a:ad:5a:d2:93:eb:12:e1:9a:87:1c:40:        3b:cf:15:6c:43:4e:88:21:54:52:7e:0d:6d:17:29:8d:15:6f:        ef:42:5a:a9:25:d0:97:80:61:31:22:a4:9f:25:17:51:ad:0b:        a1:cb:93:b4:f5:a6:b0:22:1b:6d:50:64:2a:48:bd:05:16:88:        00:e3:7b:56:d0:03:b3:7a:2d:6a:0b:f3:de:a2:8c:6e:81:80:        2c:8f:e9:d8:78:ed:5b:99:c9:13:d1:b6:eb:78:c3:40:2b:a1:        7a:84:0a:ba:12:87:5e:1d:38:24:22:8f:c0:a3:65:1c:1c:ce:        2d:8e:e5:2f:1f:be:93:5c:fe:1c:cd:a8:9d:7e:7e:cf:18:e2:        9c:c5:54:dc:62:61:74:23:55:64:66:21:96:4c:a7:2e:8a:94:        a6:35:10:a5:e8:5e:6e:91:ac:a8:cb:ed:51:2b:66:45:03:f5:        87:ed:4d:8c:4e:6d:54:80:a1:33:8a:84:9d:23:31:90:c6:05:        11:a7:9d:bd:51:0a:73:47:bc:08:49:11:b3:98:ff:01:14:69:        d7:c0:a0:0c:55:e4:5e:e2:fa:84:ac:27:b3:85:2c:99:71:52:        9c:33:f8:9d:8c:d2:13:bc:6e:18:79:15:a7:02:ee:15:eb:27:        d8:af:24:38:02:9c:ca:30:f3:e2:30:41:2f:62:a2:2c:a5:81:        1b:71:6d:b1:94:bd:c6:3d:9e:5e:51:45:de:5b:f4:d7:e6:35:        e7:d8:7c:d5:98:ec:7e:0e:f8:9d:c1:a7:7b:b3:65:b1:a1:4b:        2d:ec:d9:12:45:6b:1f:0b:1c:6b:3b:0a:66:76:39:f4:cc:9b:        e1:b7:17:f7:53:fc:c3:a6:18:f7:2e:45:52:b1:18:99:75:d1:        69:bb:77:c8:1a:84:5f:06:b5:8b:cb:02:b0:b2:0f:bf:17:18:        65:3d:a7:72:5b:71:9f:92:7e:3a:df:84:cc:65:5c:c4:5b:70:        fd:cc:38:9e:12:6e:f9:ff:1f:02:fc:ca:f5:68:86:fc:ca:71:        f1:3d:7b:32:b4:d4:c3:a2:20:16:3f:12:07:71:95:3b:d4:b1:        1e:fc:8c:1f:34:8c:c8:ab:8c:bb:75:93:c1:1a:d2:85:3e:9a:        e6:04:86:88:de:27:46:ca:f3:f7:f3:8e:54:18:ea:aa:ae:14:        02:b1:4a:6a:e0:24:77:40:28:8d:37:27:9c:87:6a:81:09:d2:        01:4d:20:7f:de:84:a8:80:8c:8e:63:82:be:66:df:87:30:5c:        b8:71:0a:e9:91:68:71:6e:97:97:f0:27:4e:fa:ae:6a:85:ac:        80:cd:38:48:49:c1:2b:9d:db:54:c5:f0:bf:fa:06:e8:96:3a:        c0:95:f0:88:bd:8e:80:78:3d:dc:ad:5d:0a:56:dd:c7:80:9f:        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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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Acknowledgments

Thanks toRuss Housley,Panos Kampanakis,Michael StJohns, andCorey Bonnell for their helpful suggestions and reviews.

This document uses a lot of text from similar documents, including:[SP800208],[RFC3279] and[RFC8410], as well as[RFC9708]. Thanks goes to the authors of those documents. "Copying always makes things easier and less error prone"[RFC8411].

Authors' Addresses

Daniel Van Geest
CryptoNext Security
Email:daniel.vangeest@cryptonext-security.com
Kaveh Bashiri
BSI
Email:kaveh.bashiri.ietf@gmail.com
Scott Fluhrer
Cisco Systems
Email:sfluhrer@cisco.com
Stefan-Lukas Gazdag
genua GmbH
Email:ietf@gazdag.de
Stavros Kousidis
BSI
Email:kousidis.ietf@gmail.com

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