Movatterモバイル変換

[RFC Home] [TEXT|PDF|HTML] [Tracker] [IPR] [Info page]

PROPOSED STANDARD

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) R. BlessRequest for Comments: 8622 KITObsoletes:3662 June 2019Updates:4594,8325Category: Standards TrackISSN: 2070-1721A Lower-Effort Per-Hop Behavior (LE PHB) for Differentiated ServicesAbstract This document specifies properties and characteristics of a Lower- Effort Per-Hop Behavior (LE PHB). The primary objective of this LE PHB is to protect Best-Effort (BE) traffic (packets forwarded with the default PHB) from LE traffic in congestion situations, i.e., when resources become scarce, BE traffic has precedence over LE traffic and may preempt it. Alternatively, packets forwarded by the LE PHB can be associated with a scavenger service class, i.e., they scavenge otherwise-unused resources only. There are numerous uses for this PHB, e.g., for background traffic of low precedence, such as bulk data transfers with low priority in time, non-time-critical backups, larger software updates, web search engines while gathering information from web servers and so on. This document recommends a standard Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) value for the LE PHB. This specification obsoletesRFC 3662 and updates the DSCP recommended in RFCs 4594 and 8325 to use the DSCP assigned in this specification.Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available inSection 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained athttps://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8622.Bless Standards Track [Page 1]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 2019Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject toBCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English.Table of Contents1. Introduction ....................................................32. Requirements Language ...........................................33. Applicability ...................................................34. PHB Description .................................................65. Traffic-Conditioning Actions ....................................76. Recommended DSCP ................................................77. Deployment Considerations .......................................88. Re-marking to Other DSCPs/PHBs ..................................99. Multicast Considerations .......................................1010. The Updates toRFC 4594 .......................................1111. The Updates toRFC 8325 .......................................1212. IANA Considerations ...........................................1313. Security Considerations .......................................1414. References ....................................................1514.1. Normative References .....................................1514.2. Informative References ...................................15Appendix A. History of the LE PHB .................................18 Acknowledgments ...................................................18 Author's Address ..................................................18Bless Standards Track [Page 2]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 20191. Introduction This document defines a Differentiated Services (DS) per-hop behavior [RFC2474] called "Lower-Effort Per-Hop Behavior" (LE PHB), which is intended for traffic of sufficiently low urgency that all other traffic takes precedence over the LE traffic in consumption of network link bandwidth. Low-urgency traffic has a low priority for timely forwarding; note, however, that this does not necessarily imply that it is generally of minor importance. From this viewpoint, it can be considered as a network equivalent to a background priority for processes in an operating system. There may or may not be memory (buffer) resources allocated for this type of traffic. Some networks carry packets that ought to consume network resources only when no other traffic is demanding them. From this point of view, packets forwarded by the LE PHB scavenge otherwise-unused resources only; this led to the name "scavenger service" in early Internet2 deployments (seeAppendix A). Other commonly used names for LE PHB types of services are "Lower than best effort" [Carlberg-LBE-2001] or "Less than best effort" [Chown-LBE-2003]. In summary, with the above-mentioned feature, the LE PHB has two important properties: it should scavenge residual capacity, and it must be preemptable by the default PHB (or other elevated PHBs) in case they need more resources. Consequently, the effect of this type of traffic on all other network traffic is strictly limited (the "no harm" property). This is distinct from "Best-Effort" (BE) traffic, since the network makes no commitment to deliver LE packets. In contrast, BE traffic receives an implied "good faith" commitment of at least some available network resources. This document proposes an LE DS PHB for handling this "optional" traffic in a DS node.2. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described inBCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.3. Applicability An LE PHB is applicable for many applications that otherwise use BE delivery. More specifically, it is suitable for traffic and services that can tolerate strongly varying throughput for their data flows, especially periods of very low throughput or even starvation (i.e., long interruptions due to significant or even complete packet loss). Therefore, an application sending an LE-marked flow needs to be able to tolerate short or (even very) long interruptions due to theBless Standards Track [Page 3]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 2019   presence of severe congestion conditions during the transmission of   the flow.  Thus, there ought to be an expectation that packets of the   LE PHB could be excessively delayed or dropped when any other traffic   is present.  Whether or not a lack of progress is considered to be a   failure is application dependent (e.g., if a transport connection   fails due to timing out, the application may try several times to   reestablish the transport connection in order to resume the   application session before finally giving up).  The LE PHB is   suitable for sending traffic of low urgency across a DS domain or DS   region.   Just like BE traffic, LE traffic SHOULD be congestion controlled   (i.e., use a congestion controlled transport or implement an   appropriate congestion control method [RFC2914] [RFC8085]).  Since LE   traffic could be starved completely for a longer period of time,   transport protocols or applications (and their related congestion   control mechanisms) SHOULD be able to detect and react to such a   starvation situation.  An appropriate reaction would be to resume the   transfer instead of aborting it, i.e., an LE-optimized transport   ought to use appropriate retry strategies (e.g., exponential back-off   with an upper bound) as well as corresponding retry and timeout   limits in order to avoid the loss of the connection due to the   above-mentioned starvation periods.  While it is desirable to achieve   a quick resumption of the transfer as soon as resources become   available again, it may be difficult to achieve this in practice.  In   the case of a lack of a transport protocol and congestion control   that are adapted to LE, applications can also use existing common   transport protocols and implement session resumption by trying to   reestablish failed connections.  Congestion control is not only   useful for letting the flows within the LE Behavior Aggregate (BA)   adapt to the available bandwidth, which may be highly fluctuating; it   is also essential if LE traffic is mapped to the default PHB in DS   domains that do not support LE.  In this case, the use of background   transport protocols, e.g., similar to Low Extra Delay Background   Transport (LEDBAT) [RFC6817], is expedient.   The use of the LE PHB might assist a network operator in moving   certain kinds of traffic or users to off-peak times.  Furthermore,   packets can be designated for the LE PHB when the goal is to protect   all other packet traffic from competition with the LE aggregate while   not completely banning LE traffic from the network.  An LE PHB   SHOULD NOT be used for a customer's "normal Internet" traffic and   packets SHOULD NOT be "downgraded" to the LE PHB instead of being   dropped, particularly when the packets are unauthorized traffic.  The   LE PHB is expected to have applicability in networks that have at   least some unused capacity during certain periods.Bless                        Standards Track                    [Page 4]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 2019 The LE PHB allows networks to protect themselves from selected types of traffic as a complement to giving preferential treatment to other selected traffic aggregates. LE ought not be used for the general case of downgraded traffic, but it could be used by design, e.g., to protect an internal network from untrusted external traffic sources. In this case, there is no way for attackers to preempt internal (non-LE) traffic by flooding. Another use case in this regard is the forwarding of multicast traffic from untrusted sources. Multicast forwarding is currently enabled within domains only for specific sources within a domain -- not for sources from anywhere in the Internet. One major problem is that multicast routing creates traffic sources at (mostly) unpredictable branching points within a domain, potentially leading to congestion and packet loss. In the case where multicast traffic packets from untrusted sources are forwarded as LE traffic, they will not harm traffic from non-LE BAs. A further related use case is mentioned in [RFC3754]: preliminary forwarding of non-admitted multicast traffic. There is no intrinsic reason to limit the applicability of the LE PHB to any particular application or type of traffic. It is intended as an additional traffic engineering tool for network administrators. For instance, it can be used to fill protection capacity of transmission links that is otherwise unused. Some network providers keep link utilization below 50% to ensure that all traffic is forwarded without loss after rerouting caused by a link failure (cf.Section 6 of [RFC3439]). LE-marked traffic can utilize the normally unused capacity and will be preempted automatically in the case of link failure when 100% of the link capacity is required for all other traffic. Ideally, applications mark their packets as LE traffic, because they know the urgency of flows. Since LE traffic may be starved for longer periods of time, it is probably less suitable for real-time and interactive applications. Example uses for the LE PHB: o For traffic caused by World Wide Web search engines while they gather information from web servers. o For software updates or dissemination of new releases of operating systems. o For reporting errors or telemetry data from operating systems or applications. o For backup traffic, non-time-critical synchronization, or mirroring traffic. o For content distribution transfers between caches.Bless Standards Track [Page 5]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 2019 o For preloading or prefetching objects from web sites. o For network news and other "bulk mail" of the Internet. o For "downgraded" traffic from some other PHB when this does not violate the operational objectives of the other PHB. o For multicast traffic from untrusted (e.g., non-local) sources.4. PHB Description The LE PHB is defined in relation to the default PHB (BE). A packet forwarded with the LE PHB SHOULD have lower precedence than packets forwarded with the default PHB, i.e., in the case of congestion, LE-marked traffic SHOULD be dropped prior to dropping any default PHB traffic. Ideally, LE packets would be forwarded only when no packet with any other PHB is awaiting transmission. This means that in the case of link resource contention LE traffic can be starved completely, which may not always be desired by the network operator's policy. A scheduler used to implement the LE PHB may reflect this policy accordingly. A straightforward implementation could be a simple priority scheduler serving the default PHB queue with higher priority than the LE PHB queue. Alternative implementations may use scheduling algorithms that assign a very small weight to the LE class. This, however, could sometimes cause better service for LE packets compared to BE packets in cases when the BE share is fully utilized and the LE share is not. If a dedicated LE queue is not available, an active queue management mechanism within a common BE/LE queue could also be used. This could drop all arriving LE packets as soon as certain queue length or sojourn time thresholds are exceeded. Since congestion control is also useful within the LE traffic class, Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) [RFC3168] SHOULD be used for LE packets, too. More specifically, an LE implementation SHOULD also apply Congestion Experienced (CE) marking for ECT-marked packets ("ECT" stands for ECN-Capable Transport), and transport protocols used for LE SHOULD support and employ ECN. For more information on the benefits of using ECN, see [RFC8087].Bless Standards Track [Page 6]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 20195. Traffic-Conditioning Actions If possible, packets SHOULD be pre-marked in DS-aware end systems by applications due to their specific knowledge about the particular precedence of packets. There is no incentive for DS domains to distrust this initial marking, because letting LE traffic enter a DS domain causes no harm. Thus, any policing, such as limiting the rate of LE traffic, is not necessary at the DS boundary. As for most other PHBs, an initial classification and marking can also be performed at the first DS boundary node according to the DS domain's own policies (e.g., as a protection measure against untrusted sources). However, non-LE traffic (e.g., BE traffic) SHOULD NOT be re-marked to LE. Re-marking traffic from another PHB results in that traffic being "downgraded". This changes the way the network treats this traffic, and it is important not to violate the operational objectives of the original PHB. See Sections3 and8 for notes related to downgrading.6. Recommended DSCP The RECOMMENDED codepoint for the LE PHB is '000001'. Earlier specifications (e.g., [RFC4594]) recommended the use of Class Selector 1 (CS1) as the codepoint (as mentioned in [RFC3662]). This is problematic, since it may cause a priority inversion in Diffserv domains that treat CS1 as originally proposed in [RFC2474], resulting in forwarding LE packets with higher precedence than BE packets. Existing implementations SHOULD transition to use the unambiguous LE codepoint '000001' whenever possible. This particular codepoint was chosen due to measurements on the currently observable Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) re-marking behavior in the Internet [IETF99-Secchi]. Since some network domains set the former IP Precedence bits to zero, it is possible that some other standardized DSCPs get mapped to the LE PHB DSCP if it were taken from the DSCP Standards Action Pool 1 (xxxxx0) [RFC2474] [RFC8436].Bless Standards Track [Page 7]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 20197. Deployment Considerations In order to enable LE support, DS nodes typically only need o A BA classifier (see [RFC2475]) that classifies packets according to the LE DSCP o A dedicated LE queue o A suitable scheduling discipline, e.g., simple priority queueing Alternatively, implementations could use active queue management mechanisms instead of a dedicated LE queue, e.g., dropping all arriving LE packets when certain queue length or sojourn time thresholds are exceeded. Internet-wide deployment of the LE PHB is eased by the following properties: o No harm to other traffic: since the LE PHB has the lowest forwarding priority, it does not consume resources from other PHBs. Deployment across different provider domains with LE support causes no trust issues or attack vectors to existing (non-LE) traffic. Thus, providers can trust LE markings from end systems, i.e., there is no need to police or re-mark incoming LE traffic. o No PHB parameters or configuration of traffic profiles: the LE PHB itself possesses no parameters that need to be set or configured. Similarly, since LE traffic requires no admission or policing, it is not necessary to configure traffic profiles. o No traffic-conditioning mechanisms: the LE PHB requires no traffic meters, droppers, or shapers. See alsoSection 5 for further discussion. Operators of DS domains that cannot or do not want to implement the LE PHB (e.g., because there is no separate LE queue available in the corresponding nodes) SHOULD NOT drop packets marked with the LE DSCP. They SHOULD map packets with this DSCP to the default PHB and SHOULD preserve the LE DSCP marking. DS domain operators that do not implement the LE PHB should be aware that they violate the "no harm" property of LE. See alsoSection 8 for further discussion of forwarding LE traffic with the default PHB instead of the LE PHB.Bless Standards Track [Page 8]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 20198. Re-marking to Other DSCPs/PHBs "DSCP bleaching", i.e., setting the DSCP to '000000' (default PHB) is NOT RECOMMENDED for this PHB. This may cause effects that are in contrast to the original intent to protect BE traffic from LE traffic (the "no harm" property). In the case that a DS domain does not support the LE PHB, its nodes SHOULD treat LE-marked packets with the default PHB instead (by mapping the LE DSCP to the default PHB), but they SHOULD do so without re-marking to DSCP '000000'. This is because DS domains that are traversed later may then still have the opportunity to treat such packets according to the LE PHB. Operators of DS domains that forward LE traffic within the BE aggregate need to be aware of the implications, i.e., induced congestion situations and QoS degradation of the original BE traffic. In this case, the LE property of not harming other traffic is no longer fulfilled. To limit the impact in such cases, traffic policing of the LE aggregate MAY be used. In the case that LE-marked packets are effectively carried with the default PHB (i.e., forwarded as BE traffic), they get a better forwarding treatment than expected. For some applications and services, it is favorable if the transmission is finished earlier than expected. However, in some cases, it may be against the original intention of the LE PHB user to strictly send the traffic only if otherwise-unused resources are available. In the case that LE traffic is mapped to the default PHB, LE traffic may compete with BE traffic for the same resources and thus adversely affect the original BE aggregate. Applications that want to ensure the lower precedence compared to BE traffic even in such cases SHOULD additionally use a corresponding lower-than-BE transport protocol [RFC6297], e.g., LEDBAT [RFC6817]. A DS domain that still uses DSCP CS1 for marking LE traffic (including Low-Priority Data as defined in [RFC4594] or the old definition in [RFC3662]) SHOULD re-mark traffic to the LE DSCP '000001' at the egress to the next DS domain. This increases the probability that the DSCP is preserved end to end, whereas a CS1-marked packet may be re-marked by the default DSCP if the next domain is applying Diffserv-Interconnection [RFC8100].Bless Standards Track [Page 9]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 20199.  Multicast Considerations   Basically, the multicast considerations in [RFC3754] apply.  However,   using the LE PHB for multicast requires paying special attention to   how packets get replicated inside routers.  Due to multicast packet   replication, resource contention may actually occur even before a   packet is forwarded to its output port.  In the worst case, these   forwarding resources are missing for higher-priority multicast or   even unicast packets.   Several forward error correction coding schemes, such as fountain   codes (e.g., [RFC5053]), allow reliable data delivery even in   environments with a potentially high amount of packet loss in   transmission.  When used, for example, over satellite links or other   broadcast media, this means that receivers that lose 80% of packets   in transmission simply need five times longer to receive the complete   data than those receivers experiencing no loss (without any receiver   feedback required).   Superficially viewed, it may sound very attractive to use IP   multicast with the LE PHB to build this type of opportunistic   reliable distribution in IP networks, but it can only be usefully   deployed with routers that do not experience forwarding/replication   resource starvation when a large amount of packets (virtually) need   to be replicated to links where the LE queue is full.   Thus, a packet replication mechanism for LE-marked packets should   consider the situation at the respective output links: it is a waste   of internal forwarding resources if a packet is replicated to output   links that have no resources left for LE forwarding.  In those cases,   a packet would have been replicated just to be dropped immediately   after finding a filled LE queue at the respective output port.  Such   behavior could be avoided -- for example, by using a conditional   internal packet replication: a packet would then only be replicated   in cases where the output link is not fully used.  This conditional   replication, however, is probably not widely implemented.   While the resource contention problem caused by multicast packet   replication is also true for other Diffserv PHBs, LE forwarding is   special, because often it is assumed that LE packets only get   forwarded in the case of available resources at the output ports.   The previously mentioned redundancy data traffic could suitably use   the varying available residual bandwidth being utilized by the LE   PHB, but only if the specific requirements stated above for   conditional replication in the internal implementation of the network   devices are considered.Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 10]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 201910.  The Updates toRFC 4594   [RFC4594] recommended the use of CS1 as the codepoint in itsSection 4.10, whereas CS1 was defined in [RFC2474] to have a higher   precedence than CS0, i.e., the default PHB.  Consequently, Diffserv   domains implementing CS1 according to [RFC2474] will cause a priority   inversion for LE packets that contradicts the original purpose of LE.   Therefore, every occurrence of the CS1 DSCP is replaced by the   LE DSCP.   Changes:   o  This update toRFC 4594 removes the following entry from its      Figure 3:   |---------------+---------+-------------+--------------------------|   | Low-Priority  |  CS1    |   001000    | Any flow that has no BW  |   |     Data      |         |             | assurance                |    ------------------------------------------------------------------      and replaces it with the following entry:   |---------------+---------+-------------+--------------------------|   | Low-Priority  |   LE    |   000001    | Any flow that has no BW  |   |     Data      |         |             | assurance                |    ------------------------------------------------------------------   o  This update toRFC 4594 extends the Notes text below Figure 3 that      currently states "Notes for Figure 3: Default Forwarding (DF) and      Class Selector 0 (CS0) provide equivalent behavior and use the      same DS codepoint, '000000'." to state "Notes for Figure 3:      Default Forwarding (DF) and Class Selector 0 (CS0) provide      equivalent behavior and use the same DSCP, '000000'.  The prior      recommendation to use the CS1 DSCP for Low-Priority Data has been      replaced by the current recommendation to use the LE DSCP,      '000001'."Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 11]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 2019   o  This update toRFC 4594 removes the following entry from its      Figure 4:   |---------------+------+-------------------+---------+--------+----|   | Low-Priority  | CS1  | Not applicable    |RFC3662 |  Rate  | Yes|   |     Data      |      |                   |         |        |    |    ------------------------------------------------------------------      and replaces it with the following entry:   |---------------+------+-------------------+----------+--------+----|   | Low-Priority  | LE   | Not applicable    |RFC 8622 |  Rate  | Yes|   |     Data      |      |                   |          |        |    |    -------------------------------------------------------------------   oSection 2.3 of [RFC4594] specifies the following: "In network      segments that use IP precedence marking, only one of the two      service classes can be supported, High-Throughput Data or      Low-Priority Data.  We RECOMMEND that the DSCP value(s) of the      unsupported service class be changed to 000xx1 on ingress and      changed back to original value(s) on egress of the network segment      that uses precedence marking.  For example, if Low-Priority Data      is mapped to Standard service class, then 000001 DSCP marking MAY      be used to distinguish it from Standard marked packets on egress."      This document removes this recommendation, because by using the LE      DSCP defined herein, such re-marking is not necessary.  So, even      if Low-Priority Data is unsupported (i.e., mapped to the default      PHB), the LE DSCP should be kept across the domain as RECOMMENDED      inSection 8.  That removed text is replaced by the following: "In      network segments that use IP Precedence marking, the Low-Priority      Data service class receives the same Diffserv QoS as the Standard      service class when the LE DSCP is used for Low-Priority Data      traffic.  This is acceptable behavior for the Low-Priority Data      service class, although it is not the preferred behavior."   o  This document removes the following line inSection 4.10 of      RFC 4594: "The RECOMMENDED DSCP marking is CS1 (Class      Selector 1)." and replaces it with the following text:      "The RECOMMENDED DSCP marking is LE (Lower Effort), which replaces      the prior recommendation for CS1 (Class Selector 1) marking."11.  The Updates toRFC 8325Section 4.2.10 of RFC 8325 [RFC8325] specifies that "[RFC3662] and   [RFC4594] both recommend Low-Priority Data be marked CS1 DSCP."  This   is updated to "[RFC3662] recommends that Low-Priority Data be marked   CS1 DSCP.  [RFC4594], as updated byRFC 8622, recommends that   Low-Priority Data be marked LE DSCP."Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 12]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 2019   This document removes the following paragraph inSection 4.2.10 of   [RFC8325], because this document makes the anticipated change: "Note:   This marking recommendation may change in the future, as [LE-PHB]   defines a Lower Effort (LE) PHB for Low-Priority Data traffic and   recommends an additional DSCP for this traffic."Section 4.2.10 of RFC 8325 [RFC8325] specifies that "therefore, it is   RECOMMENDED to map Low-Priority Data traffic marked CS1 DSCP to   UP 1", which is updated to "therefore, it is RECOMMENDED to map   Low-Priority Data traffic marked with LE DSCP or legacy CS1 DSCP   to UP 1".   This update toRFC 8325 replaces the following entry from its   Figure 1:   +---------------+------+----------+------------+--------------------+   | Low-Priority  | CS1  |RFC 3662 |     1      | AC_BK (Background) |   |     Data      |      |          |            |                    |   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+   with the following entries:   +---------------+------+----------+------------+--------------------+   | Low-Priority  | LE   |RFC 8622 |     1      | AC_BK (Background) |   |     Data      |      |          |            |                    |   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+   | Low-Priority  | CS1  |RFC 3662 |     1      | AC_BK (Background) |   | Data (legacy) |      |          |            |                    |   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+12.  IANA Considerations   This document assigns the Differentiated Services Field Codepoint   (DSCP) '000001' from the "Differentiated Services Field Codepoints   (DSCP)" registry (https://www.iana.org/assignments/dscp-registry/)   ("DSCP Pool 3 Codepoints", Codepoint Space xxxx01, Standards Action)   [RFC8126] to the LE PHB.  This document uses a DSCP from Pool 3 in   order to avoid problems for other PHB-marked flows, where they could   become accidentally re-marked as LE PHB, e.g., due to partial DSCP   bleaching.  See [RFC8436] regarding reclassifying Pool 3 for   Standards Action.Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 13]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 2019   IANA has updated this registry as follows:   o  Name: LE   o  Value (Binary): 000001   o  Value (Decimal): 1   o  Reference:RFC 862213.  Security Considerations   There are no specific security exposures for this PHB.  Since it   defines a new class that is of low forwarding priority, re-marking   other traffic as LE traffic may lead to QoS degradation of such   traffic.  Thus, any attacker that is able to modify the DSCP of a   packet to LE may carry out a downgrade attack.  See the general   security considerations in [RFC2474] and [RFC2475].   With respect to privacy, an attacker could use the information from   the DSCP to infer that the transferred (probably even encrypted)   content is considered of low priority or low urgency by a user if the   DSCP was set per the user's request.  On the one hand, this disclosed   information is useful only if correlation with metadata (such as the   user's IP address) and/or other flows reveal a user's identity.  On   the other hand, it might help an observer (e.g., a state-level actor)   who is interested in learning about the user's behavior from observed   traffic: LE-marked background traffic (such as software downloads,   operating system updates, or telemetry data) may be less interesting   for surveillance than general web traffic.  Therefore, the LE marking   may help the observer to focus on potentially more interesting   traffic (however, the user may exploit this particular assumption and   deliberately hide interesting traffic in the LE aggregate).  Apart   from such considerations, the impact of disclosed information by the   LE DSCP is likely negligible in most cases, given the numerous   traffic analysis possibilities and general privacy threats (e.g., see   [RFC6973]).Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 14]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 201914.  References14.1.  Normative References   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate              Requirement Levels",BCP 14,RFC 2119,              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.   [RFC2474]  Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,              "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS              Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers",RFC 2474,              DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.   [RFC2475]  Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z.,              and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated              Services",RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2475>.   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase inRFC 2119 Key Words",BCP 14,RFC 8174,              DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.14.2.  Informative References   [Carlberg-LBE-2001]              Carlberg, K., Gevros, P., and J. Crowcroft, "Lower than              best effort: a design and implementation", ACM SIGCOMM              Computer Communication Review, Volume 31 Issue 2              supplement, DOI 10.1145/844193.844208, April 2001,              <https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=844193.844208>.   [Chown-LBE-2003]              Chown, T., Ferrari, T., Leinen, S., Sabatino, R., Simar,              N., and S. Venaas, "Less than Best Effort: Application              Scenarios and Experimental Results", Proceedings of the              Second International Workshop on Quality of Service in              Multiservice IP Networks (QoS-IP 2003), Lecture Notes in              Computer Science, vol 2601, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,              Pages 131-144, DOI 10.1007/3-540-36480-3_10,              February 2003, <https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-36480-3_10>.Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 15]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 2019   [Diffserv-LBE-PHB]              Bless, R. and K. Wehrle, "A Lower Than Best-Effort              Per-Hop Behavior", Work in Progress,draft-bless-diffserv-lbe-phb-00, September 1999.   [IETF99-Secchi]              Secchi, R., Venne, A., and A. Custura, "Measurements              concerning the DSCP for a LE PHB", Presentation held at              the 99th IETF Meeting, TSVWG, Prague, July 2017,              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/99/materials/slides-99-tsvwg-sessb-31measurements-concerning-the-dscp-for-a-le-phb-00>.   [RFC2914]  Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles",BCP 41,RFC 2914, DOI 10.17487/RFC2914, September 2000,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2914>.   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.   [RFC3439]  Bush, R. and D. Meyer, "Some Internet Architectural              Guidelines and Philosophy",RFC 3439,              DOI 10.17487/RFC3439, December 2002,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3439>.   [RFC3662]  Bless, R., Nichols, K., and K. Wehrle, "A Lower Effort              Per-Domain Behavior (PDB) for Differentiated Services",RFC 3662, DOI 10.17487/RFC3662, December 2003,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3662>.   [RFC3754]  Bless, R. and K. Wehrle, "IP Multicast in Differentiated              Services (DS) Networks",RFC 3754, DOI 10.17487/RFC3754,              April 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3754>.   [RFC4594]  Babiarz, J., Chan, K., and F. Baker, "Configuration              Guidelines for DiffServ Service Classes",RFC 4594,              DOI 10.17487/RFC4594, August 2006,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4594>.   [RFC5053]  Luby, M., Shokrollahi, A., Watson, M., and T. Stockhammer,              "Raptor Forward Error Correction Scheme for Object              Delivery",RFC 5053, DOI 10.17487/RFC5053, October 2007,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5053>.Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 16]

RFC 8622                    Lower-Effort PHB                   June 2019   [RFC6297]  Welzl, M. and D. Ros, "A Survey of Lower-than-Best-Effort              Transport Protocols",RFC 6297, DOI 10.17487/RFC6297,              June 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6297>.   [RFC6817]  Shalunov, S., Hazel, G., Iyengar, J., and M. Kuehlewind,              "Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT)",RFC 6817,              DOI 10.17487/RFC6817, December 2012,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6817>.   [RFC6973]  Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J.,              Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy              Considerations for Internet Protocols",RFC 6973,              DOI 10.17487/RFC6973, July 2013,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6973>.   [RFC8085]  Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage              Guidelines",BCP 145,RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085,              March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>.   [RFC8087]  Fairhurst, G. and M. Welzl, "The Benefits of Using              Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)",RFC 8087,              DOI 10.17487/RFC8087, March 2017,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8087>.   [RFC8100]  Geib, R., Ed. and D. Black, "Diffserv-Interconnection              Classes and Practice",RFC 8100, DOI 10.17487/RFC8100,              March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8100>.   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs",BCP 26,RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.   [RFC8325]  Szigeti, T., Henry, J., and F. Baker, "Mapping Diffserv to              IEEE 802.11",RFC 8325, DOI 10.17487/RFC8325,              February 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8325>.   [RFC8436]  Fairhurst, G., "Update to IANA Registration Procedures for              Pool 3 Values in the Differentiated Services Field              Codepoints (DSCP) Registry",RFC 8436,              DOI 10.17487/RFC8436, August 2018,              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8436>.Bless                        Standards Track                   [Page 17]

RFC 8622 Lower-Effort PHB June 2019Appendix A. History of the LE PHB A first draft version of this PHB was suggested by Roland Bless and Klaus Wehrle in September 1999 [Diffserv-LBE-PHB], named "A Lower Than Best-Effort Per-Hop Behavior". After some discussion in the Diffserv Working Group, Brian Carpenter and Kathie Nichols proposed a "bulk handling" per-domain behavior and believed a PHB was not necessary. Eventually, "Lower Effort" was specified as per-domain behavior and finally became [RFC3662]. More detailed information about its history can be found inSection 10 of [RFC3662]. There are several other names in use for this type of PHB or associated service classes. Well known is the QBone Scavenger Service (QBSS) that was proposed in March 2001 within the Internet2 QoS Working Group. Alternative names are "Lower than best effort" [Carlberg-LBE-2001] or "Less than best effort" [Chown-LBE-2003].Acknowledgments Since text is partially borrowed from earlier Internet-Drafts and RFCs, the coauthors of previous specifications are acknowledged here: Kathie Nichols and Klaus Wehrle. David Black, Olivier Bonaventure, Spencer Dawkins, Toerless Eckert, Gorry Fairhurst, Ruediger Geib, and Kyle Rose provided helpful comments and (partially also text) suggestions.Author's Address Roland Bless Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Telematics (TM) Kaiserstr. 12 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany Phone: +49 721 608 46413 Email: roland.bless@kit.eduBless Standards Track [Page 18]

[8]ページ先頭