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INFORMATIONAL
Independent Submission                                          B. PfaffRequest for Comments: 7047                                 B. Davie, Ed.Category: Informational                                     VMware, Inc.ISSN: 2070-1721                                            December 2013The Open vSwitch Database Management ProtocolAbstract   Open vSwitch is an open-source software switch designed to be used as   a vswitch (virtual switch) in virtualized server environments.  A   vswitch forwards traffic between different virtual machines (VMs) on   the same physical host and also forwards traffic between VMs and the   physical network.  Open vSwitch is open to programmatic extension and   control using OpenFlow and the OVSDB (Open vSwitch Database)   management protocol.  This document defines the OVSDB management   protocol.  The Open vSwitch project includes open-source OVSDB client   and server implementations.Status of This Memo   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is   published for informational purposes.   This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other   RFC stream.  The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at   its discretion and makes no statement about its value for   implementation or deployment.  Documents approved for publication by   the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet   Standard; seeSection 2 of RFC 5741.   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained athttp://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7047.Copyright Notice   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the   document authors.  All rights reserved.   This document is subject toBCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of   publication of this document.  Please review these documents   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect   to this document.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 1]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013Table of Contents1. Introduction ....................................................31.1. Requirements Language ......................................31.2. Terminology ................................................32. System Overview .................................................43. OVSDB Structure .................................................53.1. JSON Usage .................................................63.2. Schema Format ..............................................74. Wire Protocol ..................................................124.1. RPC Methods ...............................................124.1.1. List Databases .....................................124.1.2. Get Schema .........................................134.1.3. Transact ...........................................134.1.4. Cancel .............................................164.1.5. Monitor ............................................164.1.6. Update Notification ................................184.1.7. Monitor Cancellation ...............................194.1.8. Lock Operations ....................................194.1.9. Locked Notification ................................214.1.10. Stolen Notification ...............................214.1.11. Echo ..............................................225. Database Operations ............................................225.1. Notation ..................................................225.2. Operations ................................................275.2.1. Insert .............................................275.2.2. Select .............................................285.2.3. Update .............................................295.2.4. Mutate .............................................295.2.5. Delete .............................................305.2.6. Wait ...............................................315.2.7. Commit .............................................325.2.8. Abort ..............................................325.2.9. Comment ............................................325.2.10. Assert ............................................336. IANA Considerations ............................................337. Security Considerations ........................................338. Acknowledgements ...............................................349. References .....................................................349.1. Normative References ......................................349.2. Informative References ....................................34Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 2]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20131.  Introduction   In virtualized server environments, it is typically required to use a   vswitch (virtual switch) to forward traffic between different virtual   machines (VMs) on the same physical host and between VMs and the   physical network.  Open vSwitch [OVS] is an open-source software   switch designed to be used as a vswitch in such environments.  Open   vSwitch (OVS) is open to programmatic extension and control using   OpenFlow [OF-SPEC] and the OVSDB (Open vSwitch Database) management   protocol.  This document defines the OVSDB management protocol.  The   Open vSwitch project includes open-source OVSDB client and server   implementations.   The OVSDB management protocol uses JSON [RFC4627] for its wire format   and is based on JSON-RPC version 1.0 [JSON-RPC].   The schema of the Open vSwitch database is documented in [DB-SCHEMA].   This document specifies the protocol for interacting with that   database for the purposes of managing and configuring Open vSwitch   instances.  The protocol specified in this document also provides   means for discovering the schema in use, as described inSection 4.1.2.   The OVSDB management protocol is intended to allow programmatic   access to the Open vSwitch database as documented in [DB-SCHEMA].   This database holds the configuration for one Open vSwitch daemon.   As currently defined, this information describes the switching   behavior of a virtual switch and does not describe the behavior or   configuration of a routing system.  In the event that the schema is   extended in a future release to cover elements of the routing system,   implementers and operators need to be aware of the work of the IETF's   I2RS working group that specifies protocols and data models for real-   time or event driven interaction with the routing system.1.1.  Requirements Language   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].1.2.  Terminology   UUID:       Universally Unique Identifier.  A 128-bit identifier that               is unique in space and time [DCE].   OVS:        Open vSwitch.  An open-source virtual switch.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 3]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   OVSDB:      The database that is used for the purpose of configuring               OVS instances.   JSON:       Javascript Object Notation [RFC4627].   JSON-RPC:   JSON Remote Procedure Call [JSON-RPC].   Durable:    Reliably written to non-volatile storage (e.g., disk).               OVSDB supports the option to specify whether or not               transactions are durable.   Note that the JSON specification [RFC4627] provides precise   definitions of a number of important terms such as JSON values,   objects, arrays, numbers, and strings.  In all cases, this document   uses the definitions from [RFC4627].2.  System Overview   Figure 1 illustrates the main components of Open vSwitch and the   interfaces to a control and management cluster.  An OVS instance   comprises a database server (ovsdb-server), a vswitch daemon   (ovs-vswitchd), and, optionally, a module that performs fast-path   forwarding.  The "management and control cluster" consists of some   number of managers and controllers.  Managers use the OVSDB   management protocol to manage OVS instances.  An OVS instance is   managed by at least one manager.  Controllers use OpenFlow to install   flow state in OpenFlow switches.  An OVS instance can support   multiple logical datapaths, referred to as "bridges".  There is at   least one controller for each OpenFlow bridge.   The OVSDB management interface is used to perform management and   configuration operations on the OVS instance.  Compared to OpenFlow,   OVSDB management operations occur on a relatively long timescale.   Examples of operations that are supported by OVSDB include:   o  Creation, modification, and deletion of OpenFlow datapaths      (bridges), of which there may be many in a single OVS instance;   o  Configuration of the set of controllers to which an OpenFlow      datapath should connect;   o  Configuration of the set of managers to which the OVSDB server      should connect;   o  Creation, modification, and deletion of ports on OpenFlow      datapaths;Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 4]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   o  Creation, modification, and deletion of tunnel interfaces on      OpenFlow datapaths;   o  Creation, modification, and deletion of queues;   o  Configuration of QoS (quality of service) policies and attachment      of those policies to queues; and   o  Collection of statistics.   OVSDB does not perform per-flow operations, leaving those instead to   OpenFlow.          +----------------------+          |      Control &       |          |     Management       |          |      Cluster         |          +----------------------+             |                \             | OVSDB           \ OpenFlow             | Mgmt             \             |                   \       +============================================+       | +--------------+       +--------------+    |       | |              |       |              |    |       | | ovsdb-server |-------| ovs-vswitchd |    |       | |              |       |              |    |       | +--------------+       +--------------+    |       |                               |            |       |                        +----------------+  |       |                        | Forwarding Path|  |       |                        +----------------+  |       +============================================+                     Figure 1: Open vSwitch Interfaces   Further information about the usage of the OVSDB management protocol   is provided in [DB-SCHEMA].3.  OVSDB Structure   This section outlines the overall structure of databases in OVSDB.   As described here, the database is reasonably generic.  For the   complete and current description of the database schema as used in   OVS, refer to [DB-SCHEMA].  See alsoSection 4.1.2 for information on   how the OVSDB management protocol may be used to discover the schema   currently in use.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 5]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20133.1.  JSON Usage   OVSDB uses JSON [RFC4627] for both its schema format and its wire   protocol format.  The JSON implementation in Open vSwitch has the   following limitations:   o  Null bytes (\u0000) SHOULD NOT be used in strings.   o  Only UTF-8 encoding is supported.   The descriptions below use the following shorthand notations for JSON   values.  Terminology follows [RFC4627].   <string>      A JSON string.  Any Unicode string is allowed.  Implementations      SHOULD disallow null bytes.   <id>      A JSON string matching [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*. <id>s that begin      with _ are reserved to the implementation and MUST NOT be used by      the user.   <version>      A JSON string that contains a version number that matches [0-9]+      \.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+   <boolean>      A JSON true or false value.   <number>      A JSON number.   <integer>      A JSON number with an integer value, within the range -(2**63)...+      (2**63)-1.   <json-value>      Any JSON value.   <nonnull-json-value>      Any JSON value except null.   <error>      A JSON object with the following members:           "error": <string>          required           "details": <string>        optionalPfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 6]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013      The value of the "error" member is a short string, specified in      this document, that broadly indicates the class of the error.      Most "error" strings are specific to contexts described elsewhere      in this document, but the following "error" strings may appear in      any context where an <error> is permitted:      "error": "resources exhausted"         The operation requires more resources (memory, disk, CPU, etc.)         than are currently available to the database server.      "error": "I/O error"         Problems accessing the disk, network, or other required         resources prevented the operation from completing.      Database implementations MAY use "error" strings not specified in      this document to indicate errors that do not fit into any of the      specified categories.  Optionally, an <error> MAY include a      "details" member, whose value is a string that describes the error      in more detail for the benefit of a human user or administrator.      This document does not specify the format or content of the      "details" string.  An <error> MAY also have other members that      describe the error in more detail.  This document does not specify      the names or values of these members.3.2.  Schema Format   An Open vSwitch configuration database consists of a set of tables,   each of which has a number of columns and zero or more rows.  A   schema for the database is represented by <database-schema>, as   described below.   <database-schema>      A JSON object with the following members:           "name": <id>                            required           "version": <version>                    required           "cksum": <string>                       optional           "tables": {<id>: <table-schema>, ...}   required      The "name" identifies the database as a whole.  It must be      provided to most JSON-RPC requests to identify the database being      operated on.      The "version" reports the version of the database schema.  It is      REQUIRED to be present.  Open vSwitch semantics for "version" are      described in [DB-SCHEMA].  Other schemas may use it differently.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 7]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013      The "cksum" optionally reports an implementation-defined checksum      for the database schema.  Its use is primarily as a tool for      schema developers, and clients SHOULD ignore it.      The value of "tables" is a JSON object whose names are table names      and whose values are <table-schema>s.   <table-schema>      A JSON object with the following members:         "columns": {<id>: <column-schema>, ...}   required         "maxRows": <integer>                      optional         "isRoot": <boolean>                       optional         "indexes": [<column-set>*]                optional      The value of "columns" is a JSON object whose names are column      names and whose values are <column-schema>s.      Every table has the following columns whose definitions are not      included in the schema:         "_uuid": This column, which contains exactly one UUID value, is         initialized to a random value by the database engine when it         creates a row.  It is read-only, and its value never changes         during the lifetime of a row.         "_version": Like "_uuid", this column contains exactly one UUID         value, initialized to a random value by the database engine         when it creates a row, and it is read-only.  However, its value         changes to a new random value whenever any other field in the         row changes.  Furthermore, its value is ephemeral: when the         database is closed and reopened, or when the database process         is stopped and then started again, each "_version" also changes         to a new random value.      If "maxRows" is specified, as a positive integer, it limits the      maximum number of rows that may be present in the table.  This is      a "deferred" constraint, enforced only at transaction commit time      (see the "transact" request inSection 4.1.3).  If "maxRows" is      not specified, the size of the table is limited only by the      resources available to the database server. "maxRows" constraints      are enforced after unreferenced rows are deleted from tables with      a false "isRoot".      The "isRoot" boolean is used to determine whether rows in the      table require strong references from other rows to avoid garbage      collection.  (See the discussion of "strong" and "weak" references      below in the description of <base-type>.)  If "isRoot" isPfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 8]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013      specified as true, then rows in the table exist independent of any      references (they can be thought of as part of the "root set" in a      garbage collector).  If "isRoot" is omitted or specified as false,      then any given row in the table may exist only when there is at      least one reference to it, with refType "strong", from a different      row (in the same table or a different table).  This is a      "deferred" action: unreferenced rows in the table are deleted just      before transaction commit.      For compatibility with schemas created before "isRoot" was      introduced, if "isRoot" is omitted or false in every      <table-schema> in a given <database-schema>, then every table is      part of the root set.      If "indexes" is specified, it must be an array of zero or more      <column-set>s.  A <column-set> is an array of one or more strings,      each of which names a column.  Each <column-set> is a set of      columns whose values, taken together within any given row, must be      unique within the table.  This is a "deferred" constraint,      enforced only at transaction commit time, after unreferenced rows      are deleted and dangling weak references are removed.  Ephemeral      columns may not be part of indexes.   <column-schema>      A JSON object with the following members:         "type": <type>                            required         "ephemeral": <boolean>                    optional         "mutable": <boolean>                      optional      The "type" specifies the type of data stored in this column.      If "ephemeral" is specified as true, then this column's values are      not guaranteed to be durable; they may be lost when the database      restarts.  A column whose type (either key or value) is a strong      reference to a table that is not part of the root set is always      durable, regardless of this value.  (Otherwise, restarting the      database could lose entire rows.)      If "mutable" is specified as false, then this column's values may      not be modified after they are initially set with the "insert"      operation.   <type>      The type of a database column.  Either an <atomic-type> or a JSON      object that describes the type of a database column, with the      following members:Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                     [Page 9]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013         "key": <base-type>                 required         "value": <base-type>               optional         "min": <integer>                   optional         "max": <integer> or "unlimited"    optional      If "min" or "max" is not specified, each defaults to 1.  If "max"      is specified as "unlimited", then there is no specified maximum      number of elements, although the implementation will enforce some      limit.  After considering defaults, "min" must be exactly 0 or      exactly 1, "max" must be at least 1, and "max" must be greater      than or equal to "min".      If "min" and "max" are both 1 and "value" is not specified, the      type is the scalar type specified by "key".      If "min" is not 1 or "max" is not 1, or both, and "value" is not      specified, the type is a set of scalar type "key".      If "value" is specified, the type is a map from type "key" to type      "value".   <base-type>      The type of a key or value in a database column.  Either an      <atomic-type> or a JSON object with the following members:         "type": <atomic-type>            required         "enum": <value>                  optional         "minInteger": <integer>          optional, integers only         "maxInteger": <integer>          optional, integers only         "minReal": <real>                optional, reals only         "maxReal": <real>                optional, reals only         "minLength": <integer>           optional, strings only         "maxLength": <integer>           optional, strings only         "refTable": <id>                 optional, UUIDs only         "refType": "strong" or "weak"    optional, only with "refTable"      An <atomic-type> by itself is equivalent to a JSON object with a      single member "type" whose value is the <atomic-type>.      "enum" may be specified as a <value> whose type is a set of one or      more values specified for the member "type".  If "enum" is      specified, then the valid values of the <base-type> are limited to      those in the <value>.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 10]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013      "enum" is mutually exclusive with the following constraints:         If "type" is "integer", then "minInteger" or "maxInteger" or         both may also be specified, restricting the valid integer         range.  If both are specified, then "maxInteger" must be         greater than or equal to "minInteger".         If "type" is "real", then "minReal" or "maxReal" or both may         also be specified, restricting the valid real range.  If both         are specified, then "maxReal" must be greater than or equal to         "minReal".         If "type" is "string", then "minLength" and "maxLength" or both         may be specified, restricting the valid length of value         strings.  If both are specified, then "maxLength" must be         greater than or equal to "minLength".  String length is         measured in characters.         If "type" is "uuid", then "refTable", if present, must be the         name of a table within this database.  If "refTable" is         specified, then "refType" may also be specified.  If "refTable"         is set, the effect depends on "refType":         +  If "refType" is "strong" or if "refType" is omitted, the            allowed UUIDs are limited to UUIDs for rows in the named            table.         +  If "refType" is "weak", then any UUIDs are allowed, but            UUIDs that do not correspond to rows in the named table will            be automatically deleted.  When this situation arises in a            map, both the key and the value will be deleted from the            map.      "refTable" constraints are "deferred" constraints: they are      enforced only at transaction commit time (see the "transact"      request inSection 4.1.3).  The other constraints on <base-type>      are "immediate", enforced immediately by each operation.   <atomic-type>      One of the strings "integer", "real", "boolean", "string", or      "uuid", representing the specified scalar type.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 11]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20134.  Wire Protocol   The database wire protocol is implemented in JSON-RPC 1.0 [JSON-RPC].   While the JSON-RPC specification allows a range of transports,   implementations of this specification SHOULD operate directly over   TCP.  SeeSection 6 for discussion of the TCP port.4.1.  RPC Methods   The following subsections describe the RPC methods that are   supported.  As described in the JSON-RPC 1.0 specification, each   request comprises a string containing the name of the method, a   (possibly null) array of parameters to pass to the method, and a   request ID, which can be used to match the response to the request.   Each response comprises a result object (non-null in the event of a   successful invocation), an error object (non-null in the event of an   error), and the ID of the matching request.  More details on each   method, its parameters, and its results are described below.   An OVSDB server MUST implement all of the following methods.  An   OVSDB client MUST implement the "Echo" method and is otherwise free   to implement whichever methods suit the implementation's needs.   The operations that may be performed on the OVS database using these   methods (e.g., the "transact" method) are described inSection 5.4.1.1.  List Databases   This operation retrieves an array whose elements are the names of the   databases that can be accessed over this management protocol   connection.   The request object contains the following members:   o  "method": "list_dbs"   o  "params": []   o  "id": <nonnull-json-value>   The response object contains the following members:   o  "result": [<db-name>,...]   o  "error": null   o  "id": same "id" as requestPfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 12]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20134.1.2.  Get Schema   This operation retrieves a <database-schema> that describes hosted   database <db-name>.   The request object contains the following members:   o  "method": "get_schema"   o  "params": [<db-name>]   o  "id": <nonnull-json-value>   The response object contains the following members:   o  "result": <database-schema>   o  "error": null   o  "id": same "id" as request   In the event that the database named in the request does not exist,   the server sends a JSON-RPC error response of the following form:   o  "result": null   o  "error": "unknown database"   o  "id": same "id" as request4.1.3.  Transact   This RPC method causes the database server to execute a series of   operations in the specified order on a given database.   The request object contains the following members:   o  "method": "transact"   o  "params": [<db-name>, <operation>*]   o  "id": <nonnull-json-value>   The value of "id" MUST be unique among all in-flight transactions   within the current JSON-RPC session.  Otherwise, the server may   return a JSON-RPC error.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 13]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   The "params" array for this method consists of a <db-name> that   identifies the database to which the transaction applies, followed by   zero or more JSON objects, each of which represents a single database   operation.Section 5 describes the valid operations.  The database   server executes each of the specified operations in the specified   order, except if an operation fails, then the remaining operations   are not executed.  The set of operations is executed as a single   atomic, consistent, isolated transaction.  The transaction is   committed if and only if every operation succeeds.  Durability of the   commit is not guaranteed unless the "commit" operation, with   "durable" set to true, is included in the operation set.  SeeSection 5 for more discussion of the database operations.   The response object contains the following members:   o  "result": [<object>*]   o  "error": null   o  "id": same "id" as request   Regardless of whether errors occur in the database operations, the   response is always a JSON-RPC response with null "error" and a   "result" member that is an array with the same number of elements as   "params".  Each element of the "result" array corresponds to the same   element of the "params" array.  The "result" array elements may be   interpreted as follows:   o  A JSON object that does not contain an "error" member indicates      that the operation completed successfully.  The specific members      of the object are specified below in the descriptions of      individual operations.  Some operations do not produce any      results, in which case the object will have no members.   o  An <error> indicates that the matching operation completed with an      error.   o  A JSON null value indicates that the operation was not attempted      because a prior operation failed.   In general, "result" contains some number of successful results,   possibly followed by an error, in turn followed by enough JSON null   values to match the number of elements in "params".  There is one   exception: if all of the operations succeed, but the results cannot   be committed, then "result" will have one more element than "params",   with the additional element being an <error>.  In this case, the   possible "error" strings include the following:Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 14]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   "error": "referential integrity violation"      When the commit was attempted, a column's value referenced the      UUID for a row that did not exist in the table named by the      column's <base-type> key or value "refTable" that has a "refType"      of "strong".  (This can be caused by inserting a row that      references a nonexistent row, by deleting a row that is still      referenced by another row, by specifying the UUID for a row in the      wrong table, and other ways.)   "error": "constraint violation"      A number of situations can arise in which the attempted commit      would lead to a constraint on the database being violated.  (SeeSection 3.2 for more discussion of constraints.)  These situations      include:      *  The number of rows in a table exceeds the maximum number         permitted by the table's "maxRows" value.      *  Two or more rows in a table had the same values in the columns         that comprise an index.      *  A column with a <base-type> key or value "refTable" whose         "refType" is "weak" became empty due to deletion(s), and this         column is not allowed to be empty because its <type> has a         "min" of 1.  Such deletions may be the result of rows that it         referenced being deleted (or never having existed, if the         column's row was inserted within the transaction).   "error": "resources exhausted"      The operation requires more resources (memory, disk, CPU, etc.)      than are currently available to the database server.   "error": "I/O error"      Problems accessing the disk, network, or other required resources      prevented the operation from completing.   If "params" contains one or more "wait" operations, then the   transaction may take an arbitrary amount of time to complete.  The   database implementation MUST be capable of accepting, executing, and   replying to other transactions and other JSON-RPC requests while a   transaction or transactions containing "wait" operations are   outstanding on the same or different JSON-RPC sessions.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 15]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20134.1.4.  Cancel   The "cancel" method is a JSON-RPC notification, i.e., no matching   response is provided.  It instructs the database server to   immediately complete or cancel the "transact" request whose "id" is   the same as the notification's "params" value.  The notification   object has the following members:   o  "method": "cancel"   o  "params": [the "id" for an outstanding request]   o  "id": null   If the "transact" request can be completed immediately, then the   server sends a response in the form described for "transact"   (Section 4.1.3).  Otherwise, the server sends a JSON-RPC error   response of the following form:   o  "result": null   o  "error": "canceled"   o  "id": the "id" member of the canceled request.   The "cancel" notification itself has no reply.4.1.5.  Monitor   The "monitor" request enables a client to replicate tables or subsets   of tables within an OVSDB database by requesting notifications of   changes to those tables and by receiving the complete initial state   of a table or a subset of a table.  The request object has the   following members:   o  "method": "monitor"   o  "params": [<db-name>, <json-value>, <monitor-requests>]   o  "id": <nonnull-json-value>   The <json-value> parameter is used to match subsequent update   notifications (see below) to this request.  The <monitor-requests>   object maps the name of the table to be monitored to an array of   <monitor-request> objects.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 16]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   Each <monitor-request> is an object with the following members:       "columns": [<column>*]            optional       "select": <monitor-select>        optional   The columns, if present, define the columns within the table to be   monitored. <monitor-select> is an object with the following members:       "initial": <boolean>              optional       "insert": <boolean>               optional       "delete": <boolean>               optional       "modify": <boolean>               optional   The contents of this object specify how the columns or table are to   be monitored, as explained in more detail below.   The response object has the following members:   o  "result": <table-updates>   o  "error": null   o  "id": same "id" as request   The <table-updates> object is described in detail inSection 4.1.6.   It contains the contents of the tables for which "initial" rows are   selected.  If no tables' initial contents are requested, then   "result" is an empty object.   Subsequently, when changes to the specified tables are committed, the   changes are automatically sent to the client using the "update"   monitor notification (seeSection 4.1.6).  This monitoring persists   until the JSON-RPC session terminates or until the client sends a   "monitor_cancel" JSON-RPC request.   Each <monitor-request> specifies one or more columns and the manner   in which the columns (or the entire table) are to be monitored.  The   "columns" member specifies the columns whose values are monitored.   It MUST NOT contain duplicates.  If "columns" is omitted, all columns   in the table, except for "_uuid", are monitored.  The circumstances   in which an "update" notification is sent for a row within the table   are determined by <monitor-select>:   o  If "initial" is omitted or true, every row in the table is sent as      part of the response to the "monitor" request.   o  If "insert" is omitted or true, "update" notifications are sent      for rows newly inserted into the table.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 17]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   o  If "delete" is omitted or true, "update" notifications are sent      for rows deleted from the table.   o  If "modify" is omitted or true, "update" notifications are sent      whenever a row in the table is modified.   If there is more than one <monitor-request> in an array, then each   <monitor-request> in the array should specify both "columns" and   "select", and the "columns" MUST be non-overlapping sets.4.1.6.  Update Notification   The "update" notification is sent by the server to the client to   report changes in tables that are being monitored following a   "monitor" request as described above.  The notification has the   following members:   o  "method": "update"   o  "params": [<json-value>, <table-updates>]   o  "id": null   The <json-value> in "params" is the same as the value passed as the   <json-value> in "params" for the corresponding "monitor" request.   <table-updates> is an object that maps from a table name to a   <table-update>.  A <table-update> is an object that maps from the   row's UUID to a <row-update> object.  A <row-update> is an object   with the following members:    "old": <row>   present for "delete" and "modify" updates    "new": <row>   present for "initial", "insert", and "modify" updates   The format of <row> is described inSection 5.1.   Each table in which one or more rows has changed (or whose initial   view is being presented) is represented in <table-updates>.  Each row   that has changed (or whose initial view is being presented) is   represented in its <table-update> as a member with its name taken   from the row's "_uuid" member.  The corresponding value is a   <row-update>:   o  The "old" member is present for "delete" and "modify" updates.      For "delete" updates, each monitored column is included.  For      "modify" updates, the prior value of each monitored column whose      value has changed is included (monitored columns that have not      changed are represented in "new").Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 18]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   o  The "new" member is present for "initial", "insert", and "modify"      updates.  For "initial" and "insert" updates, each monitored      column is included.  For "modify" updates, the new value of each      monitored column is included.   Note that initial views of rows are not presented in update   notifications, but in the response object to the monitor request.   The formatting of the <table-updates> object, however, is the same in   either case.4.1.7.  Monitor Cancellation   The "monitor_cancel" request cancels a previously issued monitor   request.  The request object members are:   o  "method": "monitor_cancel"   o  "params": [<json-value>]   o  "id": <nonnull-json-value>   The <json-value> in "params" matches the <json-value> in "params" for   the ongoing "monitor" request that is to be canceled.  No more   "update" messages will be sent for this table monitor.  The response   to this request has the following members:   o  "result": {}   o  "error": null   o  "id": the request "id" member   In the event that a monitor cancellation request refers to an unknown   monitor request, an error response with the following members is   returned:   o  "result": null   o  "error": "unknown monitor"   o  "id": the request "id" member4.1.8.  Lock Operations   Three RPC methods, "lock", "steal", and "unlock", provide support to   clients to perform locking operations on the database.  The database   server supports an arbitrary number of locks, each of which is   identified by a client-defined ID.  At any given time, each lock mayPfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 19]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   have at most one owner.  The precise usage of a lock is determined by   the client.  For example, a set of clients may agree that a certain   table can only be written by the owner of a certain lock.  OVSDB   itself does not enforce any restrictions on how locks are used -- it   simply ensures that a lock has at most one owner.   The RPC request objects have the following members:   o  "method": "lock", "steal", or "unlock"   o  "params": [<id>]   o  "id": <nonnull-json-value>   The response depends on the request and has the following members:   o  "result": {"locked": boolean} for "lock"   o  "result": {"locked": true} for "steal"   o  "result": {} for "unlock"   o  "error": null   o  "id": same "id" as request   The three methods operate as follows:   o  "lock": The database will assign this client ownership of the lock      as soon as it becomes available.  When multiple clients request      the same lock, they will receive it in first-come, first-served      order.   o  "steal": The database immediately assigns this client ownership of      the lock.  If there is an existing owner, it loses ownership.   o  "unlock": If the client owns the lock, this operation releases it.      If the client has requested ownership of the lock, this cancels      the request.      (Closing or otherwise disconnecting a database client connection      unlocks all of its locks.)   For any given lock, the client MUST alternate "lock" or "steal"   operations with "unlock" operations.  That is, if the previous   operation on a lock was "lock" or "steal", it MUST be followed by an   "unlock" operation, and vice versa.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 20]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   For a "lock" operation, the "locked" member in the response object is   true if the lock has already been acquired and false if another   client holds the lock and the client's request for it was queued.  In   the latter case, the client will be notified later with a "locked"   message (Section 4.1.9) when acquisition succeeds.   These requests complete and send a response quickly, without waiting.   The "locked" and "stolen" notifications (see below) report   asynchronous changes to ownership.   Note that the scope of a lock is a database server, not a database   hosted by that server.  A client may choose to implement a naming   convention, such as "<db-name>__<lock-name>", which can effectively   limit the scope of a lock to a particular database.4.1.9.  Locked Notification   The "locked" notification is provided to notify a client that it has   been granted a lock that it had previously requested with the "lock"   method described above.  The notification has the following members:   o  "method": "locked"   o  "params": [<id>]   o  "id": null   "Params" contains the name of the lock that was given in the "lock"   request.  The notified client now owns the lock named in "params".   The database server sends this notification after the reply to the   corresponding "lock" request (but only if the "locked" member of the   response was false) and before the reply to the client's subsequent   "unlock" request.4.1.10.  Stolen Notification   The "stolen" notification is provided to notify a client, which had   previously obtained a lock, that another client has stolen ownership   of that lock.  The notification has the following members:   o  "method": "stolen"   o  "params": [<id>]   o  "id": nullPfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 21]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   The notified client no longer owns the lock named in "params".  The   client MUST still issue an "unlock" request before performing any   subsequent "lock" or "steal" operation on the lock.   If the client originally obtained the lock through a "lock" request,   then it will automatically regain the lock later after the client   that stole it releases it.  (The database server will send the client   a "locked" notification at that point to let it know.)   If the client originally obtained the lock through a "steal" request,   the database server won't automatically reassign it ownership of the   lock when it later becomes available.  To regain ownership, the   client must "unlock" and then "lock" or "steal" the lock again.4.1.11.  Echo   The "echo" method can be used by both clients and servers to verify   the liveness of a database connection.  It MUST be implemented by   both clients and servers.  The members of the request are:   o  "method": "echo"   o  "params": JSON array with any contents   o  "id": <json-value>   The response object has the following members:   o  "result": same as "params"   o  "error": null   o  "id": the request "id" member5.  Database Operations   This section describes the operations that may be specified in the   "transact" method described inSection 4.1.3.5.1.  Notation   We introduce the following notation for the discussion of operations.    <db-name>      An <id> that names a database.  The valid <db-name>s can be      obtained using a "list_dbs" request.  The <db-name> is taken from      the "name" member of <database-schema>.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 22]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   <table>      An <id> that names a table.   <column>      An <id> that names a table column.   <row>      A JSON object that describes a table row or a subset of a table      row.  Each member is the name of a table column paired with the      <value> of that column.   <value>      A JSON value that represents the value of a column in a table row,      one of <atom>, <set>, or <map>.   <atom>      A JSON value that represents a scalar value for a column, one of      <string>, <number>, <boolean>, <uuid>, or <named-uuid>.   <set>      Either an <atom>, representing a set with exactly one element, or      a 2-element JSON array that represents a database set value.  The      first element of the array must be the string "set", and the      second element must be an array of zero or more <atom>s giving the      values in the set.  All of the <atom>s must have the same type.   <map>      A 2-element JSON array that represents a database map value.  The      first element of the array must be the string "map", and the      second element must be an array of zero or more <pair>s giving the      values in the map.  All of the <pair>s must have the same key and      value types.      (JSON objects are not used to represent <map> because JSON only      allows string names in an object.)   <pair>      A 2-element JSON array that represents a pair within a database      map.  The first element is an <atom> that represents the key, and      the second element is an <atom> that represents the value.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 23]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   <uuid>      A 2-element JSON array that represents a UUID.  The first element      of the array must be the string "uuid", and the second element      must be a 36-character string giving the UUID in the format      described byRFC 4122 [RFC4122].  For example, the following      <uuid> represents the UUID 550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000:      ["uuid", "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"]   <named-uuid>      A 2-element JSON array that represents the UUID of a row inserted      in an "insert" operation within the same transaction.  The first      element of the array must be the string "named-uuid", and the      second element should be the <id> specified as the "uuid-name" for      an "insert" operation within the same transaction.  For example,      if an "insert" operation within this transaction specifies a      "uuid-name" of "myrow", the following <named-uuid> represents the      UUID created by that operation:      ["named-uuid", "myrow"]      A <named-uuid> may be used anywhere a <uuid> is valid.  This      enables a single transaction to both insert a new row and then      refer to that row using the "uuid-name" that was associated with      that row when it was inserted.  Note that the "uuid-name" is only      meaningful within the scope of a single transaction.   <condition>      A 3-element JSON array of the form [<column>, <function>, <value>]      that represents a test on a column value.  Except as otherwise      specified below, <value> MUST have the same type as <column>.  The      meaning depends on the type of <column>:      integer or real         <function> must be "<", "<=", "==", "!=", ">=", ">",         "includes", or "excludes".         The test is true if the column's value satisfies the relation         <function> <value>, e.g., if the column has value 1 and <value>         is 2, the test is true if <function> is "<", "<=", or "!=", but         not otherwise.         "includes" is equivalent to "=="; "excludes" is equivalent to         "!=".Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 24]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013      boolean or string or uuid         <function> must be "!=", "==", "includes", or "excludes".         If <function> is "==" or "includes", the test is true if the         column's value equals <value>.  If <function> is "!=" or         "excludes", the test is inverted.      set or map         <function> must be "!=", "==", "includes", or "excludes".         If <function> is "==", the test is true if the column's value         contains exactly the same values (for sets) or pairs (for         maps).  If <function> is "!=", the test is inverted.         If <function> is "includes", the test is true if the column's         value contains all of the values (for sets) or pairs (for maps)         in <value>.  The column's value may also contain other values         or pairs.         If <function> is "excludes", the test is true if the column's         value does not contain any of the values (for sets) or pairs         (for maps) in <value>.  The column's value may contain other         values or pairs not in <value>.         If <function> is "includes" or "excludes", then the required         type of <value> is slightly relaxed, in that it may have fewer         than the minimum number of elements specified by the column's         type.  If <function> is "excludes", then the required type is         additionally relaxed in that <value> may have more than the         maximum number of elements specified by the column's type.   <function>      One of "<", "<=", "==", "!=", ">=", ">", "includes", or      "excludes".   <mutation>      A 3-element JSON array of the form [<column>, <mutator>, <value>]      that represents a change to a column value.  Except as otherwise      specified below, <value> must have the same type as <column>.  The      meaning depends on the type of <column>:      integer or real         <mutator> must be "+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", or (integer only)         "%=".  The value of <column> is changed to the sum, difference,         product, quotient, or remainder, respectively, of <column> and         <value>.         Constraints on <column> are ignored when parsing <value>.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 25]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013      boolean, string, or uuid         No valid <mutator>s are currently defined for these types.      set         Any <mutator> valid for the set's element type may be applied         to the set, in which case the mutation is applied to each         member of the set individually. <value> must be a scalar value         of the same type as the set's element type, except that         constraints are ignored when parsing <value>.         If <mutator> is "insert", then each of the values in the set in         <value> is added to <column> if it is not already present.  The         required type of <value> is slightly relaxed, in that it may         have fewer than the minimum number of elements specified by the         column's type.         If <mutator> is "delete", then each of the values in the set in         <value> is removed from <column> if it is present there.  The         required type is slightly relaxed in that <value> may have more         or less than the maximum number of elements specified by the         column's type.      map         <mutator> must be "insert" or "delete".         If <mutator> is "insert", then each of the key-value pairs in         the map in <value> is added to <column> only if its key is not         already present.  The required type of <value> is slightly         relaxed, in that it may have fewer than the minimum number of         elements specified by the column's type.         If <mutator> is "delete", then <value> may have the same type         as <column> (a map type), or it may be a set whose element type         is the same as <column>'s key type:         +  If <value> is a map, the mutation deletes each key-value            pair in <column> whose key and value equal one of the key-            value pairs in <value>.         +  If <value> is a set, the mutation deletes each key-value            pair in <column> whose key equals one of the values in            <value>.         For "delete", <value> may have any number of elements,         regardless of restrictions on the number of elements in         <column>.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 26]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   <mutator>      One of "+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "%=", "insert", or "delete".5.2.  Operations   The operations that may be performed as part of a "transact" RPC   request (seeSection 4.1.3) are described in the following   subsections.  Each of these operations is a JSON object that may be   included as one of the elements of the "params" array that is one of   the elements of the "transact" request.  The details of each object,   its semantics, results, and possible errors are described below.5.2.1.  Insert   The "insert" object contains the following members:      "op": "insert"          required      "table": <table>        required      "row": <row>            required      "uuid-name": <id>       optional   The corresponding result object contains the following member:      "uuid": <uuid>   The operation inserts "row" into "table".  If "row" does not specify   values for all the columns in "table", those columns receive default   values.  The default value for a column depends on its type.  The   default for a column whose <type> specifies a "min" of 0 is an empty   set or empty map.  Otherwise, the default is a single value or a   single key-value pair, whose value(s) depend on its <atomic-type>:   o  "integer" or "real": 0   o  "boolean": false   o  "string": "" (the empty string)   o  "uuid": 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000   The new row receives a new, randomly generated UUID.  If "uuid-name"   is supplied, then it is an error if <id> is not unique among the   "uuid-name"s supplied on all the "insert" operations within this   transaction.  The UUID for the new row is returned as the "uuid"   member of the result.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 27]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   The errors that may be returned are as follows:   "error": "duplicate uuid-name"      The same "uuid-name" appears on another "insert" operation within      this transaction.   "error": "constraint violation"      One of the values in "row" does not satisfy the immediate      constraints for its column's <base-type>.  This error will occur      for columns that are not explicitly set by "row" if the default      value does not satisfy the column's constraints.5.2.2.  Select   The "select" object contains the following members:      "op": "select"                required      "table": <table>              required      "where": [<condition>*]       required      "columns": [<column>*]        optional   The corresponding result object contains the following member:      "rows": [<row>*]   The operation searches "table" for rows that match all the conditions   specified in "where".  If "where" is an empty array, every row in   "table" is selected.   The "rows" member of the result is an array of objects.  Each object   corresponds to a matching row, with each column specified in   "columns" as a member, the column's name as the member name, and its   value as the member value.  If "columns" is not specified, all the   table's columns are included (including the internally generated   "_uuid" and "_version" columns).  If two rows of the result have the   same values for all included columns, only one copy of that row is   included in "rows".  Specifying "_uuid" within "columns" will avoid   dropping duplicates, since every row has a unique UUID.   The ordering of rows within "rows" is unspecified.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 28]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20135.2.3.  Update   The "update" object contains the following members:      "op": "update"                required      "table": <table>              required      "where": [<condition>*]       required      "row": <row>                  required   The corresponding result object contains the following member:      "count": <integer>   The operation updates rows in a table.  It searches "table" for rows   that match all the conditions specified in "where".  For each   matching row, it changes the value of each column specified in "row"   to the value for that column specified in "row".  The "_uuid" and   "_version" columns of a table may not be directly updated with this   operation.  Columns designated read-only in the schema also may not   be updated.   The "count" member of the result specifies the number of rows that   matched.   The error that may be returned is:   "error": "constraint violation"      One of the values in "row" does not satisfy the immediate      constraints for its column's <base-type>.5.2.4.  Mutate   The "mutate" object contains the following members:      "op":  "mutate"               required      "table": <table>              required      "where": [<condition>*]       required      "mutations": [<mutation>*]    required   The corresponding result object contains the following member:      "count": <integer>   The operation mutates rows in a table.  It searches "table" for rows   that match all the conditions specified in "where".  For each   matching row, it mutates its columns as specified by each <mutation>   in "mutations", in the order specified.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 29]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   The "_uuid" and "_version" columns of a table may not be directly   modified with this operation.  Columns designated read-only in the   schema also may not be updated.   The "count" member of the result specifies the number of rows that   matched.   The errors that may be returned are:   "error":  "domain error"      The result of the mutation is not mathematically defined, e.g.,      division by zero.   "error":  "range error"      The result of the mutation is not representable within the      database's format, e.g., an integer result outside the range      INT64_MIN...INT64_MAX or a real result outside the range      -DBL_MAX...DBL_MAX.   "error": "constraint violation"      The mutation caused the column's value to violate a constraint,      e.g., it caused a column to have more or fewer values than are      allowed, an arithmetic operation caused a set or map to have      duplicate elements, or it violated a constraint specified by a      column's <base-type>.5.2.5.  Delete   The "delete" object contains the following members:      "op":  "delete"               required      "table": <table>              required      "where": [<condition>*]       required   The corresponding result object contains the following member:      "count": <integer>   The operation deletes all the rows from "table" that match all the   conditions specified in "where".  The "count" member of the result   specifies the number of deleted rows.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 30]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20135.2.6.  Wait   The "wait" object contains the following members:      "op": "wait"                        required      "timeout": <integer>                optional      "table": <table>                    required      "where": [<condition>*]             required      "columns": [<column>*]              required      "until": "==" or "!="               required      "rows": [<row>*]                    required   There is no corresponding result object.   The operation waits until a condition becomes true.   If "until" is "==", it checks whether the query on "table" specified   by "where" and "columns", which is evaluated in the same way as   specified for "select", returns the result set specified by "rows".   If it does, then the operation completes successfully.  Otherwise,   the entire transaction rolls back.  It is automatically restarted   later, after a change in the database makes it possible for the   operation to succeed.  The client will not receive a response until   the operation permanently succeeds or fails.   If "until" is "!=", the sense of the test is negated.  That is, as   long as the query on "table" specified by "where" and "columns"   returns "rows", the transaction will be rolled back and restarted   later.   If "timeout" is specified, then the transaction aborts after the   specified number of milliseconds.  The transaction is guaranteed to   be attempted at least once before it aborts.  A "timeout" of 0 will   abort the transaction on the first mismatch.   The error that may be returned is:   "error":  "timed out"      The "timeout" was reached before the transaction was able to      complete.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 31]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 20135.2.7.  Commit   The "commit" object contains the following members:      "op": "commit"                      required      "durable": <boolean>                required   There is no corresponding result object.   If "durable" is specified as true, then the transaction, if it   commits, will be stored durably (to disk) before the reply is sent to   the client.  This operation with "durable" set to false is   effectively a no-op.   The error that may be returned is:   "error": "not supported"      When "durable" is true, this database implementation does not      support durable commits.5.2.8.  Abort   The "abort" object contains the following member:      "op":  "abort"                      required   There is no corresponding result object (the operation never   succeeds).   The operation aborts the entire transaction with an error.  This may   be useful for testing.   The error that will be returned is:   "error": "aborted"      This operation always fails with this error.5.2.9.  Comment   The "comment" object contains the following members:      "op": "comment"                    required      "comment": <string>                required   There is no corresponding result object.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 32]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   The operation provides information to a database administrator on the   purpose of a transaction.  The ovsdb-server implementation, for   example, adds comments in transactions that modify the database to   the database journal.  This can be helpful in debugging, e.g., when   there are multiple clients writing to a database.  An example of this   can be seen in the ovs-vsctl tool, a command line tool that interacts   with ovsdb-server.  When performing operations on the database, it   includes the command that was invoked (e.g., "ovs-vsctl add-br br0")   as a comment in the transaction, which can then be seen in the   journal alongside the changes that were made to the tables in the   database.5.2.10.  Assert   The assert object contains the following members:      "op": "assert"                     required      "lock": <id>                       required   Result object has no members.   The assert operation causes the transaction to be aborted if the   client does not own the lock named <id>.   The error that may be returned is:   "error": "not owner"      The client does not own the named lock.6.  IANA Considerations   IANA has assigned TCP port 6640 for this protocol.  Earlier   implementations of OVSDB used another port number, but compliant   implementations should use the IANA-assigned number.   IANA has updated the reference for port 6640 to point to this   document.7.  Security Considerations   The main security issue that needs to be addressed for the OVSDB   protocol is the authentication, integrity, and privacy of   communications between a client and server implementing this   protocol.  To provide such protection, an OVSDB connection SHOULD be   secured using Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246].  The precise   details of how clients and servers authenticate each other is highly   dependent on the operating environment.  It is often the case thatPfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 33]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013   OVSDB clients and servers operate in a tightly controlled   environment, e.g., on machines in a single data center where they   communicate on an isolated management network.8.  Acknowledgements   Thanks to Jeremy Stribling and Justin Pettit for their helpful input   to this document.9.  References9.1.  Normative References   [DCE]        "DCE: Remote Procedure Call", Open Group CAE                Specification C309, ISBN 1-85912-041-5, August 1994.   [JSON-RPC]   "JSON-RPC Specification, Version 1.0",                <http://json-rpc.org/wiki/specification>.   [RFC2119]    Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate                Requirement Levels",BCP 14,RFC 2119, March 1997.   [RFC4122]    Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally                Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace",RFC 4122,                July 2005.   [RFC4627]    Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for                JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)",RFC 4627, July 2006.   [RFC5246]    Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer                Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2",RFC 5246,                August 2008.9.2.  Informative References   [DB-SCHEMA]  "Open vSwitch Database Schema",                <http://openvswitch.org/ovs-vswitchd.conf.db.5.pdf>.   [OF-SPEC]    Open Networking Foundation, "OpenFlow Switch                Specification, version 1.3.3", October 2013,                <https://www.opennetworking.org>.   [OVS]        "Open vSwitch", <http://openvswitch.org/>.Pfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 34]

RFC 7047                OVSDB Management Protocol          December 2013Authors' Addresses   Ben Pfaff   VMware, Inc.   3401 Hillview Ave.   Palo Alto, CA  94304   USA   EMail: blp@nicira.com   Bruce Davie (editor)   VMware, Inc.   3401 Hillview Ave.   Palo Alto, CA  94304   USA   EMail: bsd@nicira.comPfaff & Davie                 Informational                    [Page 35]

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