| RFC 9575 | DRIP Auth Formats | June 2024 |
| Wiethuechter, et al. | Standards Track | [Page] |
The Drone Remote Identification Protocol (DRIP), plus trust policies and periodic access to registries, augments Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Remote Identification (RID), enabling local real-time assessment of trustworthiness of received RID messages and observed UAS, even by Observers lacking Internet access. This document defines DRIP message types and formats to be sent in Broadcast RID Authentication Messages to verify that attached and recently detached messages were signed by the registered owner of the DRIP Entity Tag (DET) claimed.¶
This is an Internet Standards Track document.¶
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.¶
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained athttps://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9575.¶
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
The initial regulations (e.g.,[FAA-14CFR]) and standards (e.g.,[F3411]) for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Remote Identification (RID) and tracking do not address trust. However, this is a requirement that needs to be addressed for various different parties that have a stake in the safe operation of National Airspace Systems (NAS). Drone Remote ID Protocol's (DRIP's) goal is to specify how RID can be made trustworthy and available in both Internet and local-only connected scenarios, especially in emergency situations.¶
UAS often operate in a volatile environment. A small Unmanned Aircraft (UA) offers little capacity for computation and communication. UAS RID must also be accessible with ubiquitous and inexpensive devices without modification. This limits options. Most current small UAS are Internet of Things (IoT) devices even if they are not typically thought of as such. Thus many IoT considerations apply here. Some DRIP work, currently strongly scoped to UAS RID, is likely to be applicable to some other IoT use cases.¶
Generally, two communication schemes for UAS RID are considered: Broadcast and Network. This document focuses on adding trust to Broadcast RID (Section 3.2 of [RFC9153] andSection 1.2.2 of [RFC9434]). As defined in[F3411] and outlined in[RFC9153] and[RFC9434], Broadcast RID is a one-way Radio Frequency (RF) transmission of Media Access Control (MAC) layer messages over Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.¶
Senders can make any claims the RID message formats allow. Observers have no standardized means to assess the trustworthiness of message content, nor verify whether the messages were sent by the UA identified therein, nor confirm that the UA identified therein is the one they are visually observing. Indeed, Observers have no way to detect whether the messages were sent by a UA or spoofed by some other transmitter (e.g., a laptop or smartphone) anywhere in direct wireless broadcast range. Authentication is the primary strategy for mitigating this issue.¶
ASTM[F3411] Authentication Messages (Message Type 0x2), when used with DET-based formats[RFC9374], enable a high level of trust that the content of other ASTM Messages was generated by their claimed registered source. These messages are designed to provide the Observers with trustworthy and immediately actionable information.Appendix A provides a high-level overview of the various states of trustworthiness that may be used along with these formats.¶
This authentication approach also provides some error correction (Section 5) as mandated by the United States (US) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)[FAA-14CFR], which is missing from[F3411] over Legacy Transports (Bluetooth 4.x).¶
These DRIP enhancements to ASTM's specification for RID and tracking[F3411] further support the important use case of Observers who may be offline at the time of observation.¶
Section 7 summarizes the DRIP requirements[RFC9153] addressed herein.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14[RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
This document makes use of the terms (CAA, Observer, USS, UTM, etc.) defined in[RFC9153]. Other terms (such as DIME) are from[RFC9434], while others (HI, DET, RAA, HDA, etc.) are from[RFC9374].¶
In addition, the following terms are defined for this document:¶
Note: For the remainder of this document,Broadcast Endorsement: Parent, Child will be abbreviated asBE: Parent, Child. For example,Broadcast Endorsement: RAA, HDA will be abbreviated asBE: RAA, HDA.¶
[F3411] defines Authentication Message framing only. It does not define authentication formats or methods. It explicitly anticipates several signature options but does not fully define those. Annex A1 of[F3411] defines a Broadcast Authentication Verifier Service, which has a heavy reliance on Observer real-time connectivity to the Internet. Fortunately,[F3411] also allows third-party standard Authentication Types using the Type 0x5 Specific Authentication Method (SAM), several of which DRIP defines herein.¶
The standardization of specific formats to support the DRIP requirements in UAS RID for trustworthy communications over Broadcast RID is an important part of the chain of trust for a UAS ID. PerSection 5 of [RFC9434], Authentication formats are needed to relay information for Observers to determine trust. No existing formats (defined in[F3411] or other organizations leveraging this feature) provide functionality to satisfy this goal, resulting in the work reflected in this document.¶
Like most aviation matters, the overall objectives here are security and ultimately safety oriented. Since DRIP depends on DNS for some of its functions, DRIP usage of DNS needs to be protected per best security practices. Many participating nodes will have limited local processing power and/or poor, low-bandwidth QoS paths. Appropriate and feasible security techniques will be highly dependent on the UAS and Observer situation. Therefore, specification of particular DNS security options, transports, etc. is outside the scope of this document (see alsoSection 9.4).¶
In DRIP, ObserversMUST validate all signatures received. This requires that the Host Identity (HI) correspond to a DET[RFC9374]. HI'sMAY be retrieved from a local cache, if present. The local cache is pre-configured with well-known HIs (such as those of CAA DIMEs) and is further populated by received Broadcast Endorsements (BEs) (Section 3.1.2.1) and DNS lookups (when available).¶
The ObserverMUST perform a DNS query, when connectivity allows, to obtain a previously unknown HI. If a query cannot be performed, the messageSHOULD be cached by the Observer to be validated once the HI is obtained.¶
A more comprehensive specification of DRIP's use of DNS is out of scope for this document and can be found in[DRIP-REG].¶
For DRIP, two actions together provide a mechanism for an Observer to trust in UAS RID using Authentication Messages.¶
First is the transmission of an entire trust chain via Broadcast Endorsements (Section 3.1.2.1). This provides a hierarchy of DIMEs down to and including an individual UA's registration of a claimed DET and corresponding HI (public key). This alone cannot be trusted as having any relevance to the observed UA because replay attacks are trivial.¶
After an Observer has gathered such a complete key trust chain (from pre-configured cache entries, Broadcast Endorsements received over the air and/or DNS lookups) and verified all of its links, that device can trust that the claimed DET and corresponding public key are properly registered, but the UA has not yet been proven to possess the corresponding private key.¶
Second is for the UA to prove possession by dynamically signing data that is unique and unpredictable but easily verified by the Observer (Section 3.1.2.2). Verification of this signed dataMUST be performed by the Observer as part of the received UAS RID information trust assessment (Section 6.4.2).¶
Observers receive DRIP Link Authentication Messages (Section 4.2) containing Broadcast Endorsements by DIMEs of child DET registrations. A series of these Endorsements confirms a path through the hierarchy, defined in[DRIP-REG], from the DET Prefix Owner all the way to an individual UA DET registration.¶
To prove possession of the private key associated with the DET, the UAMUST sign and send data that is unique and unpredictable but easily validated by the Observer. The data can be an ASTM Message that fulfills the requirements to be unpredictable but easily validated. An Observer receives this UA-signed Evidence from DRIP-based Authentication Messages (Sections4.3 or4.4). The Observer must verify the signature (cryptographically, as specified inSection 3.1.1) and validate the signed content (via non-cryptographic means, as specified inSection 6.3).¶
Whether the content is true is a separate question that DRIP cannot address, but validation performed using observable and/or out-of-band data (Section 6) is possible and encouraged.¶
The Authentication Message (Message Type 0x2) is unique in the ASTM[F3411] Broadcast standard, as it is the only message that can be larger than the Legacy Transport size. To address this limitation around transport size, it is defined as a set of "pages", each of which fits into a single Legacy Transport frame. For Extended Transports, pages are still used but they are all in a single frame.¶
Informational Note: Message Pack (Message Type 0xF) is also larger than the Legacy Transport size but is limited for use only on Extended Transports where it can be supported.¶
The following subsections are a brief overview of the Authentication Message format defined in[F3411] for better context on how DRIP Authentication fills and uses various fields already defined by ASTM[F3411].¶
This document leverages Authentication Type 0x5 (Specific Authentication Method (SAM)) as the principal authentication container, defining a set of SAM Types inSection 4. Authentication Type is encoded in every Authentication Page in thePage Header. The SAM Type is defined as a field in theAuthentication Payload (seeSection 3.2.3).¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| Page Header | |+---------------+ || || || Authentication Payload || || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
(1 octet)¶
Authentication Type (4 bits) and Page Number (4 bits)¶
(23 octets per page)¶
Authentication Payload, including headers. Null padded. SeeSection 3.2.2.¶
The Authentication Message is structured as a set of pages perFigure 1. There is a technical maximum of 16 pages (indexed 0 to 15) that can be sent for a single Authentication Message, with each page carrying a maximum 23-octetAuthentication Payload. SeeSection 3.2.4 for more details. Over Legacy Transports, these messages are "fragmented", with each page sent in a separate Legacy Transport frame.¶
Either as a single Authentication Message or a set of fragmented Authentication Message Pages, the structure is further wrapped by outer ASTM framing and the specific link framing.¶
Figure 2 is the source data view of the data fields found in the Authentication Message as defined by[F3411]. This data is placed into theAuthentication Payload shown inFigure 1, which spans multipleAuthentication Pages.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| Authentication Headers || +---------------+---------------+| | |+---------------+---------------+ |. .. Authentication Data / Signature .. .| |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| ADL | |+---------------+ |. .. Additional Data .. .| |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
(6 octets)¶
(0 to 255 octets)¶
Opaque authentication data. The length of this payload is known through a field in theAuthentication Headers (defined in[F3411]).¶
(1 octet - unsigned)¶
Length in octets ofAdditional Data. The value ofADL is calculated as the minimum of361 - Authentication Data / Signature Length and255. Only present withAdditional Data.¶
(ADL octets)¶
Data that follows theAuthentication Data / Signature but is not considered part of theAuthentication Data, and thus is not covered by a signature. For DRIP, this field is used to carry Forward Error Correction (FEC) generated by transmitters and parsed by receivers as defined inSection 5.¶
Figure 3 is the general format to hold authentication data when using SAM and is placed inside theAuthentication Data / Signature field inFigure 2.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| SAM Type | |+---------------+ |. .. SAM Authentication Data .. .| |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
(1 octet)¶
The following SAM Types are allocated to DRIP:¶
| SAM Type | Description |
|---|---|
| 0x01 | DRIP Link (Section 4.2) |
| 0x02 | DRIP Wrapper (Section 4.3) |
| 0x03 | DRIP Manifest (Section 4.4) |
| 0x04 | DRIP Frame (Section 4.5) |
Note: ASTM International is the owner of these code points as they are defined in[F3411]. In accordance with Annex 5 of[F3411], the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has been selected by ASTM as the registrar to manage allocations of these code points. The list is available at[ASTM-Remote-ID].¶
A UA has the option to broadcast using Bluetooth (4.x and 5.x), Wi-Fi NAN, or IEEE 802.11 Beacon; seeSection 6. With Bluetooth, FAA and other Civil Aviation Authorities (CAA) mandate transmitting simultaneously over both 4.x and 5.x. The same application-layer information defined in[F3411]MUST be transmitted over all the physical-layer interfaces performing RID, because Observer transports may be limited. If an Observer can support multiple transports, it should use (display, report, etc.) the latest data regardless of the transport over which that data was received.¶
Bluetooth 4.x presents a payload-size challenge in that it can only transmit 25 octets of payload per frame, while other transports can support larger payloads per frame. As[F3411] message formats are the same for all media, and their framing was designed to fit within these legacy constraints, Extended Transports cannot send larger messages; instead, the Message Pack format encapsulates multiple messages (each of which fits within these legacy constraints).¶
By definition Extended Transports provide FEC, but Legacy Transports lack FEC. Thus over Legacy Transports, paged Authentication Messages may suffer the loss of one or more pages. This would result in delivery to the Observer application of incomplete (typically unusable) messages, so DRIP FEC (Section 5) is specified to enable recovery of a single lost page and thereby reduce the likelihood of receiving incompletely reconstructable Authentication Messages.Authentication Messages sent using Extended Transports do not suffer this issue, as the full message (all pages) is sent using a single Message Pack. Furthermore, the use of one-way RF broadcasts prohibits the use of any congestion-control or loss-recovery schemes that require ACKs or NACKs.¶
To keep consistent formatting across the different transports (Legacy and Extended) and their independent restrictions, the authentication data being sent isREQUIRED to fit within the page limit that the most constrained existing transport can support. Under Broadcast RID, the Extended Transport that can hold the least amount of authentication data is Bluetooth 5.x at 9 pages.¶
As such, DRIP transmitters areREQUIRED to adhere to the following when using the Authentication Message:¶
In ASTM[F3411], timestamps are a Unix-style timestamp with an epoch of2019-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. For DRIP, this format is adopted for Authentication to keep a common time format in Broadcast payloads.¶
Under DRIP, there are two timestamps defined:Valid Not Before (VNB) andValid Not After (VNA).¶
(4 octets)¶
Timestamp denoting the recommended time at which to start trusting data.MUST follow the format defined in[F3411] as described above.MUST be set no earlier than the time the signature (across a given structure) is generated.¶
(4 octets)¶
Timestamp denoting the recommended time at which to stop trusting data.MUST follow the format defined in[F3411] as described above. Has an offset (relative toVNB) to avoid replay attacks. The exact offset is not defined in this document. Best practice for identifying an acceptable offset should be used and should take into consideration the UA environment, propagation characteristics of the messages being sent, and clock differences between the UA and Observers. For UA signatures in scenarios typical as of 2024, a reasonable offset would be to setVNA approximately 2 minutes afterVNB; seeAppendix B for examples that may aid in tuning this value.¶
All formats defined in this section are contained in theAuthentication Data / Signature field inFigure 2 and use the Specific Authentication Method (SAM, Authentication Type 0x5). The first octet of theAuthentication Data / Signature ofFigure 2 is used to multiplex among these various formats.¶
When sending data over a medium that does not have underlying FEC, for example Legacy Transports, then FEC (perSection 5)MUST be used.¶
Examples of Link, Wrapper, and Manifest are shown as part of an operational schedule inAppendix B.2.1.¶
TheUA-Signed Evidence Structure (Figure 4) is used by the UA during flight to sign over information elements using the private key associated with the current UA DET. It is encapsulated by theSAM Authentication Data field ofFigure 3.¶
This structure is used by the DRIP Wrapper (Section 4.3), Manifest (Section 4.4), and Frame (Section 4.5). DRIP Link (Section 4.2)MUST NOT use it, as it will not fit in the ASTM Authentication Message with its intended content (i.e., a Broadcast Endorsement).¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| VNB Timestamp by UA |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| VNA Timestamp by UA |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| |. .. Evidence .. .| |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || UA || DRIP Entity Tag || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || || || || || || || UA Signature || || || || || || || || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
(4 octets)¶
SeeSection 3.2.4.3. Set by the UA.¶
(4 octets)¶
SeeSection 3.2.4.3. Set by the UA.¶
(0 to 112 octets)¶
TheEvidence fieldMUST be filled in with data in the form of an opaque object specified in the DRIP Wrapper (Section 4.3), Manifest (Section 4.4), or Frame (Section 4.5).¶
(16 octets)¶
This is a DET[RFC9374] currently being used by the UA for authentication; it is assumed to be a Specific Session ID (a type of UAS ID typically also used by the UA in the Basic ID Message).¶
(64 octets)¶
Signature over the concatenation of preceding fields (VNB,VNA,Evidence, andUA DET) using the keypair of the UA DET. The signature algorithm is specified by the Hierarchical Host Identity Tags (HHIT) Suite ID of the DET.¶
When using this structure, the UA is minimally self-endorsing its DET. The HI of the UA DET can be looked up by mechanisms described in[DRIP-REG] or by extracting it from a Broadcast Endorsement (see Sections4.2 and6.3).¶
This SAM Type (Figure 5) is used to transmit Broadcast Endorsements. For example, theBE: HDA, UA is sent (seeSection 6.3) as a DRIP Link message.¶
DRIP Link is important as its contents are used to provide trust in the DET/HI pair that the UA is currently broadcasting. This message does not require Internet connectivity to perform signature verification of the contents when the DIME DET/HI is in the Observer's cache. It also provides the UA HI, when it is filled with aBE: HDA, UA, so that connectivity is not required when performing signature verification of other DRIP Authentication Messages.¶
Various Broadcast Endorsements are sent during each UAS flight operation to ensure that the full Broadcast Endorsement chain is available offline.SeeSection 6.3 for further details.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| VNB Timestamp by Parent |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| VNA Timestamp by Parent |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || DET || of Child || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || || || HI of Child || || || || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || DET || of Parent || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || || || || || || || Signature by Parent || || || || || || || || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
(4 octets)¶
SeeSection 3.2.4.3. Set by Parent Entity.¶
(4 octets)¶
SeeSection 3.2.4.3. Set by Parent Entity.¶
(16 octets)¶
DRIP Entity Tag of Child Entity.¶
(32 octets)¶
Host Identity of Child Entity.¶
(16 octets)¶
DRIP Entity Tag of Parent Entity in DIME Hierarchy.¶
(64 octets)¶
Signature over concatenation of preceding fields (VNB,VNA,DET of Child,HI of Child, andDET of Parent) using the keypair of the Parent DET.¶
This DRIP Authentication Message is used in conjunction with other DRIP SAM Types (such as the Manifest or the Wrapper) that contain data (e.g., the ASTM Location/Vector Message, Message Type 0x2) that is guaranteed to be unique, unpredictable, and easily cross-checked by the receiving device.¶
A hash of the final link (BE: HDA on UA) in the Broadcast Endorsement chainMUST be included in each DRIP Manifest (Section 4.4).¶
Note: The Endorsement that proves a DET is registeredMUST come from its immediate parent in the registration hierarchy, e.g., a DRIP Identity Management Entity (DIME)[DRIP-REG]. In the definitive hierarchy, the parent of the UA is its HHIT Domain Authority (HDA), the parent of an HDA is its Registered AssigningAuthority (RAA), etc. It is also assumed that all DRIP-aware entities use a DET as their identifier during interactions with other DRIP-aware entities.¶
This SAM Type is used to wrap and sign over a list of other[F3411] Broadcast RID messages.¶
TheEvidence field of theUA-Signed Evidence Structure (Section 4.1) is populated with up to four ASTM Messages[F3411] in a contiguous octet sequence. Only ASTM Message Types 0x0, 0x1, 0x3, 0x4, and 0x5 are allowed and must be in Message Type order as defined by[F3411]. These messagesMUST include the Message Type and Protocol Version octet andMUST NOT include the Message Counter octet (thus are fixed at 25 octets in length).¶
When decoding a DRIP Wrapper on a receiver, a calculation of the number of messages wrapped and a validationMUST be performed by using the number of octets (defined aswrapperLength) between theVNA Timestamp by UA and theUA DET as shown inFigure 6.¶
<CODE BEGINS>if (wrapperLength MOD 25) != 0 { return DECODE_FAILURE;}wrappedCount = wrapperLength / 25;if (wrappedCount == 0) { // DECODE_SUCCESS; treat as DRIP Wrapper over extended transport}else if (wrappedCount > 4) { return DECODE_FAILURE;} else { // DECODE_SUCCESS; treat as standard DRIP Wrapper}<CODE ENDS>When using Extended Transports, an optimization to DRIP Wrapper can be made to sign over co-located data in an ASTM Message Pack (Message Type 0xF).¶
To perform this optimization, theUA-Signed Evidence Structure is filled with the ASTM Messages to be in the ASTM Message Pack, the signature is generated, and then theEvidence field is cleared, leaving the encoded form shown inFigure 7.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| VNB Timestamp by UA |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| VNA Timestamp by UA |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || UA || DRIP Entity Tag || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| || || || || || || || UA Signature || || || || || || || || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
To verify the signature, the receiverMUST concatenate all the messages in the Message Pack (excluding the Authentication Message found in the same Message Pack) in ASTM Message Type order and set theEvidence field of theUA-Signed Evidence Structure before performing signature verification.¶
The functionality of a Wrapper in this form is equivalent to Message Set Signature (Authentication Type 0x3) when running over Extended Transports. The Wrapper provides the same format but over both Extended and Legacy Transports, which allows the transports to be similar. Message Set Signature also implies using the ASTM validator system architecture, which depends on Internet connectivity for verification that the receiver may not have at the time an Authentication Message is received. This is something the Wrapper, and all DRIP Authentication Formats, avoid when the UA key is obtained via a DRIP Link Authentication Message.¶
The primary limitation of the Wrapper is the bounding of up to four ASTM Messages that can be sent within it. Another limitation is that the format cannot be used as a surrogate for messages it is wrapping due to the potential that an Observer on the ground does not support DRIP. Thus, when a Wrapper is being used, the wrapped data must effectively be sent twice, once as a single-framed message (as specified in[F3411]) and again within the Wrapper.¶
This SAM Type is used to create message manifests that contain hashes of previously sent ASTM Messages.¶
By hashing previously sent messages and signing them, we gain trust in a UA's previous reports without retransmitting them. This is a way to evade the limitation of a maximum of four messages in the Wrapper (Section 4.3.3) and greatly reduce overhead.¶
ObserversMUST hash all received ASTM Messages and cross-check them against hashes in received Manifests.¶
Judicious use of a Manifest enables an entire Broadcast RID message stream to be strongly authenticated with less than 100% overhead relative to a completely unauthenticated message stream (seeSection 6.3 andAppendix B).¶
TheEvidence field of theUA-Signed Evidence Structure (Section 4.1) is populated with 8-octet hashes of[F3411] Broadcast RID messages (up to 11) and three special hashes (Section 4.4.2). All of these hashesMUST be concatenated to form a contiguous octet sequence in theEvidence field. It isRECOMMENDED that the maximum number of ASTM Message Hashes used be 10 (seeAppendix B.1.1.2).¶
ThePrevious Manifest Hash,Current Manifest Hash, andDRIP Link (BE: HDA, UA) HashMUST always come before theASTM Message Hashes as seen inFigure 8.¶
An ObserverMUST use the Manifest to verify each ASTM Message hashed therein that it has previously received. It can do this without having received them all. A ManifestSHOULD typically encompass a single transmission cycle of messages being sent; seeSection 6.4 andAppendix B.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| Previous Manifest || Hash |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| Current Manifest || Hash |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| DRIP Link (BE: HDA, UA) || Hash |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| |. .. ASTM Message Hashes .. .| |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
(8 octets)¶
Hash of the previously sent Manifest Message.¶
(8 octets)¶
Hash of the current Manifest Message.¶
(8 octets)¶
Hash of the DRIP Link Authentication Message carryingBE: HDA, UA (seeSection 4.2).¶
(8 octets)¶
Hash of a single full ASTM Message using hash operations described inSection 4.4.3.¶
When decoding a DRIP Manifest on a receiver, a calculation of the number of hashes and a validation can be performed by using the number of octets between theUA DET and theVNB Timestamp by UA (defined asmanifestLength) such as shown inFigure 9.¶
<CODE BEGINS>if (manifestLength MOD 8) != 0 { return DECODE_FAILURE}hashCount = (manifestLength / 8) - 3;<CODE ENDS>The following three special hashes are included in all Manifests:¶
The Previous and Current hashes act as a ledger of provenance for the Manifest chain, which should be traced back if the Observer and UA were within Broadcast RID wireless range of each other for an extended period of time.¶
TheDRIP Link (BE: HDA, UA) is included so there is a direct signature by the UA over the Broadcast Endorsement (seeSection 4.2). Typical operation would expect that the list ofASTM Message Hashes contain nonce-like data. To enforce a binding between theBE: HDA, UA and avoid trivial replay attack vectors (seeSection 9.1), at least oneASTM Message HashMUST be from an[F3411] message that satisfies the fourth requirement inSection 6.3. At least once per Observation Session, the Observer must process that message as specified inSection 6.3.¶
The hash algorithm used for the Manifest is the same hash algorithm used in creation of the DET[RFC9374] that is signing the Manifest. This is encoded as part of the DET using the HHIT Suite ID.¶
DETs that use cSHAKE128[NIST.SP.800-185] compute the hash as follows:¶
cSHAKE128(ASTM Message, 64, "", "Remote ID Auth Hash")¶
For ORCHID Generation Algorithms (OGAs) other than "5" (EdDSA/cSHAKE128)[RFC9374], use the construct appropriate for the associated hash. For example, the hash for "2" (ECDSA/SHA-384) is computed as follows:¶
Ltrunc( SHA-384( ASTM Message | "Remote ID Auth Hash" ), 8 )¶
When building a Manifest, this processMUST be followed:¶
ThePrevious Manifest Hash¶
Under this transport, DRIP hashes the full ASTM Message being sent over the Bluetooth Advertising frame. This is the 25-octet object that starts with the Message Type and Protocol Version octet along with the 24 octets of message data. The hashMUST NOT include the Message Counter octet.¶
For paged ASTM Messages (currently only Authentication Messages), all of the pages are concatenated together in Page Number order and hashed as one object.¶
Under this transport, DRIP hashes the full ASTM Message Pack (Message Type 0xF) regardless of its content. The hashMUST NOT include the Message Counter octet.¶
This SAM Type is defined to enable use of theUA-Signed Evidence Structure (Section 4.1) in the future beyond the previously defined formats (Wrapper and Manifest) by the inclusion of a single octet to signal the format ofEvidence data (up to 111 octets).¶
The content format ofFrame Evidence Data is not defined in this document. Other specificationsMUST define the contents and register for aFrame Type. At the time of publication (2024), there are no defined Frame Types; only an Experimental range has been defined.¶
ObserversMUST check the signature of the structure (Section 4.1) perSection 3.1.2.2 andMAY, if the specification ofFrame Type is known, parse the content inFrame Evidence Data.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| Frame Type | |+---------------+ .. Frame Evidence Data .. .| |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
(1 octet)¶
As shown inFigure 10, theFrame Type takes the first octet, which leaves 111 octets available forFrame Evidence Data. SeeSection 8.1 for Frame Type allocations.¶
For Broadcast RID, FEC is provided by the lower layers in Extended Transports. The Bluetooth 4.x Legacy Transport does not support FEC, so the following application-level scheme is used with DRIP Authentication to add some FEC. When sending data over a medium that does not have underlying FEC, for example Bluetooth 4.x, this sectionMUST be used.¶
The Bluetooth 4.x lower layers have error detection but not correction. Any frame in which Bluetooth detects an error is dropped and not delivered to higher layers (in our case, DRIP). Thus it can be treated as an erasure.¶
DRIP standardizes a single page FEC scheme using XOR parity across all page data of an Authentication Message. This allows the correction of a single erased page in an Authentication Message. If more than a single page is missing, then handling of an incomplete Authentication Message is determined by higher layers.¶
Other FEC schemes, to protect more than a single page of an Authentication Message or multiple[F3411] Messages, are left for future standardization if operational experience proves it necessary and/or practical.¶
The data added during FEC is not included in theAuthentication Data / Signature, but instead in theAdditional Data field ofFigure 2. This may cause the Authentication Message to exceed 9 pages, up to a maximum of 16 pages.¶
When encoding, two things areREQUIRED:¶
number of padding octets + number of parity octets.¶To generate the parity, a simple XOR operation using the previous parity page and current page is used. Only the 23-octetAuthentication Payload field ofFigure 1 is used in the XOR operations. For Page 0, a 23-octet null pad is used for the previous parity page.¶
Figure 11 shows an example of the last two pages (out of N) of an Authentication Message using DRIP Single Page FEC. TheAdditional Data Length is set to 33, as there are always 23 octets of FEC data and there are 10 octets of padding in this example to line it up into Page N.¶
Page N-1: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| Page Header | |+---------------+ || Authentication Data / Signature || || +---------------+---------------+---------------+| | ADL=33 | |+---------------+---------------+ || Null Padding || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+Page N: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+| Page Header | |+---------------+ || || Forward Error Correction || || || |+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
Frame decoding is independent of the transmit media. However, the decoding process can determine from the first Authentication Page that there may be a Bluetooth 4.x FEC page at the end. The decoding processMUST test for the presence of FEC and apply it as follows.¶
To determine if FEC has been used, a check of theLast Page Index is performed. In general, if theLast Page Index field is one greater than that necessary to holdLength octets of Authentication Data, then FEC has been used. Note that ifLength octets are exhausted exactly at the end of an Authentication Page, theAdditional Data Length field will occupy the first octet of the following page. The remainder of this page will be null padded under DRIP to align the FEC to its own page. In this case, theLast Page Index will have been incremented once for initializing theAdditional Data Length field and once for the FEC page, for a total of two additional pages, as in the last row ofTable 5.¶
To decode FEC in DRIP, a rolling XOR is used on eachAuthentication Page received in the current Authentication Message. A Message Counter, outside of the ASTM Message but specified in[F3411], is used to signal a different Authentication Message and to correlate pages to messages. This Message Counter is only a single octet in length, so it will roll over (to 0x00) after reaching its maximum value (0xFF). If only a single page is missing in the Authentication Message the resulting parity octets should be the data of the erased page.¶
Authentication Page 0 contains various important fields, only located on that page, that help decode the full ASTM Authentication Message. If Page 0 has been reconstructed, theLast Page Index andLength fieldsMUST be validated by DRIP. The pseudocode inFigure 12 can be used for both checks.¶
<CODE BEGINS>function decode_check(auth_pages[], decoded_lpi, decoded_length) { // check decoded_lpi does not exceed maximum value if (decoded_lpi >= 16) { return DECODE_FAILURE } // check that decoded length does not exceed DRIP maximum value if (decoded_length > 201) { return DECODE_FAILURE } // grab the page at index where length ends and extract its data auth_data = auth_pages[(decoded_length - 17) / 23].data // find the index of last auth byte last_auth_byte = (17 + (23 * last_auth_page)) - decoded_length // look for non-nulls after the last auth byte if (auth_data[(last_auth_byte + 2):] has non-nulls) { return DECODE_FAILURE } // check that byte directly after last auth byte is null if (auth_data[last_auth_byte + 1] equals null) { return DECODE_FAILURE } // we set our presumed Additional Data Length (ADL) presumed_adl = auth_data[last_auth_byte + 1] // use the presumed ADL to calculate a presumed //Last Page Index (LPI, a field defined in [F3411]) presumed_lpi = (presumed_adl + decoded_length - 17) / 23 // check that presumed LPI and decoded LPI match if (presumed_lpi not equal decoded_lpi) { return DECODE_FAILURE } return DECODE_SUCCESS}<CODE ENDS>The worst-case scenario is when theAuthentication Data / Signature ends perfectly on a page boundary (Page N-1). This means theAdditional Data Length would start the next page (Page N) and have 22 octets worth of null padding to align the FEC to begin at the start of the next page (Page N+1). In this scenario, an entire page (Page N) is being wasted just to carry theAdditional Data Length.¶
Under DRIP, the goal is to bring reliable receipt of the paged Authentication Message using Legacy Transports. FEC (Section 5)MUST be used, per mandated RID rules (for example, the US FAA RID Rules[FAA-14CFR]), when using Legacy Transports (such as Bluetooth 4.x).¶
Under[F3411], Authentication Messages are transmitted at the static rate (at least every 3 seconds). Any DRIP Authentication Messages containing dynamic data (such as the DRIP Wrapper)MAY be sent at the dynamic rate (at least every 1 second).¶
Under the ASTM specification, Extended Transports of RID must use the Message Pack (Message Type 0xF) format for all transmissions. Under Message Pack, ASTM Messages are sent together (in Message Type order) in a single frame (up to 9 single-frame equivalent messages under Legacy Transports). Message Packs are required by[F3411] to be sent at a rate of 1 per second (like dynamic messages).¶
Message Packs are sent only over Extended Transports that provide FEC. Thus, the DRIP decoders will never be presented with a Message Pack from which a constituent Authentication Page has been dropped; DRIP FEC could never provide benefit to a Message Pack, only consume its precious payload space. Therefore, DRIP FEC (Section 5)MUST NOT be used in Message Packs.¶
To fulfill the requirements in[RFC9153], a UAMUST:¶
BE: RAA, HDA (partially satisfying GEN-3); at least once per 5 minutes.¶BE: HDA, UA (satisfying ID-5, GEN-1 and partially satisfying GEN-3); at least once per minute.¶An Observer's receiver must verify the signature (cryptographically, as specified inSection 3.1.1) on each of the 4 messages sent in the operations specified immediately above and the ObserverMUST validate the signed content (via non-cryptographic means) of the 4th message sent in the last operation immediately above (the non-DRIP Link message).¶
These transmission, receiver verification, and Observer validation requirements collectively satisfy GEN-3.¶
UAS operation may impact the frequency of sending DRIP Authentication Messages. When a UA dwells at an approximate location, and the channel is heavily used by other devices, less frequent message authentication may be effective (to minimize RF packet collisions) for an Observer. Contrast this with a UA transiting an area, where authenticated messagesSHOULD be sufficiently frequent for an Observer to have a high probability of receiving an adequate number for validation during the transit.¶
ARECOMMENDED operational configuration (in alignment withSection 6.3) with rationale can be found inAppendix B. It recommends the following once per second:¶
Under Legacy Transport:¶
Under Extended Transport:¶
If DRIP Wrappers are sent, theyMUST be sent in addition to any required ASTM Messages in a given jurisdiction. An implementationMUST NOT send DRIP Wrappers in place of any required ASTM Messages it may encapsulate. Thus, messages within a Wrapper are sent twice: once in the clear and once authenticated within the Wrapper.¶
The DRIP Wrapper has a specific use case for DRIP-aware Observers. For an Observer plotting Location/Vector Messages (Message Type 0x2) on a map, display of an embedded Location/Vector Message in a DRIP Wrapper can be marked differently (e.g., via color) to signify trust in the Location/Vector data.¶
As described inSection 3.1.2, the ObserverMUST perform validation of the data being received in Broadcast RID. This is because trust in a key is different from trust that an observed UA possesses that key.¶
A chain of DRIP Links provides trust in a key. A message, signed by that key, containing data that changes rapidly and is not predictable far in advance (relative to typical operational flight times) but that can be validated by Observers, provides trust that some agent with access to that data also possesses that key. If the validation involves correlating physical world observations of the UA with claims in that data, then the probability is high that the observed UA is (or is collaborating with or observed in real time by) the agent with the key.¶
At least once per Observation session, after signature verification of any DRIP Authentication Message containing UAS RID information elements (e.g., DRIP Wrapper,Section 4.3), the Observer must use other sources of information to correlate against and perform validation (as specified inSection 6.3). An example of another source of information is a visual confirmation of the UA position.¶
When correlation of these different data streams does not match in acceptable thresholds, the dataMUST be rejected as if the signature failed to validate. Acceptable threshold limits and what happens after such a rejection are out of scope for this document.¶
The following requirements as defined in[RFC9153] are addressed in this document:¶
Non-spoofability¶
Addressed using the DRIP Wrapper (Section 4.3), DRIP Manifest (Section 4.4), or DRIP Frame (Section 4.5).¶
Provable Ownership¶
Addressed using the DRIP Link (Section 4.2) and DRIP Wrapper (Section 4.3), DRIP Manifest (Section 4.4), or DRIP Frame (Section 4.5).¶
Provable Binding¶
Addressed using the DRIP Wrapper (Section 4.3), DRIP Manifest (Section 4.4) or DRIP Frame (Section 4.5).¶
Provable Registration¶
Addressed using the DRIP Link (Section 4.2).¶
IANA has created the "DRIP SAM Types" and "DRIP Frame Types" registries within the"Drone Remote ID Protocol" registry group.¶
This registry is a mirror for SAM Types containing the subset of allocations used by DRIP Authentication Messages. Future additionsMUST be done through ASTM's designated registrar, which is ICAO[ASTM-Remote-ID] at the time of publication of this RFC (2024). The registration procedure for DRIP (only) SAM Types is Standards Action[RFC8126]. Requests for new DRIP SAM Type registrations will be coordinated by IANA and the ASTM-designated registrar of all SAM Types before being documented in Standards Track RFCs. The following values have been allocated to the IETF:¶
| SAM Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0x01 | DRIP Link | Format to hold Broadcast Endorsements |
| 0x02 | DRIP Wrapper | Authenticate full ASTM Messages |
| 0x03 | DRIP Manifest | Authenticate hashes of ASTM Messages |
| 0x04 | DRIP Frame | Format for future DRIP authentication |
This 8-bit value registry is for Frame Types in DRIP Frame Authentication Messages. Future additions to this registry are to be made through Expert Review (Section 4.5 of [RFC8126]) for values 0x01 to 0x9F and First Come First Served (Section 4.4 of [RFC8126]) for values 0xA0 to 0xEF. The following values are defined:¶
| Frame Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0x00 | Reserved | Reserved |
| 0x01 - 0xEF | Unassigned | |
| 0xF0-0xFF | Experimental | Reserved for Experimental Use |
Criteria that should be applied by the designated experts includes determining whether the proposed registration duplicates existing functionality and whether the registration description is clear and fits the purpose of this registry.¶
Registration requestsMUST be sent todrip-reg-review@ietf.org and be evaluated by one or more designated experts within a three-week review period. Within that review period, the designated experts will either approve or deny the registration request, and communicate their decision to the review list and IANA. Denials should include an explanation and, if applicable, suggestions to successfully register the DRIP Frame Type.¶
Registration requests that are undetermined for a period longer than 28 days can be brought to the IESG's attention for resolution.¶
[F3411] (regardless of transport) lacks replay protection, as it more fundamentally lacks fully specified authentication. An attacker can spoof the UA sender MAC address and UAS ID, replaying (with or without modification) previous genuine messages, and/or crafting entirely new messages. Using DRIP in[F3411] Authentication Message framing enables verification that messages were signed with registered keys, but when naively used may be vulnerable to replay attacks. Technologies such as Single Emitter Identification can detect such attacks, but they are not readily available and can be prohibitively expensive, especially for typical Observer devices such as smartphones.¶
Replay attack detection using DRIP requires Observer devices to combine information from multiple Broadcast RID messages and from sources other than Broadcast RID. A complete chain of Link messages (Section 4.2) from an Endorsement root of trust to the claimed sender must be collected and verified by the Observer device to provide trust in a key. Successful signature verification, using that public key, of a Wrapper (Section 4.3) or Manifest (Section 4.4) message, authenticating content that is nonce-like (see below), provides trust that the sender actually possesses the corresponding private key.¶
The term "nonce-like" describes data that is unique, changes frequently, is not accurately predictable long in advance, and is easily validated (i.e., can be checked quickly at low computational cost using readily available data) by the Observer. A Location/Vector Message is an obvious choice. This is described inSection 3.1.2.2 andSection 6.3 (requirement 4). A Location/Vector Message[F3411] reporting precise UA position and velocity at a precise and very recent time can be checked by the Observer against visual observations of UA within both RF and Visual Line of Sight.¶
For normative specification of the foregoing, see Sections3.1.2 and6.4.2. As non-normative clarification, the requirements are satisfied as follows:¶
The public key corresponding to a given DET (i.e., the key attested in the DRIP Link (BE: HDA, UA) that is the last link in the relevant chain of DRIP Links) is used by an Observer's receiver to try to authenticate some signed message.¶
If the signature check passes,¶
only then can the Observer trust that the currently observed sending UA actually possesses the corresponding private key (and thus owns the corresponding DET).¶
Messages that pass signature verification with trusted keys could still be replays if they contain only static information (e.g., Broadcast Endorsements (Section 4.2),[F3411] Basic ID, or[F3411] Operator ID), or information that cannot be readily validated (e.g.,[F3411] Self-ID). Replay of Link messages is harmless (unless sent so frequently as to cause RF data link congestion) and indeed can increase the likelihood of an Observer device collecting an entire trust chain in a short time window. Replay of other messages ([F3411] Basic ID,[F3411] Operator ID, or[F3411] Self-ID) remains a vulnerability, unless they are combined with messages containing nonce-like data ([F3411] Location/Vector or[F3411] System) in a Wrapper or Manifest. For specification of this last requirement, seeSection 4.4.2.¶
Implementations have a choice of using Wrapper (Section 4.3), Manifest (Section 4.4), or a combination to satisfy the fourth requirement inSection 6.3.¶
Wrapper is an attached signature on the full content of one or more[F3411] messages, providing strong authentication.Wrapper is an attached signature of the full content of one or more[F3411] messages, providing strong authentication. However, the size limitation means it cannot support such signatures over other Authentication Messages; thus, it cannot provide a direct binding to any part of the trust chain (Sections3.1.2 and6.4.2).¶
Manifest explicitly provides the binding of the last link in the trust chain (with the inclusion of the hash of the Link containingBE: HDA, UA). The use of hashes and their length also allows for a larger number (11 vs 4) of[F3411] messages to be authenticated, making it more efficient compared to the Wrapper. However, the detached signature requires additional Observer overhead in storing and comparing hashes of received messages (some of which may not be received) with those in a Manifest.¶
Appendix B contains a breakdown of frame counts and an example of a schedule using both Manifest and Wrapper. Typical operation may see (as an example) 2x Basic ID, 2x Location/Vector, 2x System, 1x Operator ID and 1x Self ID broadcast per second to comply with jurisdiction mandates. Each of these messages is a single frame in size. A Link message is 8 frames long (including FEC). This is a base frame count of16 frames.¶
When Wrapper is used, up to four of the previous messages (except the Link) can be authenticated. For this comparison, we will sign all the messages we can in two Wrappers. This results in20 frames (with FEC). Due to size constraints, the Link message is left unauthenticated. The total frame count using Wrappers is36 frames (wrapper frame count + base frame count).¶
When Manifest is used, up to 10 previous messages can be authenticated. For this example, all messages (8) are hashed (including the Link) resulting in a single Manifest that is9 frames (with FEC). The total frame count using Manifest is25 frames (manifest frame count + base frame count).¶
Note the discussion of VNA Timestamp offsets here is in the context of the DRIP Wrapper (Section 4.3), DRIP Manifest (Section 4.4), and DRIP Frame (Section 4.5). For DRIP Link (Section 4.2), these offsets are set by the DIME and have their own set of considerations in[DRIP-REG].¶
The offset of theVNA Timestamp by UA is one that needs careful consideration for any implementation. The offset should be shorter than any given flight duration (typically less than an hour) but be long enough to be received and processed by Observers (larger than a few seconds). It is recommended that 3-5 minutes should be sufficient to serve this purpose in any scenario, but it is not limited by design.¶
As stated inSection 3.1 specification of particular DNS security options, transports, etc. is outside the scope of this document. The main specification for DNS operations in DRIP[DRIP-REG] will specify applicable best common security practices (e.g., from[RFC9364]).¶
ASTM Authentication has only three states: None, Invalid, and Valid. This is because, under ASTM, the authentication is done by an external service hosted somewhere on the Internet so it is assumed an authoritative response will always be returned. This classification becomes more complex in DRIP with the support of "offline" scenarios where an Observer does not have Internet connectivity. With the use of asymmetric cryptography, this means that the public key (PK) must somehow be obtained.[DRIP-REG] provides more detail on how these keys are stored on the DNS and how DRIP Authentication Messages can be used to send PKs over Broadcast RID.¶
There are a few keys of interest: the PK of the UA and the PKs of relevant DIMEs. This document describes how to send the PK of the UA over the Broadcast RID messages. The keys of DIMEs are sent over Broadcast RID using the same mechanisms (see Sections4.2 and6.3) butMAY be sent at a far lower rate due to potential operational constraints (such as saturation of limited bandwidth). As such, there are scenarios where part of the key-chain may be unavailable at the moment a full Authentication Message is received and processed.¶
The intent of this informative appendix is to recommend a way to classify these various states and convey it to the user through colors and state names/text. These states can apply to either a single Authentication Message, a DET (and its associated public key), and/or a sender.¶
Table 4 briefly describes each state and recommends an associated color.¶
| State | Color | Details |
|---|---|---|
| None | Black | No Authentication has been or is being received (as yet) |
| Partial | Gray | Authentication being received but missing pages |
| Unsupported | Brown | Authentication Type / SAM Type of received message not supported |
| Unverifiable | Yellow | Data needed for signature verification is missing |
| Verified | Green | Valid signature verification and content validation |
| Trusted | Blue | Evidence of Verified and DIME is marked as only registering DETs for trusted entities |
| Unverified | Red | Invalid signature verification or content validation |
| Questionable | Orange | Evidence of both"Verified and Unverified for the same claimed sender |
| Conflicting | Purple | Evidence of both Trusted and Unverified for the same claimed sender |
The default state where authentication information has not yet been received and is not currently being received.¶
A pending state where Authentication Pages are being received, but a full Authentication Message has yet to be compiled.¶
A state wherein authentication data is being or has been received but cannot be used, as the Authentication Type or SAM Type is not supported by the Observer.¶
A pending state where a full Authentication Message has been received but other information, such as public keys to verify signatures, is missing.¶
A state where all Authentication Messages that have been received from that claimed sender up to that point pass signature verification and the requirement ofSection 6.4.2 has been met.¶
A state where all Authentication Messages that have been received from that claimed sender up to that point have passed signature verification, the requirement ofSection 6.4.2 has been met, and the public key of the sending UA has been marked as trusted.¶
The sending UA key will have been marked as trusted if the relevant DIMEs only register DETs (of subordinate DIMEs, UAS operators, and UA) that have been vetted as per their published registration policies, and those DIMEs have been marked, by the owner (individual or organizational) of the Observer, as per that owner's policy, as trusted to register DETs only for trusted parties.¶
A state where there is a mix of Authentication Messages received that are Verified (Appendix A.5) and Unverified (Appendix A.8).¶
State transitions from Verified to Questionable if a subsequent message fails verification, so it would have otherwise been marked Unverified. State transitions from Unverified to Questionable if a subsequent message passes verification or validation, so it would otherwise have been marked Verified. It may transition from either of those states upon mixed results on the requirement ofSection 6.4.2.¶
A state where all Authentication Messages that have been received from that claimed sender up to that point failed signature verification or the requirement ofSection 6.4.2.¶
A state where there is a mix of Authentication Messages received that are Trusted (Appendix A.6) and Unverified (Appendix A.8) and the public key of the aircraft is marked as trusted.¶
State transitions from Trusted to Conflicting if a subsequent message fails verification, so it would have otherwise been marked Unverified. State transitions from Unverified to Conflicting if a subsequent message passes verification or validation and policy checks, so it would otherwise have been marked Trusted. It may transition from either of those states upon mixed results on the requirement ofSection 6.4.2.¶
The recommendations inSection 6.4 may seem heavy-handed and specific. This informative appendix lays out the math and assumptions made that resulted in those recommendations and provides an example.¶
In all jurisdictions known to the authors of this document as of its publication (2024), at least the following ASTM Messages are required to be transmitted at least once per second:¶
Europe also requires:¶
Japan requires not one but two Basic ID messages:¶
Japan also requires:¶
In all jurisdictions, one further message is optional, but highly recommended for carriage of additional information on the nature of the emergency if the Emergency value is sent in the Operational Status field of the Location/Vector Message:¶
To improve the likelihood of successful timely receipt of regulator required RID data elements, most implementations send at a higher rate, whether by repeating the same messages in the same one second interval, or updating message content and sending messages more frequently than once per second. Excessive sending rate, however, could congest the RF spectrum, leading to collisions and counter-intuitively actually reducing the likelihood of timely receipt of RID data.¶
There are two formulas to determine the number of Authentication Pages required. The following formula is for Wrapper:¶
<CODE BEGINS>wrapper_struct_size = 89 + (25 * num_astm_messages)wrapper_page_count = ceiling((wrapper_struct_size - 17) / 23) + 1<CODE ENDS>¶
The following formula is for Manifest:¶
<CODE BEGINS>manifest_struct_size = 89 + (8 * (num_astm_hashes + 3))manifest_page_count = ceiling((manifest_struct_size - 17) / 23) + 1<CODE ENDS>¶
A similar formula can be applied to Links, as they are of fixed size:¶
<CODE BEGINS>link_page_count = ceiling((137 - 17) / 23) + 1 = 7<CODE ENDS>¶
Comparing Wrapper and Manifest Authentication Message page counts against total frame counts, we have the following:¶
| ASTM Messages | Wrapper (w/FEC) | Manifest (w/FEC) | ASTM Messages + Wrapper (w/FEC) | ASTM Messages + Manifest (w/FEC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 5 (6) | 6 (7) | 5 (6) | 6 (7) |
| 1 | 6 (7) | 6 (7) | 7 (8) | 7 (8) |
| 2 | 7 (8) | 6 (7) | 9 (10) | 8 (9) |
| 3 | 8 (9) | 7 (8) | 11 (12) | 10 (11) |
| 4 | 9 (10) | 7 (8) | 13 (14) | 11 (12) |
| 5 | N/A | 7 (8) | N/A | 12 (13) |
| 6 | N/A | 8 (9) | N/A | 14 (15) |
| 7 | N/A | 8 (9) | N/A | 15 (16) |
| 8 | N/A | 8 (9) | N/A | 16 (17) |
| 9 | N/A | 9 (10) | N/A | 18 (19) |
| 10 | N/A | 9 (10) | N/A | 19 (20) |
| 11 | N/A | 9 (11) | N/A | 20 (22) |
Link shares the same page counts as Manifest with 5 ASTM Messages.¶
Zero ASTM Messages (seeTable 5) is where Extended Wrapper (Section 4.3.2) without FEC is used in Message Packs. With a maximum of nine "message slots" in a Message Pack, an Extended Wrapper fills five slots; thus it can authenticate up to four ASTM Messages co-located in the same Message Pack.¶
Eleven ASTM Messages (seeTable 5) is where a Manifest with FEC invokes the situation mentioned inSection 5.3.¶
Eleven is the maximum number of ASTM Message Hashes that can be supported resulting in 14 total hashes. This completely fills theEvidence field of theUA-Signed EvidenceStructure making its total size 200 octets. This fits on exactly 9 Authentication Pages ((201 - 17) / 23 == 8), so when the ADL is added, it is placed on the next page (Page 10). Per rule 1 inSection 5.1, this means that all of Page 10 is null padded (expect the ADL octet) and FEC data fills Page 11, resulting in a plus-two page count when FEC is applied.¶
This drives the recommendation isSection 4.4 to only use up to 10 ASTM Message Hashes, not 11.¶
This example (Figure 13) is focused on showing that 100% of ASTM Messages can be authenticated over Legacy Transports with up to 125% overhead in Authentication Pages. Extended Transports are not shown in this example, because, for those, Authentication with DRIP is achieved using Extended Wrapper (Section 4.3.2).Two ASTM Message Packs are sent in a given cycle: one containing up to four ASTM Messages and an Extended Wrapper (authenticating the pack), and one containing a Link message with a Broadcast Endorsement and up to two other ASTM Messages.¶
This example transmit scheme covers and meets every known regulatory case enabling manufacturers to use the same firmware worldwide.¶
+------------------------------------------------------+| Frame Slots || 00 - 04 | 05 - 07 | 08 - 16 | 17 |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[0] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[1] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[2] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[3] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[4] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[5] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[6] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+| {A|B|C|D},V,S,I,O | {A|B|C|D},V,S | M[0,8] | L/W[7] |+-------------------+---------------+---------+--------+A = Basic ID Message (0x0) ID Type 1B = Basic ID Message (0x0) ID Type 2C = Basic ID Message (0x0) ID Type 3D = Basic ID Message (0x0) ID Type 4V = Location/Vector Message (0x1)I = Self ID Message (0x3)S = System Message (0x4)O = Operator ID Message (0x5)L[y,z] = DRIP Link Authentication Message (0x2)W[y,z] = DRIP Wrapper Authentication Message (0x2)M[y,z] = DRIP Manifest Authentication Message (0x2) y = Start Page z = End Page# = Empty Frame Slot* = Message in DRIP Manifest Authentication MessageEvery common required message (Basic ID, Location/Vector, and System) is sent twice along with Operator ID and Self ID in a single second. The Manifest is over all messages (8) in slots00 - 04 and05 - 07.¶
In two seconds, either a Link or Wrapper is sent. The content and order of Links and Wrappers runs as follows:¶
Link: HDA on UALink: RAA on HDALink: HDA on UALink: Apex on RAALink: HDA on UALink: RAA on HDALink: HDA on UAWrapper: Location/Vector (0x1), System (0x4)Link: HDA on UALink: RAA on HDALink: HDA on UALink: Apex on RAALink: HDA on UALink: RAA on HDALink: HDA on UAWrapper: Location/Vector (0x1), System (0x4)Link: IANA on UAS RID Apex¶
After perfect receipt of all messages for a period of 8 seconds, all messages sent during that period have been authenticated using the Manifest (except for the Authentication Messages themselves). Within 136 seconds, the entire Broadcast Endorsement chain is received and can be validated. Interspersed in this schedule are 4 messages sent not only in their basic[F3411] form, but also in DRIP Wrapper messages, together with their attached signatures, to defend against the possibility of attack against the detached signatures provided by the Manifest messages.¶
Assuming the following DET and HI:¶
2001:3f:fe00:105:a29b:3ff4:2226:c04eb5fef530d450dedb59ebafa18b00d7f5ed0ac08a81975034297bea2b00041813¶
The following ASTM Messages are to be sent in a single second:¶
0240012001003ffe000105a29b3ff42226c04e0000000000001200000000000000000000000000000000000000006022000032004578616d706c652053656c662049440000000000000000420000000000000000000100000000000000000010ea51090052004578616d706c65204f70657261746f72204944000000000240012001003ffe000105a29b3ff42226c04e00000000000012000000000000000000000000000000000000000060220000420000000000000000000100000000000000000010ea510900¶
This is a Link with FEC that would be spread out over 8 seconds:¶
2250078910ea510904314b8564b17e66662001003ffe0001052251a29b3ff42226c04eb5fef530d450dedb59ebafa18b00d72252f5ed0ac08a81975034297bea2b000418132001003ffe0022530105b82bf1c99d87273103fc83f6ecd9b91842f205c2222254dd71d8e165ad18ca91daf9299a73eec850c756a7e9be462255f51dddfa0f09db7bfdde14eec07c7a6dd1061c1d5ace942256d9ad97940d2800000000000000000000000000000000002257a03b0f7a6feb0d198167045058cfc49f73129917024d22¶
This is a Wrapper with FEC that would be spread out over 8 seconds:¶
2250078b10ea510902e0dd7c6560115e671200000000000000225100000000000000000000000000602200004200000000002252000000000100000000000000000010ea5109002001003f2253fe000105a29b3ff42226c04ef0ecad581a030ca790152a22542f08df5762a463e24a742d1c530ec977bbe0d113697e2b2255b909d6c7557bdaf1227ce86154b030daadda4a6b8474de22569a62f6c3750208260000000000000000000000000000002257f5e8eebcb04f8c2197526053e66c010d5d7297ff7c1fe0¶
This is the Manifest with FEC sent in the same second as the original messages:¶
225008b110ea510903e0dd7c6560115e6700000000000000002251d57594875f8608b4d61dc9224ecf8b842bd4862734ed0122522ca2e5f2b8a3e61547b81704766ba3eeb651be7eafc92822538884e3e28a24fd5529bc2bd4862734ed012ca2e5f2b8a32254e61547b81704766ba3eeb62001003ffe000105a29b3ff422552226c04efb729846e7d110903797066fd96f49a77c5a482256c4c3b330be05bc4a958e9641718aaa31aeabad368386a222579ed2dce2769120da83edbcdc0858dd1e357755e78603172258e7c06a5918ea62a937391cbfe0983539de1b2e688b7c83¶
The authors acknowledge the following individuals:¶
Ryan Quigley,James Mussi, andJoseph Stanton of AX Enterprize, LLC for early prototyping to find holes in earlier drafts of this specification.¶
Carsten Bormann for the simple approach of using bit-column-wise parity for erasure (dropped frame) FEC.¶
Soren Friis for pointing out that Wi-Fi implementations would not always give access to the MAC Address, as was originally used in calculation of the hashes for DRIP Manifest. Also, for confirming that Message Packs (0xF) can only carry up to 9 ASTM frames worth of data (9 Authentication Pages).¶
Gabriel Cox (chair of the working group that produced[F3411]) for reviewing the specification for the SAM Type request as the ASTM Designated Expert.¶
Mohamed Boucadair (Document Shepherd) for his many patches and comments.¶
Eric Vyncke (DRIP AD) for his guidance regarding the document's path to publication.¶
The authors also thank the following reviewers:¶