1.1.Conventions and Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14[RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶

This specification uses the terms "access token", "refresh token","authorization server" (AS), "resource server" (RS), "authorization endpoint","authorization request", "authorization response", "token endpoint","grant type", "access token request", "access token response", and"client" defined by "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework"[RFC6749].¶

2.1.Authorization Details Types

The AS controls the interpretation of the value of thetype parameter as well as the object fields that thetype parameter allows. However, the value of thetype parameter is also generally documented and intended to be used by developers. It isRECOMMENDED that API designers choosetype values that are easily copied without ambiguity. For example, some glyphs have multiple Unicode code points for the same visual character, and a developer could potentially type a different character than what the AS has defined. Possible means of reducing potential confusion are limiting the value to ASCII[RFC0020] characters, providing a machine-readable listing of data type values, or instructing developers to copy and paste directly from the documentation.¶

If an application or API is expected to be deployed across different servers, such as the case in an open standard, the API designer isRECOMMENDED to use a collision-resistant namespace under their control, such as a URI that the API designer controls.¶

The following example shows how an implementation could utilize the namespacehttps://scheme.example.org/ to ensure collision-resistant type values.¶

{   "type": "https://scheme.example.org/files",   "locations": [      "https://example.com/files"   ],   "permissions": [      {         "path": "/myfiles/A",         "access": [            "read"         ]      },      {         "path": "/myfiles/A/X",         "access": [            "read",            "write"         ]      }   ]}

2.2.Common Data Fields

This specification defines a set of common data fields that are designed to be usable across different types of APIs. This specification does not require the use of these common fields by an API definition but, instead, provides them as reusable generic components for API designers to make use of. The allowable values of all fields are determined by the API being protected, as defined by a particular "type" value.¶

locations:

An array of strings representing the location of the resource or RS. These strings are typically URIs identifying thelocation of the RS. This field can allow a client to specify a particular RS, as discussed inSection 12.¶

actions:

An array of strings representing the kinds of actions to be taken at the resource.¶

datatypes:

An array of strings representing the kinds of data being requested from the resource.¶

identifier:

A string identifier indicating a specific resource available at the API.¶

privileges:

An array of strings representing the types or levels of privilege being requested at the resource.¶

When different common data fields are used in combination, the permissions the client requests are the product of all the values.The object represents a request for allactions values listed within the objectto be used at alllocations values listed within the object for alldatatypesvalues listed within the object. In the following example, the client is requestingread andwriteaccess to both thecontacts andphotos belonging to customers in acustomer_information API. If this request is granted, the clientwould assume it would be able to use any combination of rightsdefined by the API, such as read access to the photos and writeaccess to the contacts.¶

[   {      "type": "customer_information",      "locations": [         "https://example.com/customers"      ],      "actions": [         "read",         "write"      ],      "datatypes": [         "contacts",         "photos"      ]   }]

If the client wishes to have finer control over its access, it can send multiple objects. In this example,the client is asking forread access to thecontacts andwrite access to thephotos in the same API endpoint.If this request is granted, the client would not be able to write to the contacts.¶

[   {      "type": "customer_information",      "locations": [         "https://example.com/customers"      ],      "actions": [         "read"      ],      "datatypes": [         "contacts"      ]   },   {      "type": "customer_information",      "locations": [         "https://example.com/customers"      ],      "actions": [         "write"      ],      "datatypes": [         "photos"      ]   }]

An APIMAY define its own extensions, subject to thetype of the respective authorization object.It is anticipated that API designers will use a combinationof common data fields defined in this specification as well asfields specific to the API itself. The following non-normativeexample shows the use of both common and API-specific fields aspart of two different fictitious APItype values. The firstaccess request includes theactions,locations, anddatatypesfields specified here as well as the API-specificgeolocationfield, indicating access to photos taken at the given coordinates.The second access request includes theactions andidentifier fields specified here as well as the API-specificcurrency fields.¶

[   {      "type":"photo-api",      "actions":[         "read",         "write"      ],      "locations":[         "https://server.example.net/",         "https://resource.local/other"      ],      "datatypes":[         "metadata",         "images"      ],      "geolocation":[         {            "lat":-32.364,            "lng":153.207         },         {            "lat":-35.364,            "lng":158.207         }      ]   },   {      "type":"financial-transaction",      "actions":[         "withdraw"      ],      "identifier":"account-14-32-32-3",      "currency":"USD"   }]

If this request is approved, the resulting access token's access rights will bethe union of the requested types of access for each of the two APIs, just as above.¶

3.1.Relationship to the "scope" Parameter

authorization_details andscope can be used in the same authorization request for carrying independent authorization requirements.¶

Combined use ofauthorization_details andscope is supported by this specification in part to allow existing OAuth-based applications to incrementally migrate towards usingauthorization_details exclusively. It isRECOMMENDED that a given API use only one form of requirement specification.¶

The ASMUST process both sets of requirements in combination with each other for the given authorization request. The details of how the AS combines these parameters are specific to the APIs being protected and outside the scope of this specification.¶

When gathering user consent, the ASMUST present the merged set of requirements represented by the authorization request.¶

If the resource owner grants the client the requested access, the AS will issue tokens to the client that are associated with the respectiveauthorization_details (and scope values, if applicable).¶

3.2.Relationship to the "resource" Parameter

Theresource authorization request parameter, as defined in[RFC8707], can be used to further determine the resources where the requested scope can be applied. Theresource parameter does not have any impact on the way the AS processes theauthorization_details authorization request parameter.¶

6.1.Comparing Authorization Details

Many actions in the OAuth protocol allow the AS and RS to make security decisions based on whether the requestis asking for "more" or "less" than a previous, existing request. For example, upon refreshing a token, the client canask for a new access token with "fewer permissions" than had been previously authorized by the resource owner.The requested access token will convey the reduced permissions, but the resource owner's previous authorization is unchanged by such requests.Since the semantics of the fields in theauthorization_details will be implementation specific to a given API or set of APIs, there is nostandardized mechanism to compare two arbitrary authorization detail requests.An AS should not rely on simple object comparison in most cases, as the intersection of some fieldswithin a request could have side effects on the access rights granted, depending on how the APIhas been designed and deployed. This is a similar effect to the scope values used with some APIs.¶

When comparing a new request to an existing request, an AS can use the sameprocessing techniques as used in granting the request in the first place to determine if a resourceowner needs to authorize the request. The details of this comparison are dependent on the definitionof thetype of authorization request and outside the scope of this specification, but common patternscan be applied.¶

This shall be illustrated using our running example. The example authorization request inSection 3, if approved by the user, resulted in the issuance of an authorization code associated with the privileges to:¶

• list accounts,¶
• access the balance of one or more accounts,¶
• access the transactions of one or more accounts, and¶
• initiate, check the status of, and cancel a payment.¶

The client could now request the AS to issue an access token assigned with the privilege to just access a list of accounts as follows:¶

[   {      "type": "account_information",      "actions": [         "list_accounts"      ],      "locations": [         "https://example.com/accounts"      ]   }]

The example API is designed such that each field used by theaccount_information type contains additive rights,with each value within theactions andlocations arrays specifying a different element of access. To make a comparison in thisinstance, the AS would perform the following steps:¶

• verify that the authorization code issued in the previous step contains an authorization details object of typeaccount_information,¶
• verify whether the approved list of actions containslist_accounts, and¶
• verify whether thelocations value includes only previously approved locations.¶

If all checks succeed, the AS would issue the requested access token with the reduced set of access.¶

Note that this comparison is relevant to this specific API type definition. A different API type definition could have different processing rules. For example, anactions value could subsume the rights associated with anotheractions value. For example, if a client initially asks fora token withwrite access, this implies both read and write access to this API:¶

[    {        "type": "example_api",        "actions": [            "write"        ]    }]

Later, that same client makes a refresh request forread access:¶

[    {        "type": "example_api",        "actions": [            "read"        ]    }]

The AS would compare thetype value and theactions value to determine that theread access isalready covered by thewrite access previously granted to the client.¶

This same API could be designed with a possible value forprivileges ofadmin, used in this example todenote that the resulting token is allowed to perform any of the functions on the resources.If thatclient is then granted suchadmin privileges to the API, theauthorization_details would be as follows:¶

[    {        "type": "example_api",        "privileges": [            "admin"        ]    }]

The AS would compare thetype value and find that theprivileges value subsumes any aspects ofread orwrite access that had been granted to the client previously. Note that otherAPI definitions can useprivileges such that values do not subsume one another.¶

The next example shows how the client can use the common data elementlocations (seeSection 2.2) to request the issuance of an access token restricted to a certain RS. In our running example, the client may ask for all permissions of the approved grant of typepayment_initiation applicable to the RS residing athttps://example.com/payments as follows:¶

[   {      "type": "payment_initiation",      "locations": [         "https://example.com/payments"      ]   }]

7.1.Enriched Authorization Details in Token Response

The authorization details attached to the access tokenMAY differ from what the client requests. In addition to the user authorizing less than what the client requested, there are some use cases where the AS enriches the data in an authorization details object. Whether enrichment is allowed and specifics of how it works are necessarily part of the definition of the respective authorization details type.¶

As one example, a client may ask for access to account information but leave the decision about the specific accounts it will be able to access to the user. During the course of the authorization process, the user would select the subset of their accounts that they want to allow the client to access. As one design option to convey the selected accounts, the AS could add this information to the respective authorization details object.¶

In that example, the requestedauthorization_details parameter might look like the following. In this example, the empty arrays serve as placeholders for where data will be added during enrichment by the AS. This example is illustrative only and is not intended to suggest a preference for designing the specifics of any authorization details type this way.¶

"authorization_details": [   {      "type": "account_information",      "access": {         "accounts": [],         "balances": [],         "transactions": []      },      "recurringIndicator":true   }]

The AS then would expand the authorization details object and add the respective account identifiers.¶

HTTP/1.1 200 OKContent-Type: application/jsonCache-Control: no-store{   "access_token":"2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA",   "token_type":"example",   "expires_in":3600,   "refresh_token":"tGzv3JokF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA",   "authorization_details":[      {         "type":"account_information",         "access":{            "accounts":[               {                  "iban":"DE2310010010123456789"               },               {                  "maskedPan":"123456xxxxxx1234"               }            ],            "balances":[               {                  "iban":"DE2310010010123456789"               }            ],            "transactions":[               {                  "iban":"DE2310010010123456789"               },               {                  "maskedPan":"123456xxxxxx1234"               }            ]         },         "recurringIndicator":true      }   ]}

For another example, the client is asking for access to a medical record but does not know the record number at request time. In this example, the client specifies the type of access it wants but doesn't specify the location or identifier of that access.¶

{"authorization_details": [   {      "type": "medical_record",      "sens": [ "HIV", "ETH", "MART" ],      "actions": [ "read" ],      "datatypes": [ "Patient", "Observation", "Appointment" ]   }]}

When the user interacts with the AS, they select which of the medical records they are responsible for giving to the client. This information gets returned with the access token.¶

{   "access_token":"2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA",   "token_type":"example",   "expires_in":3600,   "refresh_token":"tGzv3JokF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA",   "authorization_details":[    {      "type": "medical_record",      "sens": [ "HIV", "ETH", "MART" ],      "actions": [ "read" ],      "datatypes": [ "Patient", "Observation", "Appointment" ],      "identifier": "patient-541235",      "locations": [ "https://records.example.com/" ]     }  ]}

Note: The client needs to be aware upfront of the possibility that a certain authorization details object can be enriched. It is assumed that this property is part of the definition of the respective authorization details type.¶

9.1.JWT-Based Access Tokens

If the access token is a JWT[RFC7519], the AS isRECOMMENDED to add the authorization details object, filtered to the specific audience, as a top-level claim.¶

The AS will typically also add further claims to the JWT that the RS requires request processing, e.g., user ID, roles, and transaction-specific data. What claims the particular RS requires is defined by the RS-specific policy with the AS.¶

The following shows the contents of an example JWT for the payment initiation example above:¶

{   "iss": "https://as.example.com",   "sub": "24400320",   "aud": "a7AfcPcsl2",   "exp": 1311281970,   "acr": "psd2_sca",   "txn": "8b4729cc-32e4-4370-8cf0-5796154d1296",   "authorization_details": [      {         "type": "https://scheme.example.com/payment_initiation",         "actions": [            "initiate",            "status",            "cancel"         ],         "locations": [            "https://example.com/payments"         ],         "instructedAmount": {            "currency": "EUR",            "amount": "123.50"         },         "creditorName": "Merchant A",         "creditorAccount": {            "iban": "DE02100100109307118603"         },         "remittanceInformationUnstructured": "Ref Number Merchant"      }   ],   "debtorAccount": {      "iban": "DE40100100103307118608",      "user_role": "owner"   }}

In this case, the AS added the following example claims to the JWT-based access token:¶

sub:

indicates the user for which the client is asking for payment initiation.¶

txn:

transaction id used to trace the transaction across the services of providerexample.com¶

debtorAccount:

API-specific field containing the debtor account. In the example, this account was not passed in theauthorization_details but was selected by the user during the authorization process. The fielduser_role conveys the role the user has with respect to this particular account. In this case, they are the owner. This data is used for access control at the payment API (the RS).¶

9.2.Token Introspection

Token introspection[RFC7662] provides a means for an RS to query the AS to determine information about an access token. If the AS includes authorization detail information for the token in its response, the informationMUST be conveyed withauthorization_details as a top-level member of the introspection response JSON object. Theauthorization_details memberMUST contain the same structure defined inSection 2, potentially filtered and extended for the RS making the introspection request.¶

Here is an example introspection response for the payment initiation example:¶

{   "active": true,   "sub": "24400320",   "aud": "s6BhdRkqt3",   "exp": 1311281970,   "acr": "psd2_sca",   "txn": "8b4729cc-32e4-4370-8cf0-5796154d1296",   "authorization_details": [      {         "type": "https://scheme.example.com/payment_initiation",         "actions": [            "initiate",            "status",            "cancel"         ],         "locations": [            "https://example.com/payments"         ],         "instructedAmount": {            "currency": "EUR",            "amount": "123.50"         },         "creditorName": "Merchant123",         "creditorAccount": {            "iban": "DE02100100109307118603"         },         "remittanceInformationUnstructured": "Ref Number Merchant"      }   ],   "debtorAccount": {      "iban": "DE40100100103307118608",      "user_role": "owner"   }}

11.1.Using Authorization Details in a Certain Deployment

Using authorization details in a certain deployment will require the following steps:¶

• Define authorization details types.¶
• Publish authorization details types in the OAuth server metadata.¶
• Determine how authorization details are shown to the user in the user consent prompt.¶
• If needed, enrich authorization details in the user consent process (e.g., add selected accounts or set expirations).¶
• If needed, determine how authorization details are reflected in access token content or introspection responses.¶
• Determine how the RSs process the authorization details or token data derived from authorization details.¶
• If needed, entitle clients to use certain authorization details types.¶

11.2.Minimal Implementation Support

General AS implementations supporting this specification should provide the following basic functions:¶

• Support advertisement of supported authorization details types in OAuth server metadata¶
• Accept theauthorization_details parameter in authorization requests in conformance with this specification¶
• Support storage of consented authorization details as part of a grant¶
• Implement default behavior for adding authorization details to access tokens and token introspection responses in order to make them available to RSs (similar to scope values). This should work with any grant type, especiallyauthorization_code andrefresh_token.¶

Processing and presentation of authorization details will vary significantly among different authorization details types. Implementations should therefore support customization of the respective behavior. In particular, implementations should allow deployments to:¶

• determine presentation of the authorization details;¶
• modify requested authorization details in the user consent process, e.g., adding fields; and¶
• merge requested and preexisting authorization details.¶

One approach to supporting such customization would be to have a mechanism allowing the registration of extension modules, each of them responsible for rendering the respective user consent and any transformation needed to provide the data needed to the RS by way of structured access tokens or token introspection responses.¶

11.3.Use of Machine-Readable Type Schemas

Implementations might allow deployments to use machine-readable schema languages for defining authorization details types to facilitate creating and validating authorization details objects against such schemas. For example, if an authorization detailstype were defined using JSON Schemas[JSON.Schema], the JSON Schema identifier could be used astype value in the respective authorization details objects.¶

Note, however, thattype values are identifiers understood by the AS and, to the extent necessary, the client and RS.This specification makes no assumption that atype value would point to a machine-readable schema format or that any party in the system (such as the client, AS, or RS) would dereference or process the contents of thetype field in any specific way.¶

11.4.Large Requests

Authorization request URIs containingauthorization_details in a request parameter or a request object can become very long. Therefore, implementers should consider using therequest_uri parameter as defined in[RFC9101] in combination with the pushed request object mechanism as defined in[RFC9126] to passauthorization_details in a reliable and secure manner. Here is an example of such a pushed authorization request that sends the authorization request data directly to the AS via an HTTPS-protected connection:¶

  POST /as/par HTTP/1.1  Host: as.example.com  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded  Authorization: Basic czZCaGRSa3F0Mzo3RmpmcDBaQnIxS3REUmJuZlZkbUl3  response_type=code&  client_id=s6BhdRkqt3  &state=af0ifjsldkj  &redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fclient.example.org%2Fcb  &code_challenge_method=S256  &code_challenge=K2-ltc83acc4h0c9w6ESC_rEMTJ3bwc-uCHaoeK1t8U  &authorization_details=%5B%7B%22type%22%3A%22account_information%22  %2C%22actions%22%3A%5B%22list_accounts%22%2C%22read_balances%22%2C%  22read_transactions%22%5D%2C%22locations%22%3A%5B%22https%3A%2F%2Fe  xample.com%2Faccounts%22%5D%7D%2C%7B%22type%22%3A%22payment_initiat  ion%22%2C%22actions%22%3A%5B%22initiate%22%2C%22status%22%2C%22canc  el%22%5D%2C%22locations%22%3A%5B%22https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fpaym  ents%22%5D%2C%22instructedAmount%22%3A%7B%22currency%22%3A%22EUR%22  %2C%22amount%22%3A%22123.50%22%7D%2C%22creditorName%22%3A%22Merchan  t123%22%2C%22creditorAccount%22%3A%7B%22iban%22%3A%22DE021001001093  07118603%22%7D%2C%22remittanceInformationUnstructured%22%3A%22Ref%2  0Number%20Merchant%22%7D%5D

14.1.OAuth Parameters Registration

The following parameter has been registered in the "OAuth Parameters" registry[IANA.OAuth.Parameters]established by[RFC6749].¶

Name:

authorization_details¶

Parameter Usage Location:

authorization request, token request, token response¶

Change Controller:

IETF¶

Reference:

RFC 9396¶

14.2.JSON Web Token Claims Registration

The following value has been registered in the IANA "JSON Web Token Claims" registry established by[RFC7519].¶

Claim Name:

authorization_details¶

Claim Description:

The claimauthorization_details contains a JSON array of JSON objects representing the rights of the access token. Each JSON object contains the data to specify the authorization requirements for a certain type of resource.¶

Change Controller:

IETF¶

Reference:

Section 9.1 of RFC 9396¶

14.3.OAuth Token Introspection Response Registration

The following value has been registered in the IANA "OAuth Token Introspection Response" registry established by[RFC7662].¶

Name:

authorization_details¶

Description:

The memberauthorization_details contains a JSON array of JSON objects representing the rights of the access token. Each JSON object contains the data to specify the authorization requirements for a certain type of resource.¶

Change Controller:

IETF¶

Reference:

Section 9.2 of RFC 9396¶

14.4.OAuth Authorization Server Metadata Registration

The following values have been registered in the IANA "OAuth Authorization Server Metadata" registry of[IANA.OAuth.Parameters] established by[RFC8414].¶

Metadata Name:

authorization_details_types_supported¶

Metadata Description:

JSON array containing the authorization details types the AS supports¶

Change Controller:

IETF¶

Reference:

Section 10 of RFC 9396¶

14.5.OAuth Dynamic Client Registration Metadata Registration

The following value has been registered in the IANA "OAuth Dynamic Client Registration Metadata" registry of[IANA.OAuth.Parameters] established by[RFC7591].¶

Client Metadata Name:

authorization_details_types¶

Client Metadata Description:

Indicates what authorization details types the client uses.¶

Change Controller:

IETF¶

Reference:

Section 10 of RFC 9396¶

14.6.OAuth Extensions Error Registration

The following value has been registered in the IANA "OAuth Extensions Error Registry" of[IANA.OAuth.Parameters] established by[RFC6749].¶

Name:

invalid_authorization_details¶

Usage Location:

token endpoint, authorization endpoint¶

Protocol Extension:

OAuth 2.0 Rich Authorization Requests¶

Change Controller:

IETF¶

Reference:

Section 5 of RFC 9396¶

A.1.OpenID Connect

OpenID Connect[OIDC] specifies the JSON-basedclaims request parameter that can be used to specify the claims a client (acting as an OpenID Connect Relying Party) wishes to receive in a fine-grained and privacy-preserving way as well as assign those claims to certain delivery mechanisms, i.e., ID Token or userinfo response.¶

The combination of the scope valueopenid and the additional parameterclaims can be used besideauthorization_details in the same way as every non-OIDC scope value.¶

Alternatively, there could be an authorization details type for OpenID Connect. This section gives an example of what such an authorization details type could look like, but defining this authorization details type is outside the scope of this specification.¶

These hypothetical examples try to encapsulate all details specific to the OpenID Connect part of an authorization process into an authorization JSON object.¶

The top-level fields are based on the definitions given in[OIDC]:¶

claim_sets:

the names of predefined claim sets, replacement for respective scope values, such asprofile¶

max_age:

Maximum Authentication Age¶

acr_values:

requested Authentication Context Class Reference (ACR) values¶

claims:

theclaims JSON structure as defined in[OIDC]¶

This is a simple request for some claim sets.¶

[   {      "type": "openid",      "locations": [         "https://op.example.com/userinfo"      ],      "claim_sets": [         "email",         "profile"      ]   }]

Note:locations specifies the location of the userinfo endpoint since this is the only place where an access token is used by a client (Relying Party) in OpenID Connect to obtain claims.¶

A more sophisticated example is shown inFigure 26.¶

[   {      "type": "openid",      "locations": [         "https://op.example.com/userinfo"      ],      "max_age": 86400,      "acr_values": "urn:mace:incommon:iap:silver",      "claims": {         "userinfo": {            "given_name": {               "essential": true            },            "nickname": null,            "email": {               "essential": true            },            "email_verified": {               "essential": true            },            "picture": null,            "http://example.com/claims/groups": null         },         "id_token": {            "auth_time": {               "essential": true            }         }      }   }]

A.2.Remote Electronic Signing

The following example is based on the concept laid out for remote electronic signing in ETSI TS 119 432[ETSI] and the Cloud Signature Consortium (CSC) API for remote signature creation[CSC].¶

[   {      "type": "sign",      "locations": [         "https://signing.example.com/signdoc"      ],      "credentialID": "60916d31-932e-4820-ba82-1fcead1c9ea3",      "documentDigests": [         {            "hash": "sTOgwOm+474gFj0q0x1iSNspKqbcse4IeiqlDg/HWuI=",            "label": "Credit Contract"         },         {            "hash": "HZQzZmMAIWekfGH0/ZKW1nsdt0xg3H6bZYztgsMTLw0=",            "label": "Contract Payment Protection Insurance"         }      ],      "hashAlgorithmOID": "2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.1"   }]

The top-level fields have the following meaning:¶

credentialID:

identifier of the certificate to be used for signing¶

documentDigests:

array containing the hash of every document to be signed (hash fields). Additionally, the correspondinglabel field identifies the respective document to the user, e.g., to be used in user consent.¶

hashAlgorithm:

algorithm that was used to calculate the hash values¶

The AS is supposed to ask the user for consent for the creation of signatures for the documents listed in the structure. The client uses the access token issued as a result of the process to call the document signature API at the respective signing service to actually create the signature. This access token is bound to the client, the user ID and the hashes (and signature algorithm) as consented by the user.¶

A.3.Access to Tax Data

This example is inspired by an API allowing third parties to access citizen's tax declarations and income statements, for example, to determine their creditworthiness.¶

[    {        "type": "tax_data",        "locations": [            "https://taxservice.govehub.no.example.com"        ],        "actions":"read_tax_declaration",        "periods": ["2018"],        "duration_of_access": 30,        "tax_payer_id": "23674185438934"    }]

The top-level fields have the following meaning:¶

periods:

the periods the client wants to access¶

duration_of_access:

how long the clients intend to access the data in days¶

tax_payer_id:

identifier of the taxpayer (if known to the client)¶

A.4.eHealth

These two examples are inspired by requirements for APIs used in the Norwegian eHealth system.¶

In this use case, the physical therapist sits in front of their computer using a local Electronic Health Records (EHR) system. They want to look at the electronic patient records of a certain patient, and they also want to fetch the patient's journal entries in another system, perhaps at another institution or a national service. Access to this data is provided by an API.¶

The information necessary to authorize the request at the API is only known by the EHR system and must be presented to the API.¶

In the first example, the authorization details object contains the identifier of an organization. In this case, the API needs to know if the given organization has the lawful basis for processing personal health information to give access to sensitive data.¶

"authorization_details": {    "type": "patient_record",    "requesting_entity": {        "type": "Practitioner",        "identifier": [        {            "system": "urn:oid:2.16.578.1.12.4.1.4.4",            "value": "1234567"        }],        "practitioner_role": {            "organization": {                "identifier": {                    "system": "urn:oid:2.16.578.1.12.4.1.2.101",                    "type": "ENH",                    "value": "[organizational number]"                }            }        }    }}

In the second example, the API requires more information to authorize the request. In this case, the authorization details object contains additional information about the health institution and the current profession the user has at the time of the request. The additional level of detail could be used for both authorization and data minimization.¶

[   {      "type": "patient_record",      "location": "https://fhir.example.com/patient",      "actions": [         "read"      ],      "patient_identifier": [         {            "system": "urn:oid:2.16.578.1.12.4.1.4.1",            "value": "12345678901"         }      ],      "reason_for_request": "Clinical treatment",      "requesting_entity": {         "type": "Practitioner",         "identifier": [            {               "system": "urn:oid:2.16.578.1.12.4.1.4.4",               "value": "1234567"            }         ],         "practitioner_role": {            "organization": {               "identifier": [                  {                     "system": "urn:oid:2.16.578.1.12.4.1.2.101",                     "type": "ENH",                     "value": "<organizational number>"                  }               ],               "type": {                  "coding": [                     {                        "system":                           "http://hl7.example.org/fhir/org-type",                        "code": "dept",                        "display": "Hospital Department"                     }                  ]               },               "name": "Akuttmottak"            },            "profession": {               "coding": [                  {                     "system": "http://snomed.example.org/sct",                     "code": "36682004",                     "display": "Physical therapist"                  }               ]            }         }      }   }]

Description of the fields:¶

patient_identifier:

the identifier of the patient composed of a system identifier in OID format (namespace) and the actual value within this namespace.¶

reason_for_request:

the reason why the user wants to access a certain API.¶

requesting_entity:

specification of the requester by means of identity, role and organizational context. This data is provided to facilitate authorization and for auditing purposes.¶

In this use case, the AS authenticates the requester, who is not the patient, and approves access based on policies.¶