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INFORMATIONAL
Errata Exist
Network Working Group                                       D. McDonaldRequest for Comments: 2367                                      C. MetzCategory: Informational                                         B. Phan                                                              July 1998PF_KEY Key Management API, Version 2Status of this Memo   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this   memo is unlimited.Copyright Notice   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.Abstract   A generic key management API that can be used not only for IP   Security [Atk95a] [Atk95b] [Atk95c] but also for other network   security services is presented in this document.  Version 1 of this   API was implemented inside 4.4-Lite BSD as part of the U. S. Naval   Research Laboratory's freely distributable and usable IPv6 and IPsec   implementation[AMPMC96].  It is documented here for the benefit of   others who might also adopt and use the API, thus providing increased   portability of key management applications (e.g. a manual keying   application, an ISAKMP daemon, a GKMP daemon [HM97a][HM97b], a   Photuris daemon, or a SKIP certificate discovery protocol daemon).Table of Contents1      Introduction .............................................31.1    Terminology ..............................................31.2    Conceptual Model .........................................41.3    PF_KEY Socket Definition .................................81.4    Overview of PF_KEY Messaging Behavior ....................81.5    Common PF_KEY Operations .................................91.6    Differences Between PF_KEY and PF_ROUTE ..................101.7    Name Space ...............................................111.8    On Manual Keying ..........................................112      PF_KEY Message Format ....................................112.1    Base Message Header Format ...............................122.2    Alignment of Headers and Extension Headers ...............142.3    Additional Message Fields ................................142.3.1  Association Extension ....................................152.3.2  Lifetime Extension .......................................16McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 1]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19982.3.3  Address Extension ........................................182.3.4  Key Extension ............................................192.3.5  Identity Extension .......................................212.3.6  Sensitivity Extension ....................................212.3.7  Proposal Extension .......................................222.3.8  Supported Algorithms Extension ...........................252.3.9  SPI Range Extension ......................................262.4    Illustration of Message Layout ...........................273      Symbolic Names ...........................................303.1    Message Types ............................................313.1.1  SADB_GETSPI ..............................................323.1.2  SADB_UPDATE ..............................................333.1.3  SADB_ADD .................................................343.1.4  SADB_DELETE ..............................................353.1.5  SADB_GET .................................................363.1.6  SADB_ACQUIRE .............................................363.1.7  SADB_REGISTER ............................................383.1.8  SADB_EXPIRE ..............................................393.1.9  SADB_FLUSH ...............................................403.1.10 SADB_DUMP ................................................403.2    Security Association Flags ...............................413.3    Security Association States ..............................413.4    Security Association Types ...............................413.5    Algorithm Types ..........................................423.6    Extension Header Values ..................................433.7    Identity Extension Values ................................443.8    Sensitivity Extension Values .............................453.9    Proposal Extension Values ................................454      Future Directions ........................................455      Examples .................................................455.1    Simple IP Security Example ...............................465.2    Proxy IP Security Example ................................475.3    OSPF Security Example ....................................505.4    Miscellaneous ............................................506      Security Considerations ..................................51          Acknowledgments ............,.............................52          References ...............................................52          Disclaimer ...............................................54          Authors' Addresses .......................................54A      Promiscuous Send/Receive Extension .......................55B      Passive Change Message Extension .........................57C      Key Management Private Data Extension ....................58D      Sample Header File .......................................59E      Change Log ...............................................64F      Full Copyright Statement .................................68McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 2]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19981 Introduction   PF_KEY is a new socket protocol family used by trusted privileged key   management applications to communicate with an operating system's key   management internals (referred to here as the "Key Engine" or the   Security Association Database (SADB)).  The Key Engine and its   structures incorporate the required security attributes for a session   and are instances of the "Security Association" (SA) concept   described in [Atk95a].  The names PF_KEY and Key Engine thus refer to   more than cryptographic keys and are retained for consistency with   the traditional phrase, "Key Management".   PF_KEY is derived in part from the BSD routing socket, PF_ROUTE.   [Skl91] This document describes Version 2 of PF_KEY. Version 1 was   implemented in the first five alpha test versions of the NRL   IPv6+IPsec Software Distribution for 4.4-Lite BSD UNIX and the Cisco   ISAKMP/Oakley key management daemon.  Version 2 extends and refines   this interface. Theoretically, the messages defined in this document   could be used in a non-socket context (e.g.  between two directly   communicating user-level processes), but this document will not   discuss in detail such possibilities.   Security policy is deliberately omitted from this interface. PF_KEY   is not a mechanism for tuning systemwide security policy, nor is it   intended to enforce any sort of key management policy. The developers   of PF_KEY believe that it is important to separate security   mechanisms (such as PF_KEY) from security policies.  This permits a   single mechanism to more easily support multiple policies.1.1 Terminology   Even though this document is not intended to be an actual Internet   standard, the words that are used to define the significance of   particular features of this interface are usually capitalized.  Some   of these words, including MUST, MAY, and SHOULD, are detailed in   [Bra97].   - CONFORMANCE and COMPLIANCE   Conformance to this specification has the same meaning as compliance   to this specification.  In either case, the mandatory-to-implement,   or MUST, items MUST be fully implemented as specified here.  If any   mandatory item is not implemented as specified here, that   implementation is not conforming and not compliant with this   specification.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 3]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   This specification also uses many terms that are commonly used in the   context of network security.  Other documents provide more   definitions and background information on these [VK83, HA94, Atk95a].   Two terms deserve special mention:   - (Encryption/Authentication) Algorithm   For PF_KEY purposes, an algorithm, whether encryption or   authentication, is the set of operations performed on a packet to   complete authentication or encryption as indicated by the SA type.  A   PF_KEY algorithm MAY consist of more than one cryptographic   algorithm. Another possibility is that the same basic cryptographic   algorithm may be applied with different modes of operation or some   other implementation difference. These differences, henceforth called   _algorithm differentiators_, distinguish between different PF_KEY   algorithms, and options to the same algorithm.  Algorithm   differentiators will often cause fundamentally different security   properties.   For example, both DES and 3DES use the same cryptographic algorithm,   but they are used differently and have different security properties.   The triple-application of DES is considered an algorithm   differentiator.  There are therefore separate PF_KEY algorithms for   DES and 3DES. Keyed-MD5 and HMAC-MD5 use the same hash function, but   construct their message authentication codes differently. The use of   HMAC is an algorithm differentiator.  DES-ECB and DES-CBC are the   same cryptographic algorithm, but use a different mode. Mode (e.g.,   chaining vs. code-book) is an algorithm differentiator. Blowfish with   a 128-bit key, however, is similar to Blowfish with a 384-bit key,   because the algorithm's workings are otherwise the same and therefore   the key length is not an algorithm differentiator.   In terms of IP Security, a general rule of thumb is that whatever   might be labeled the "encryption" part of an ESP transform is   probably a PF_KEY encryption algorithm. Whatever might be labelled   the "authentication" part of an AH or ESP transform is probably a   PF_KEY authentication algorithm.1.2 Conceptual Model   This section describes the conceptual model of an operating system   that implements the PF_KEY key management application programming   interface. This section is intended to provide background material   useful to understand the rest of this document.  Presentation of this   conceptual model does not constrain a PF_KEY implementation to   strictly adhere to the conceptual components discussed in this   subsection.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 4]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   Key management is most commonly implemented in whole or in part at   the application layer.  For example, the ISAKMP/Oakley, GKMP, and   Photuris proposals for IPsec key management are all application-layer   protocols.  Manual keying is also done at the application layer.   Even parts of the SKIP IP-layer keying proposal can be implemented at   the application layer.  Figure 1 shows the relationship between a Key   Management daemon and PF_KEY.  Key management daemons use PF_KEY to   communicate with the Key Engine and use PF_INET (or PF_INET6 in the   case of IPv6) to communicate, via the network, with a remote key   management entity.   The "Key Engine" or "Security Association Database (SADB)" is a   logical entity in the kernel that stores, updates, and deletes   Security Association data for various security protocols.  There are   logical interfaces within the kernel (e.g.  getassocbyspi(),   getassocbysocket()) that security protocols inside the kernel (e.g.   IP Security, aka IPsec) use to request and obtain Security   Associations.   In the case of IPsec, if by policy a particular outbound packet needs   processing, then the IPsec implementation requests an appropriate   Security Association from the Key Engine via the kernel-internal   interface.  If the Key Engine has an appropriate SA, it allocates the   SA to this session (marking it as used) and returns the SA to the   IPsec implementation for use.  If the Key Engine has no such SA but a   key management application has previously indicated (via a PF_KEY   SADB_REGISTER message) that it can obtain such SAs, then the Key   Engine requests that such an SA be created (via a PF_KEY SADB_ACQUIRE   message).  When the key management daemon creates a new SA, it places   it into the Key Engine for future use.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 5]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998                     +---------------+                     |Key Mgmt Daemon|                     +---------------+                       |           |                       |           |                       |           |                   Applications               ======[PF_KEY]====[PF_INET]==========================                       |           |                   OS Kernel               +------------+   +-----------------+               | Key Engine |   | TCP/IP,         |               |  or  SADB  |---| including IPsec |               +------------+   |                 |                                +-----------------+                                       |                                   +-----------+                                   | Network   |                                   | Interface |                                   +-----------+              Figure 1: Relationship of Key Mgmt to PF_KEY   For performance reasons, some security protocols (e.g. IP Security)   are usually implemented inside the operating system kernel.  Other   security protocols (e.g.  OSPFv2 Cryptographic Authentication) are   implemented in trusted privileged applications outside the kernel.   Figure 2 shows a trusted, privileged routing daemon using PF_INET to   communicate routing information with a remote routing daemon and   using PF_KEY to request, obtain, and delete Security Associations   used with a routing protocol.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 6]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998                     +---------------+                     |Routing  Daemon|                     +---------------+                       |           |                       |           |                       |           |                   Applications               ======[PF_KEY]====[PF_INET]==========================                       |           |                   OS Kernel               +------------+   +---------+               | Key Engine |   | TCP/IP  |               |  or  SADB  |---|         |               +------------+   +---------+                                       |                                   +-----------+                                   | Network   |                                   | Interface |                                   +-----------+        Figure 2: Relationship of Trusted Application to PF_KEY   When a trusted privileged application is using the Key Engine but   implements the security protocol within itself, then operation varies   slightly.  In this case, the application needing an SA sends a PF_KEY   SADB_ACQUIRE message down to the Key Engine, which then either   returns an error or sends a similar SADB_ACQUIRE message up to one or   more key management applications capable of creating such SAs.  As   before, the key management daemon stores the SA into the Key Engine.   Then, the trusted privileged application uses an SADB_GET message to   obtain the SA from the Key Engine.   In some implementations, policy may be implemented in user-space,   even though the actual cryptographic processing takes place in the   kernel.  Such policy communication between the kernel mechanisms and   the user-space policy MAY be implemented by PF_KEY extensions, or   other such mechanism.  This document does not specify such   extensions.  A PF_KEY implementation specified by the memo does NOT   have to support configuring systemwide policy using PF_KEY.   Untrusted clients, for example a user's web browser or telnet client,   do not need to use PF_KEY.  Mechanisms not specified here are used by   such untrusted client applications to request security services (e.g.   IPsec) from an operating system.  For security reasons, only trusted,   privileged applications are permitted to open a PF_KEY socket.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 7]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19981.3 PF_KEY Socket Definition   The PF_KEY protocol family (PF_KEY) symbol is defined in   <sys/socket.h> in the same manner that other protocol families are   defined.  PF_KEY does not use any socket addresses.  Applications   using PF_KEY MUST NOT depend on the availability of a symbol named   AF_KEY, but kernel implementations are encouraged to define that   symbol for completeness.     The key management socket is created as follows:     #include <sys/types.h>     #include <sys/socket.h>     #include <net/pfkeyv2.h>     int s;     s = socket(PF_KEY, SOCK_RAW, PF_KEY_V2);   The PF_KEY domain currently supports only the SOCK_RAW socket type.   The protocol field MUST be set to PF_KEY_V2, or else EPROTONOSUPPORT   will be returned.  Only a trusted, privileged process can create a   PF_KEY socket.  On conventional UNIX systems, a privileged process is   a process with an effective userid of zero.  On non-MLS proprietary   operating systems, the notion of a "privileged process" is   implementation-defined.  On Compartmented Mode Workstations (CMWs) or   other systems that claim to provide Multi-Level Security (MLS), a   process MUST have the "key management privilege" in order to open a   PF_KEY socket[DIA].  MLS systems that don't currently have such a   specific privilege MUST add that special privilege and enforce it   with PF_KEY in order to comply and conform with this specification.   Some systems, most notably some popular personal computers, do not   have the concept of an unprivileged user.  These systems SHOULD take   steps to restrict the programs allowed to access the PF_KEY API.1.4 Overview of PF_KEY Messaging Behavior   A process interacts with the key engine by sending and receiving   messages using the PF_KEY socket.  Security association information   can be inserted into and retrieved from the kernel's security   association table using a set of predefined messages.  In the normal   case, all properly-formed messages sent to the kernel are returned to   all open PF_KEY sockets, including the sender.  Improperly formed   messages will result in errors, and an implementation MUST check for   a properly formed message before returning it to the appropriate   listeners. Unlike the routing socket, most errors are sent in reply   messages, not the errno field when write() or send() fails. PF_KEY   message delivery is not guaranteed, especially in cases where kernel   or socket buffers are exhausted and messages are dropped.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 8]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   Some messages are generated by the operating system to indicate that   actions need to be taken, and are not necessarily in response to any   message sent down by the user.  Such messages are not received by all   PF_KEY sockets, but by sockets which have indicated that kernel-   originated messages are to be received.  These messages are special   because of the expected frequency at which they will occur.  Also, an   implementation may further wish to restrict return messages from the   kernel, in cases where not all PF_KEY sockets are in the same trust   domain.   Many of the normal BSD socket calls have undefined behavior on PF_KEY   sockets.  These include: bind(), connect(), socketpair(), accept(),   getpeername(), getsockname(), ioctl(), and listen().1.5 Common PF_KEY Operations   There are two basic ways to add a new Security Association into the   kernel.  The simplest is to send a single SADB_ADD message,   containing all of the SA information, from the application into the   kernel's Key Engine.  This approach works particularly well with   manual key management, which is required for IPsec, and other   security protocols.   The second approach to add a new Security Association into the kernel   is for the application to first request a Security Parameters Index   (SPI) value from the kernel using the SADB_GETSPI message and then   send an SADB_UPDATE message with the complete Security Association   data.  This second approach works well with key management daemons   when the SPI values need to be known before the entire Security   Association data is known (e.g. so the SPI value can be indicated to   the remote end of the key management session).   An individual Security Association can be deleted using the   SADB_DELETE message.  Categories of SAs or the entire kernel SA table   can be deleted using the SADB_FLUSH message.   The SADB_GET message is used by a trusted application-layer process   (e.g.  routed(8) or gated(8)) to retrieve an SA (e.g. RIP SA or OSPF   SA) from the kernel's Key Engine.   The kernel or an application-layer can use the SADB_ACQUIRE message   to request that a Security Association be created by some   application-layer key management process that has registered with the   kernel via an SADB_REGISTER message.  This ACQUIRE message will have   a sequence number associated with it.  This sequence number MUST be   used by followup SADB_GETSPI, SADB_UPDATE, and SADB_ADD messages, in   order to keep track of which request gets its keying material.  The   sequence number (described below) is similar to a transaction ID in aMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                      [Page 9]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   remote procedure call.   The SADB_EXPIRE message is sent from the kernel to key management   applications when the "soft lifetime" or "hard lifetime" of a   Security Association has expired.  Key management applications should   use receipt of a soft lifetime SADB_EXPIRE message as a hint to   negotiate a replacement SA so the replacement SA will be ready and in   the kernel before it is needed.   A SADB_DUMP message is also defined, but this is primarily intended   for PF_KEY implementor debugging and is not used in ordinary   operation of PF_KEY.1.6 Differences Between PF_KEY and PF_ROUTE   The following bullets are points of difference between the routing   socket and PF_KEY.  Programmers who are used to the routing socket   semantics will find some differences in PF_KEY.   * PF_KEY message errors are usually returned in PF_KEY messages     instead of causing write() operations to fail and returning the     error number in errno. This means that other listeners on a PF_KEY     socket can be aware that requests from another process failed,     which can be useful for auditing purposes. This also means that     applications that fail to read PF_KEY messages cannot do error     checking.     An implementation MAY return the errors EINVAL, ENOMEM, and ENOBUFS     by causing write() operations to fail and returning the error     number in errno.  This is an optimization for common error cases in     which it does not make sense for any other process to receive the     error.  An application MUST NOT depend on such errors being set by     the write() call, but it SHOULD check for such errors, and handle     them in an appropriate manner.   * The entire message isn't always reflected in the reply. A SADB_ADD     message is an example of this.   * The PID is not set by the kernel.  The process that originates the     message MUST set the sadb_msg_pid to its own PID.  If the kernel     ORIGINATES a message, it MUST set the sadb_msg_pid to 0.  A reply     to an original message SHOULD have the pid of the original message.     (E.g. the kernel's response to an SADB_ADD SHOULD have its pid set     to the pid value of the original SADB_ADD message.)McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 10]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19981.7 Name Space   All PF_KEYv2 preprocessor symbols and structure definitions are   defined as a result of including the header file <net/pfkeyv2.h>.   There is exactly one exception to this rule: the symbol "PF_KEY" (two   exceptions if "AF_KEY" is also counted), which is defined as a result   of including the header file <sys/socket.h>.  All PF_KEYv2   preprocessor symbols start with the prefix "SADB_" and all structure   names start with "sadb_". There are exactly two exceptions to this   rule: the symbol "PF_KEY_V2" and the symbol "PFKEYV2_REVISION".   The symbol "PFKEYV2_REVISION" is a date-encoded value not unlike   certain values defined by POSIX and X/Open.  The current value for   PFKEYV2_REVISION is 199806L, where 1998 is the year and 06 is the   month.   Inclusion of the file <net/pfkeyv2.h> MUST NOT define symbols or   structures in the PF_KEYv2 name space that are not described in this   document without the explicit prior permission of the authors.  Any   symbols or structures in the PF_KEYv2 name space that are not   described in this document MUST start with "SADB_X_" or "sadb_x_". An   implementation that fails to obey these rules IS NOT COMPLIANT WITH   THIS SPECIFICATION and MUST NOT make any claim to be.  These rules   also apply to any files that might be included as a result of   including the file <net/pfkeyv2.h>. This rule provides implementors   with some assurance that they will not encounter namespace-related   surprises.1.8 On Manual Keying   Not unlike the 4.4-Lite BSD PF_ROUTE socket, this interface allows an   application full-reign over the security associations in a kernel   that implements PF_KEY.  A PF_KEY implementation MUST have some sort   of manual interface to PF_KEY, which SHOULD allow all of the   functionality of the programmatic interface described here.2. PF_KEY Message Format   PF_KEY messages consist of a base header followed by additional data   fields, some of which may be optional.  The format of the additional   data is dependent on the type of message.   PF_KEY messages currently do not mandate any specific ordering for   non-network multi-octet fields.  Unless otherwise specified (e.g. SPI   values), fields MUST be in host-specific byte order.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 11]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19982.1 Base Message Header Format   PF_KEY messages consist of the base message header followed by   security association specific data whose types and lengths are   specified by a generic type-length encoding.   This base header is shown below, using POSIX types.  The fields are   arranged primarily for alignment, and where possible, for reasons of   clarity.           struct sadb_msg {                   uint8_t sadb_msg_version;                   uint8_t sadb_msg_type;                   uint8_t sadb_msg_errno;                   uint8_t sadb_msg_satype;                   uint16_t sadb_msg_len;                   uint16_t sadb_msg_reserved;                   uint32_t sadb_msg_seq;                   uint32_t sadb_msg_pid;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_msg) == 16 */   sadb_msg_version                   The version field of this PF_KEY message. This MUST                   be set to PF_KEY_V2. If this is not set to PF_KEY_V2,                   the write() call MAY fail and return EINVAL.                   Otherwise, the behavior is undetermined, given that                   the application might not understand the formatting                   of the messages arriving from the kernel.   sadb_msg_type   Identifies the type of message. The valid message                   types are described later in this document.   sadb_msg_errno  Should be set to zero by the sender. The responder                   stores the error code in this field if an error has                   occurred. This includes the case where the responder                   is in user space. (e.g. user-space negotiation                   fails, an errno can be returned.)   sadb_msg_satype Indicates the type of security association(s). Valid                   Security Association types are declared in the file                   <net/pfkeyv2.h>. The current set of Security                   Association types is enumerated later in this                   document.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 12]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   sadb_msg_len    Contains the total length, in 64-bit words, of all                   data in the PF_KEY message including the base header                   length and additional data after the base header, if                   any. This length includes any padding or extra space                   that might exist. Unless otherwise stated, all other                   length fields are also measured in 64-bit words.                   On user to kernel messages, this field MUST be                   verified against the length of the inbound message.                   EMSGSIZE MUST be returned if the verification fails.                   On kernel to user messages, a size mismatch is most                   likely the result of the user not providing a large                   enough buffer for the message. In these cases, the                   user application SHOULD drop the message, but it MAY                   try and extract what information it can out of the                   message.   sadb_msg_reserved                   Reserved value. It MUST be zeroed by the sender. All                   fields labeled reserved later in the document have                   the same semantics as this field.   sadb_msg_seq    Contains the sequence number of this message. This                   field, along with sadb_msg_pid, MUST be used to                   uniquely identify requests to a process. The sender                   is responsible for filling in this field. This                   responsibility also includes matching the                   sadb_msg_seq of a request (e.g. SADB_ACQUIRE).                   This field is similar to a transaction ID in a                   remote procedure call implementation.   sadb_msg_pid    Identifies the process which originated this message,                   or which process a message is bound for.  For                   example, if process id 2112 sends an SADB_UPDATE                   message to the kernel, the process MUST set this                   field to 2112 and the kernel will set this field                   to 2112 in its reply to that SADB_UPDATE                   message. This field, along with sadb_msg_seq, can                   be used to uniquely identify requests to a                   process.                   It is currently assumed that a 32-bit quantity will                   hold an operating system's process ID space.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 13]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19982.2 Alignment of Headers and Extension Headers   The base message header is a multiple of 64 bits and fields after it   in memory will be 64 bit aligned if the base itself is 64 bit   aligned.  Some of the subsequent extension headers have 64 bit fields   in them, and as a consequence need to be 64 bit aligned in an   environment where 64 bit quantities need to be 64 bit aligned.   The basic unit of alignment and length in PF_KEY Version 2 is 64   bits. Therefore:     * All extension headers, inclusive of the sadb_ext overlay fields,       MUST be a multiple of 64 bits long.     * All variable length data MUST be padded appropriately such that       its length in a message is a multiple of 64 bits.     * All length fields are, unless otherwise specified, in units of       64 bits.     * Implementations may safely access quantities of between 8 and 64       bits directly within a message without risk of alignment faults.   All PF_KEYv2 structures are packed and already have all intended   padding.  Implementations MUST NOT insert any extra fields, including   hidden padding, into any structure in this document.  This forbids   implementations from "extending" or "enhancing" existing headers   without changing the extension header type. As a guard against such   insertion of silent padding, each structure in this document is   labeled with its size in bytes. The size of these structures in an   implementation MUST match the size listed.2.3 Additional Message Fields   The additional data following the base header consists of various   length-type-values fields.  The first 32-bits are of a constant form:           struct sadb_ext {                   uint16_t sadb_ext_len;                   uint16_t sadb_ext_type;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_ext) == 4 */   sadb_ext_len    Length of the extension header in 64 bit words,                   inclusive.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 14]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   sadb_ext_type   The type of extension header that follows. Values for                   this field are detailed later. The value zero is                   reserved.   Types of extension headers include: Association, Lifetime(s),   Address(s), Key(s), Identity(ies), Sensitivity, Proposal, and   Supported. There MUST be only one instance of a extension type in a   message.  (e.g.  Base, Key, Lifetime, Key is forbidden).  An EINVAL   will be returned if there are duplicate extensions within a message.   Implementations MAY enforce ordering of extensions in the order   presented in the EXTENSION HEADER VALUES section.   If an unknown extension type is encountered, it MUST be ignored.   Applications using extension headers not specified in this document   MUST be prepared to work around other system components not   processing those headers.  Likewise, if an application encounters an   unknown extension from the kernel, it must be prepared to work around   it.  Also, a kernel that generates extra extension header types MUST   NOT _depend_ on applications also understanding extra extension   header types.   All extension definitions include these two fields (len and exttype)   because they are instances of a generic extension (not unlike   sockaddr_in and sockaddr_in6 are instances of a generic sockaddr).   The sadb_ext header MUST NOT ever be present in a message without at   least four bytes of extension header data following it, and,   therefore, there is no problem with it being only four bytes long.   All extensions documented in this section MUST be implemented by a   PF_KEY implementation.2.3.1 Association Extension   The Association extension specifies data specific to a single   security association. The only times this extension is not present is   when control messages (e.g. SADB_FLUSH or SADB_REGISTER) are being   passed and on the SADB_ACQUIRE message.           struct sadb_sa {                   uint16_t sadb_sa_len;                   uint16_t sadb_sa_exttype;                   uint32_t sadb_sa_spi;                   uint8_t sadb_sa_replay;                   uint8_t sadb_sa_state;                   uint8_t sadb_sa_auth;                   uint8_t sadb_sa_encrypt;                   uint32_t sadb_sa_flags;           };McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 15]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998           /* sizeof(struct sadb_sa) == 16 */   sadb_sa_spi     The Security Parameters Index value for the security                   association. Although this is a 32-bit field, some                   types of security associations might have an SPI or                   key identifier that is less than 32-bits long. In                   this case, the smaller value shall be stored in the                   least significant bits of this field and the unneeded                   bits shall be zero. This field MUST be in network                   byte order.   sadb_sa_replay  The size of the replay window, if not zero. If zero,                   then no replay window is in use.   sadb_sa_state   The state of the security association. The currently                   defined states are described later in this document.   sadb_sa_auth    The authentication algorithm to be used with this                   security association. The valid authentication                   algorithms are described later in this document. A                   value of zero means that no authentication is used                   for this security association.   sadb_sa_encrypt The encryption algorithm to be used with this                   security association. The valid encryption algorithms                   are described later in this document. A value of zero                   means that no encryption is used for this security                   association.   sadb_sa_flags   A bitmap of options defined for the security                   association. The currently defined flags are                   described later in this document.   The kernel MUST check these values where appropriate. For example,   IPsec AH with no authentication algorithm is probably an error.   When used with some messages, the values in some fields in this   header should be ignored.2.3.2 Lifetime Extension   The Lifetime extension specifies one or more lifetime variants for   this security association.  If no Lifetime extension is present the   association has an infinite lifetime.  An association SHOULD have a   lifetime of some sort associated with it.  Lifetime variants come in   three varieties, HARD - indicating the hard-limit expiration, SOFT -   indicating the soft-limit expiration, and CURRENT - indicating the   current state of a given security association.  The LifetimeMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 16]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   extension looks like:           struct sadb_lifetime {                   uint16_t sadb_lifetime_len;                   uint16_t sadb_lifetime_exttype;                   uint32_t sadb_lifetime_allocations;                   uint64_t sadb_lifetime_bytes;                   uint64_t sadb_lifetime_addtime;                   uint64_t sadb_lifetime_usetime;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_lifetime) == 32 */   sadb_lifetime_allocations                   For CURRENT, the number of different connections,                   endpoints, or flows that the association has been                   allocated towards. For HARD and SOFT, the number of                   these the association may be allocated towards                   before it expires. The concept of a connection,                   flow, or endpoint is system specific.   sadb_lifetime_bytes                   For CURRENT, how many bytes have been processed                   using this security association. For HARD and SOFT,                   the number of bytes that may be processed using                   this security association before it expires.   sadb_lifetime_addtime                   For CURRENT, the time, in seconds, when the                   association was created. For HARD and SOFT, the                   number of seconds after the creation of the                   association until it expires.                   For such time fields, it is assumed that 64-bits is                   sufficiently large to hold the POSIX time_t value.                   If this assumption is wrong, this field will have to                   be revisited.   sadb_lifetime_usetime                   For CURRENT, the time, in seconds, when association                   was first used. For HARD and SOFT, the number of                   seconds after the first use of the association until                   it expires.   The semantics of lifetimes are inclusive-OR, first-to-expire.  This   means that if values for bytes and time, or multiple times, are   passed in, the first of these values to be reached will cause a   lifetime expiration.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 17]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19982.3.3 Address Extension   The Address extension specifies one or more addresses that are   associated with a security association. Address extensions for both   source and destination MUST be present when an Association extension   is present. The format of an Address extension is:           struct sadb_address {                   uint16_t sadb_address_len;                   uint16_t sadb_address_exttype;                   uint8_t sadb_address_proto;                   uint8_t sadb_address_prefixlen;                   uint16_t sadb_address_reserved;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_address) == 8 */           /* followed by some form of struct sockaddr */   The sockaddr structure SHOULD conform to the sockaddr structure of   the system implementing PF_KEY. If the system has an sa_len field, so   SHOULD the sockaddrs in the message. If the system has NO sa_len   field, the sockaddrs SHOULD NOT have an sa_len field. All non-address   information in the sockaddrs, such as sin_zero for AF_INET sockaddrs,   and sin6_flowinfo for AF_INET6 sockaddrs, MUST be zeroed out.  The   zeroing of ports (e.g. sin_port and sin6_port) MUST be done for all   messages except for originating SADB_ACQUIRE messages, which SHOULD   fill them in with ports from the relevant TCP or UDP session which   generates the ACQUIRE message.  If the ports are non-zero, then the   sadb_address_proto field, normally zero, MUST be filled in with the   transport protocol's number.  If the sadb_address_prefixlen is non-   zero, then the address has a prefix (often used in KM access control   decisions), with length specified in sadb_address_prefixlen.  These   additional fields may be useful to KM applications.   The SRC and DST addresses for a security association MUST be in the   same protocol family and MUST always be present or absent together in   a message.  The PROXY address MAY be in a different protocol family,   and for most security protocols, represents an actual originator of a   packet.  (For example, the inner-packets's source address in a   tunnel.)   The SRC address MUST be a unicast or unspecified (e.g., INADDR_ANY)   address.  The DST address can be any valid destination address   (unicast, multicast, or even broadcast). The PROXY address SHOULD be   a unicast address (there are experimental security protocols where   PROXY semantics may be different than described above).McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 18]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19982.3.4 Key Extension   The Key extension specifies one or more keys that are associated with   a security association.  A Key extension will not always be present   with messages, because of security risks.  The format of a Key   extension is:           struct sadb_key {                   uint16_t sadb_key_len;                   uint16_t sadb_key_exttype;                   uint16_t sadb_key_bits;                   uint16_t sadb_key_reserved;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_key) == 8 */           /* followed by the key data */   sadb_key_bits   The length of the valid key data, in bits. A value of                   zero in sadb_key_bits MUST cause an error.   The key extension comes in two varieties. The AUTH version is used   with authentication keys (e.g. IPsec AH, OSPF MD5) and the ENCRYPT   version is used with encryption keys (e.g. IPsec ESP).  PF_KEY deals   only with fully formed cryptographic keys, not with "raw key   material". For example, when ISAKMP/Oakley is in use, the key   management daemon is always responsible for transforming the result   of the Diffie-Hellman computation into distinct fully formed keys   PRIOR to sending those keys into the kernel via PF_KEY.  This rule is   made because PF_KEY is designed to support multiple security   protocols (not just IP Security) and also multiple key management   schemes including manual keying, which does not have the concept of   "raw key material".  A clean, protocol-independent interface is   important for portability to different operating systems as well as   for portability to different security protocols.   If an algorithm defines its key to include parity bits (e.g.  DES)   then the key used with PF_KEY MUST also include those parity bits.   For example, this means that a single DES key is always a 64-bit   quantity.   When a particular security protocol only requires one authentication   and/or one encryption key, the fully formed key is transmitted using   the appropriate key extension.  When a particular security protocol   requires more than one key for the same function (e.g. Triple-DES   using 2 or 3 keys, and asymmetric algorithms), then those two fully   formed keys MUST be concatenated together in the order used for   outbound packet processing. In the case of multiple keys, the   algorithm MUST be able to determine the lengths of the individualMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 19]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   keys based on the information provided.  The total key length (when   combined with knowledge of the algorithm in use) usually provides   sufficient information to make this determination.   Keys are always passed through the PF_KEY interface in the order that   they are used for outbound packet processing. For inbound processing,   the correct order that keys are used might be different from this   canonical concatenation order used with the PF_KEY interface. It is   the responsibility of the implementation to use the keys in the   correct order for both inbound and outbound processing.   For example, consider a pair of nodes communicating unicast using an   ESP three-key Triple-DES Security Association. Both the outbound SA   on the sender node, and the inbound SA on the receiver node will   contain key-A, followed by key-B, followed by key-C in their   respective ENCRYPT key extensions. The outbound SA will use key-A   first, followed by key-B, then key-C when encrypting. The inbound SA   will use key-C, followed by key-B, then key-A when decrypting.   (NOTE: We are aware that 3DES is actually encrypt-decrypt-encrypt.)   The canonical ordering of key-A, key-B, key-C is used for 3DES, and   should be documented.  The order of "encryption" is the canonical   order for this example. [Sch96]   The key data bits are arranged most-significant to least significant.   For example, a 22-bit key would take up three octets, with the least   significant two bits not containing key material. Five additional   octets would then be used for padding to the next 64-bit boundary.   While not directly related to PF_KEY, there is a user interface issue   regarding odd-digit hexadecimal representation of keys.  Consider the   example of the 16-bit number:           0x123   That will require two octets of storage. In the absence of other   information, however, unclear whether the value shown is stored as:           01 23           OR              12 30   It is the opinion of the authors that the former (0x123 == 0x0123) is   the better way to interpret this ambiguity. Extra information (for   example, specifying 0x0123 or 0x1230, or specifying that this is only   a twelve-bit number) would solve this problem.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 20]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19982.3.5 Identity Extension   The Identity extension contains endpoint identities.  This   information is used by key management to select the identity   certificate that is used in negotiations. This information may also   be provided by a kernel to network security aware applications to   identify the remote entity, possibly for access control purposes.  If   this extension is not present, key management MUST assume that the   addresses in the Address extension are the only identities for this   Security Association. The Identity extension looks like:           struct sadb_ident {                   uint16_t sadb_ident_len;                   uint16_t sadb_ident_exttype;                   uint16_t sadb_ident_type;                   uint16_t sadb_ident_reserved;                   uint64_t sadb_ident_id;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_ident) == 16 */           /* followed by the identity string, if present */   sadb_ident_type The type of identity information that follows.                   Currently defined identity types are described later                   in this document.   sadb_ident_id   An identifier used to aid in the construction of an                   identity string if none is present.  A POSIX user id                   value is one such identifier that will be used in this                   field.  Use of this field is described later in this                   document.   A C string containing a textual representation of the identity   information optionally follows the sadb_ident extension.  The format   of this string is determined by the value in sadb_ident_type, and is   described later in this document.2.3.6 Sensitivity Extension   The Sensitivity extension contains security labeling information for   a security association.  If this extension is not present, no   sensitivity-related data can be obtained from this security   association.  If this extension is present, then the need for   explicit security labeling on the packet is obviated.           struct sadb_sens {                   uint16_t sadb_sens_len;                   uint16_t sadb_sens_exttype;McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 21]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998                   uint32_t sadb_sens_dpd;                   uint8_t sadb_sens_sens_level;                   uint8_t sadb_sens_sens_len;                   uint8_t sadb_sens_integ_level;                   uint8_t sadb_sens_integ_len;                   uint32_t sadb_sens_reserved;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_sens) == 16 */           /* followed by:                   uint64_t sadb_sens_bitmap[sens_len];                   uint64_t sadb_integ_bitmap[integ_len]; */   sadb_sens_dpd   Describes the protection domain, which allows                   interpretation of the levels and compartment                   bitmaps.   sadb_sens_sens_level                   The sensitivity level.   sadb_sens_sens_len                   The length, in 64 bit words, of the sensitivity                   bitmap.   sadb_sens_integ_level                   The integrity level.   sadb_sens_integ_len                   The length, in 64 bit words, of the integrity                   bitmap.   This sensitivity extension is designed to support the Bell-LaPadula   [BL74] security model used in compartmented-mode or multi-level   secure systems, the Clark-Wilson [CW87] commercial security model,   and/or the Biba integrity model [Biba77]. These formal models can be   used to implement a wide variety of security policies. The definition   of a particular security policy is outside the scope of this   document.  Each of the bitmaps MUST be padded to a 64-bit boundary if   they are not implicitly 64-bit aligned.2.3.7 Proposal Extension   The Proposal extension contains a "proposed situation" of algorithm   preferences.  It looks like:           struct sadb_prop {                   uint16_t sadb_prop_len;                   uint16_t sadb_prop_exttype;                   uint8_t sadb_prop_replay;                   uint8_t sadb_prop_reserved[3];           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_prop) == 8 */McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 22]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998           /* followed by:              struct sadb_comb sadb_combs[(sadb_prop_len *                  sizeof(uint64_t) - sizeof(struct sadb_prop)) /                  sizeof(struct sadb_comb)]; */   Following the header is a list of proposed parameter combinations in   preferential order.  The values in these fields have the same   definition as the fields those values will move into if the   combination is chosen.       NOTE: Some algorithms in some security protocols will have             variable IV lengths per algorithm.  Variable length IVs             are not supported by PF_KEY v2.  If they were, however,             proposed IV lengths would go in the Proposal Extension.   These combinations look like:           struct sadb_comb {                   uint8_t sadb_comb_auth;                   uint8_t sadb_comb_encrypt;                   uint16_t sadb_comb_flags;                   uint16_t sadb_comb_auth_minbits;                   uint16_t sadb_comb_auth_maxbits;                   uint16_t sadb_comb_encrypt_minbits;                   uint16_t sadb_comb_encrypt_maxbits;                   uint32_t sadb_comb_reserved;                   uint32_t sadb_comb_soft_allocations;                   uint32_t sadb_comb_hard_allocations;                   uint64_t sadb_comb_soft_bytes;                   uint64_t sadb_comb_hard_bytes;                   uint64_t sadb_comb_soft_addtime;                   uint64_t sadb_comb_hard_addtime;                   uint64_t sadb_comb_soft_usetime;                   uint64_t sadb_comb_hard_usetime;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_comb) == 72 */   sadb_comb_auth  If this combination is accepted, this will be the                   value of sadb_sa_auth.   sadb_comb_encrypt                   If this combination is accepted, this will be the                   value of sadb_sa_encrypt.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 23]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   sadb_comb_auth_minbits;   sadb_comb_auth_maxbits;                   The minimum and maximum acceptable authentication                   key lengths, respectably, in bits. If sadb_comb_auth                   is zero, both of these values MUST be zero. If                   sadb_comb_auth is nonzero, both of these values MUST                   be nonzero. If this combination is accepted, a value                   between these (inclusive) will be stored in the                   sadb_key_bits field of KEY_AUTH. The minimum MUST                   NOT be greater than the maximum.   sadb_comb_encrypt_minbits;   sadb_comb_encrypt_maxbits;                   The minimum and maximum acceptable encryption key                   lengths, respectably, in bits. If sadb_comb_encrypt                   is zero, both of these values MUST be zero. If                   sadb_comb_encrypt is nonzero, both of these values                   MUST be nonzero. If this combination is accepted, a                   value between these (inclusive) will be stored in                   the sadb_key_bits field of KEY_ENCRYPT. The minimum                   MUST NOT be greater than the maximum.   sadb_comb_soft_allocations   sadb_comb_hard_allocations                   If this combination is accepted, these are proposed                   values of sadb_lifetime_allocations in the SOFT and                   HARD lifetimes, respectively.   sadb_comb_soft_bytes   sadb_comb_hard_bytes                   If this combination is accepted, these are proposed                   values of sadb_lifetime_bytes in the SOFT and HARD                   lifetimes, respectively.   sadb_comb_soft_addtime   sadb_comb_hard_addtime                   If this combination is accepted, these are proposed                   values of sadb_lifetime_addtime in the SOFT and HARD                   lifetimes, respectively.   sadb_comb_soft_usetime   sadb_comb_hard_usetime                   If this combination is accepted, these are proposed                   values of sadb_lifetime_usetime in the SOFT and HARD                   lifetimes, respectively.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 24]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   Each combination has an authentication and encryption algorithm,   which may be 0, indicating none.  A combination's flags are the same   as the flags in the Association extension.  The minimum and maximum   key lengths (which are in bits) are derived from possible a priori   policy decisions, along with basic properties of the algorithm.   Lifetime attributes are also included in a combination, as some   algorithms may know something about their lifetimes and can suggest   lifetime limits.2.3.8 Supported Algorithms Extension   The Supported Algorithms extension contains a list of all algorithms   supported by the system. This tells key management what algorithms it   can negotiate. Available authentication algorithms are listed in the   SUPPORTED_AUTH extension and available encryption algorithms are   listed in the SUPPORTED_ENCRYPT extension. The format of these   extensions is:           struct sadb_supported {                   uint16_t sadb_supported_len;                   uint16_t sadb_supported_exttype;                   uint32_t sadb_supported_reserved;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_supported) == 8 */           /* followed by:              struct sadb_alg sadb_algs[(sadb_supported_len *                  sizeof(uint64_t) - sizeof(struct sadb_supported)) /                  sizeof(struct sadb_alg)]; */     This header is followed by one or more algorithm  descriptions.  An   algorithm description looks like:           struct sadb_alg {                   uint8_t sadb_alg_id;                   uint8_t sadb_alg_ivlen;                   uint16_t sadb_alg_minbits;                   uint16_t sadb_alg_maxbits;                   uint16_t sadb_alg_reserved;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_alg) == 8 */   sadb_alg_id    The algorithm identification value for this                  algorithm. This is the value that is stored in                  sadb_sa_auth or sadb_sa_encrypt if this algorithm is                  selected.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 25]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   sadb_alg_ivlen The length of the initialization vector to be used                  for the algorithm. If an IV is not needed, this                  value MUST be set to zero.   sadb_alg_minbits                   The minimum acceptable key length, in bits. A value                   of zero is invalid.   sadb_alg_maxbits                   The maximum acceptable key length, in bits. A value                   of zero is invalid. The minimum MUST NOT be greater                   than the maximum.2.3.9 SPI Range Extension   One PF_KEY message, SADB_GETSPI, might need a range of acceptable SPI   values.  This extension performs such a function.           struct sadb_spirange {                   uint16_t sadb_spirange_len;                   uint16_t sadb_spirange_exttype;                   uint32_t sadb_spirange_min;                   uint32_t sadb_spirange_max;                   uint32_t sadb_spirange_reserved;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_spirange) == 16 */   sadb_spirange_min                   The minimum acceptable SPI value.   sadb_spirange_max                   The maximum acceptable SPI value. The maximum MUST                   be greater than or equal to the minimum.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 26]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19982.4 Illustration of Message Layout   The following shows how the octets are laid out in a PF_KEY message.   Optional fields are indicated as such.   The base header is as follows:     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7    +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+    |  ...version   | sadb_msg_type | sadb_msg_errno| ...msg_satype |    +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+    |          sadb_msg_len         |       sadb_msg_reserved       |    +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+    |                         sadb_msg_seq                          |    +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+    |                         sadb_msg_pid                          |    +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The base header may be followed by one or more of the following   extension fields, depending on the values of various base header   fields.  The following fields are ordered such that if they appear,   they SHOULD appear in the order presented below.   An extension field MUST not be repeated.  If there is a situation   where an extension MUST be repeated, it should be brought to the   attention of the authors.   The Association extension       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |          sadb_sa_len          |        sadb_sa_exttype        |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                          sadb_sa_spi                          |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |   ...replay   | sadb_sa_state | sadb_sa_auth  |sadb_sa_encrypt|       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                         sadb_sa_flags                         |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The Lifetime extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |         sadb_lifetime_len     |    sadb_lifetime_exttype      |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                   sadb_lifetime_allocations                   |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 27]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                    sadb_lifetime_bytes                        |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                    sadb_lifetime_addtime                      |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                    sadb_lifetime_usetime                      |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The Address extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |       sadb_address_len        |     sadb_address_exttype      |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       | _address_proto| ..._prefixlen |     sadb_address_reserved     |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       >     Some form of 64-bit aligned struct sockaddr goes here.    <       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The Key extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |         sadb_key_len          |         sadb_key_exttype      |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |        sadb_key_bits          |        sadb_key_reserved      |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       >    A key, padded to 64-bits, most significant bits to least.  >       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The Identity extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |        sadb_ident_len         |      sadb_ident_exttype       |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |        sadb_ident_type        |      sadb_ident_reserved      |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                         sadb_ident_id                         |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       >  A null-terminated C-string which MUST be padded out for      >       <  64-bit alignment.                                            <       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 28]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   The Sensitivity extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |         sadb_sens_len         |      sadb_sens_exttype        |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                         sadb_sens_dpd                         |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       | ...sens_level | ...sens_len   |..._integ_level| ..integ_len   |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                       sadb_sens_reserved                      |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       >    The sensitivity bitmap, followed immediately by the        <       <    integrity bitmap, each is an array of uint64_t.            >       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The Proposal extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |         sadb_prop_len         |       sadb_prop_exttype       |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |...prop_replay |           sadb_prop_reserved                  |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       >     One or more combinations, specified as follows...         <       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       Combination       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |sadb_comb_auth |sadb_comb_encr |        sadb_comb_flags        |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |    sadb_comb_auth_minbits     |     sadb_comb_auth_maxbits    |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |   sadb_comb_encrypt_minbits   |    sadb_comb_encrypt_maxbits  |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                       sadb_comb_reserved                      |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                   sadb_comb_soft_allocations                  |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                   sadb_comb_hard_allocations                  |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                      sadb_comb_soft_bytes                     |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                      sadb_comb_hard_bytes                     |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                     sadb_comb_soft_addtime                    |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 29]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                     sadb_comb_hard_addtime                    |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                     sadb_comb_soft_usetime                    |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                     sadb_comb_hard_usetime                    |       |                           (64 bits)                           |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The Supported Algorithms extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |      sadb_supported_len       |     sadb_supported_exttype    |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                    sadb_supported_reserved                    |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+      Followed by one or more Algorithm Descriptors       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |  sadb_alg_id  | sadb_alg_ivlen|       sadb_alg_minbits        |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |        sadb_alg_maxbits       |       sadb_alg_reserved       |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+   The SPI Range extension       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |       sadb_spirange_len       |     sadb_spirange_exttype     |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                      sadb_spirange_min                        |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                      sadb_spirange_max                        |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+       |                    sadb_spirange_reserved                     |       +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+3 Symbolic Names   This section defines various symbols used with PF_KEY and the   semantics associated with each symbol.  Applications MUST use the   symbolic names in order to be portable.  The numeric definitions   shown are for illustrative purposes, unless explicitly stated   otherwise.  The numeric definition MAY vary on other systems.  The   symbolic name MUST be kept the same for all conforming   implementations.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 30]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19983.1 Message Types   The following message types are used with PF_KEY.  These are defined   in the file <net/pfkeyv2.h>.           #define SADB_RESERVED    0           #define SADB_GETSPI      1           #define SADB_UPDATE      2           #define SADB_ADD         3           #define SADB_DELETE      4           #define SADB_GET         5           #define SADB_ACQUIRE     6           #define SADB_REGISTER    7           #define SADB_EXPIRE      8           #define SADB_FLUSH       9           #define SADB_DUMP        10   /* not used normally */           #define SADB_MAX         10   Each message has a behavior.  A behavior is defined as where the   initial message travels (e.g. user to kernel), and what subsequent   actions are expected to take place.  Contents of messages are   illustrated as:   <base, REQUIRED EXTENSION, REQ., (OPTIONAL EXT.,) (OPT)>   The SA extension is sometimes used only for its SPI field.  If all   other fields MUST be ignored, this is represented by "SA(*)".   The lifetime extensions are represented with one to three letters   after the word "lifetime," representing (H)ARD, (S)OFT, and   (C)URRENT.   The address extensions are represented with one to three letters   after the word "address," representing (S)RC, (D)ST, (P)ROXY.       NOTE: Some security association types do not use a source              address for SA identification, where others do.  This may              cause EEXIST errors for some SA types where others do not              report collisions.  It is expected that application              authors know enough about the underlying security              association types to understand these differences.   The key extensions are represented with one or two letters after the   word "key," representing (A)UTH and (E)NCRYPT.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 31]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   The identity extensions are represented with one or two letters after   the word "identity," representing (S)RC and (D)ST.   In the case of an error, only the base header is returned.   Note that any standard error could be returned for any message.   Typically, they will be either one of the errors specifically listed   in the description for a message or one of the following:           EINVAL  Various message improprieties, including SPI ranges                   that are malformed.           ENOMEM  Needed memory was not available.           ENOBUFS Needed memory was not available.           EMSGSIZ The message exceeds the maximum length allowed.3.1.1 SADB_GETSPI   The SADB_GETSPI message allows a process to obtain a unique SPI value   for given security association type, source address, and destination   address.  This message followed by an SADB_UPDATE is one way to   create a security association (SADB_ADD is the other method).  The   process specifies the type in the base header, the source and   destination address in address extension.  If the SADB_GETSPI message   is in response to a kernel-generated SADB_ACQUIRE, the sadb_msg_seq   MUST be the same as the SADB_ACQUIRE message.  The application may   also specify the SPI.  This is done by having the kernel select   within a range of SPI values by using the SPI range extension.  To   specify a single SPI value to be verified, the application sets the   high and low values to be equal.  Permitting range specification is   important because the kernel can allocate an SPI value based on what   it knows about SPI values already in use.  The kernel returns the   same message with the allocated SPI value stored in the spi field of   an association extension.  The allocate SPI (and destination address)   refer to a LARVAL security association.  An SADB_UPDATE message can   later be used to add an entry with the requested SPI value.   It is recommended that associations that are created with SADB_GETSPI   SHOULD be automatically deleted within a fixed amount of time if they   are not updated by an SADB_UPDATE message.  This allows SA storage   not to get cluttered with larval associations.     The message behavior of the SADB_GETSPI message is:        Send an SADB_GETSPI message from a user process to the kernel.        <base, address, SPI range>McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 32]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998        The kernel returns the SADB_GETSPI message to all listening        processes.        <base, SA(*), address(SD)>     Errors:        EEXIST  Requested SPI or SPI range is not available or already                used.3.1.2 SADB_UPDATE Message   The SADB_UPDATE message allows a process to update the information in   an existing Security Association.  Since SADB_GETSPI does not allow   setting of certain parameters, this message is needed to fully form   the SADB_SASTATE_LARVAL security association created with   SADB_GETSPI.  The format of the update message is a base header,   followed by an association header and possibly by several extension   headers. The kernel searches for the security association with the   same type, spi, source address and destination address specified in   the message and updates the Security Association information using   the content of the SADB_UPDATE message.   The kernel MAY disallow SADB_UPDATE to succeed unless the message is   issued from the same socket that created the security association.   Such enforcement significantly reduces the chance of accidental   changes to an in-use security association.  Malicious trusted parties   could still issue an SADB_FLUSH or SADB_DELETE message, but deletion   of associations is more easily detected and less likely to occur   accidentally than an erroneous SADB_UPDATE. The counter argument to   supporting this behavior involves the case where a user-space key   management application fails and is restarted.  The new instance of   the application will not have the same socket as the creator of the   security association.   The kernel MUST sanity check all significant values submitted in an   SADB_UPDATE message before changing the SA in its database and MUST   return EINVAL if any of the values are invalid.  Examples of checks   that should be performed are DES key parity bits, key length   checking, checks for keys known to be weak for the specified   algorithm, and checks for flags or parameters known to be   incompatible with the specified algorithm.   Only SADB_SASTATE_MATURE SAs may be submitted in an SADB_UPDATE   message.  If the original SA is an SADB_SASTATE_LARVAL SA, then any   value in the SA may be changed except for the source address,   destination address, and SPI.  If the original SA is an   SADB_SASTATE_DEAD SA, any attempt to perform an SADB_UPDATE on the SAMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 33]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   MUST return EINVAL.  It is not valid for established keying or   algorithm information to change without the SPI changing, which would   require creation of a new SA rather than a change to an existing SA.   Once keying and algorithm information is negotiated, address and   identity information is fixed for the SA. Therefore, if the original   SA is an SADB_SASTATE_MATURE or DYING SA, only the sadb_sa_state   field in the SA header and lifetimes (hard, soft, and current) may be   changed and any attempt to change other values MUST result in an   error return of EINVAL.     The message behavior of the SADB_UPDATE message is:        Send an SADB_UPDATE message from a user process to the kernel.        <base, SA, (lifetime(HSC),) address(SD), (address(P),)          key(AE), (identity(SD),) (sensitivity)>        The kernel returns the SADB_UPDATE message to all listening        processes.        <base, SA, (lifetime(HSC),) address(SD), (address(P),)          (identity(SD),) (sensitivity)>   The keying material is not returned on the message from the kernel to   listening sockets because listeners might not have the privileges to   see such keying material.     Errors:         ESRCH   The security association to be updated was not found.         EINVAL  In addition to other possible causes, this error is                 returned if sanity checking on the SA values (such                 as the keys) fails.         EACCES  Insufficient privilege to update entry. The socket                 issuing the SADB_UPDATE is not creator of the entry                     to be updated.3.1.3 SADB_ADD   The SADB_ADD message is nearly identical to the SADB_UPDATE message,   except that it does not require a previous call to SADB_GETSPI.  The   SADB_ADD message is used in manual keying applications, and in other   cases where the uniqueness of the SPI is known immediately.   An SADB_ADD message is also used when negotiation is finished, and   the second of a pair of associations is added.  The SPI for this   association was determined by the peer machine.  The sadb_msg_seqMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 34]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   MUST be set to the value set in a kernel-generated SADB_ACQUIRE so   that both associations in a pair are bound to the same ACQUIRE   request.   The kernel MUST sanity check all used fields in the SA submitted in   an SADB_ADD message before adding the SA to its database and MUST   return EINVAL if any of the values are invalid.   Only SADB_SASTATE_MATURE SAs may be submitted in an SADB_ADD message.   SADB_SASTATE_LARVAL SAs are created by SADB_GETSPI and it is not   sensible to add a new SA in the DYING or SADB_SASTATE_DEAD state.   Therefore, the sadb_sa_state field of all submitted SAs MUST be   SADB_SASTATE_MATURE and the kernel MUST return an error if this is   not true.     The message behavior of the SADB_ADD message is:        Send an SADB_ADD message from a user process to the kernel.        <base, SA, (lifetime(HS),) address(SD), (address(P),)          key(AE), (identity(SD),) (sensitivity)>        The kernel returns the SADB_ADD message to all listening        processes.        <base, SA, (lifetime(HS),) address(SD), (identity(SD),)          (sensitivity)>   The keying material is not returned on the message from the kernel to   listening sockets because listeners may not have the privileges to   see such keying material.     Errors:        EEXIST  The security association that was to be added already                exists.        EINVAL  In addition to other possible causes, this error is                returned if sanity checking on the SA values (such                as the keys) fails.3.1.4 SADB_DELETE   The SADB_DELETE message causes the kernel to delete a Security   Association from the key table.  The delete message consists of the   base header followed by the association, and the source and   destination sockaddrs in the address extension.  The kernel deletes   the security association matching the type, spi, source address, and   destination address in the message.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 35]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     The message behavior for SADB_DELETE is as follows:        Send an SADB_DELETE message from a user process to the kernel.        <base, SA(*), address(SD)>        The kernel returns the SADB_DELETE message to all listening        processes.        <base, SA(*), address(SD)>3.1.5 SADB_GET   The SADB_GET message allows a process to retrieve a copy of a   Security Association from the kernel's key table.  The get message   consists of the base header follows by the relevant extension fields.   The Security Association matching the type, spi, source address, and   destination address is returned.      The message behavior of the SADB_GET message is:         Send an SADB_GET message from a user process to the kernel.         <base, SA(*), address(SD)>         The kernel returns the SADB_GET message to the socket that sent         the SADB_GET message.         <base, SA, (lifetime(HSC),) address(SD), (address(P),) key(AE),           (identity(SD),) (sensitivity)>     Errors:         ESRCH   The sought security association was not found.3.1.6 SADB_ACQUIRE   The SADB_ACQUIRE message is typically sent only by the kernel to key   socket listeners who have registered their key socket (see   SADB_REGISTER message).  SADB_ACQUIRE messages can be sent by   application-level consumers of security associations (such as an   OSPFv2 implementation that uses OSPF security).  The SADB_ACQUIRE   message is a base header along with an address extension, possibly an   identity extension, and a proposal extension. The proposed situation   contains a list of desirable algorithms that can be used if the   algorithms in the base header are not available.  The values for the   fields in the base header and in the security association data which   follows the base header indicate the properties of the Security   Association that the listening process should attempt to acquire.  IfMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 36]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   the message originates from the kernel (i.e. the sadb_msg_pid is 0),   the sadb_msg_seq number MUST be used by a subsequent SADB_GETSPI and   SADB_UPDATE, or subsequent SADB_ADD message to bind a security   association to the request.  This avoids the race condition of two   TCP connections between two IP hosts that each require unique   associations, and having one steal another's security association.   The sadb_msg_errno and sadb_msg_state fields should be ignored by the   listening process.   The SADB_ACQUIRE message is typically triggered by an outbound packet   that needs security but for which there is no applicable Security   Association existing in the key table.  If the packet can be   sufficiently protected by more than one algorithm or combination of   options, the SADB_ACQUIRE message MUST order the preference of   possibilities in the Proposal extension.   There are three messaging behaviors for SADB_ACQUIRE.  The first is   where the kernel needs a security association (e.g. for IPsec).     The kernel sends an SADB_ACQUIRE message to registered sockets.        <base, address(SD), (address(P)), (identity(SD),) (sensitivity,)          proposal>        NOTE:   The address(SD) extensions MUST have the port fields                filled in with the port numbers of the session requiring                keys if appropriate.   The second is when, for some reason, key management fails, it can   send an ACQUIRE message with the same sadb_msg_seq as the initial   ACQUIRE with a non-zero errno.        Send an SADB_ACQUIRE to indicate key management failure.        <base>   The third is where an application-layer consumer of security   associations (e.g.  an OSPFv2 or RIPv2 daemon) needs a security   association.        Send an SADB_ACQUIRE message from a user process to the kernel.        <base, address(SD), (address(P),) (identity(SD),) (sensitivity,)          proposal>        The kernel returns an SADB_ACQUIRE message to registered          sockets.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 37]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998        <base, address(SD), (address(P),) (identity(SD),) (sensitivity,)          proposal>        The user-level consumer waits for an SADB_UPDATE or SADB_ADD        message for its particular type, and then can use that        association by using SADB_GET messages.   Errors:       EINVAL  Invalid acquire request.       EPROTONOSUPPORT   No KM application has registered with the Key               Engine as being able to obtain the requested SA type, so               the requested SA cannot be acquired.3.1.7 SADB_REGISTER   The SADB_REGISTER message allows an application to register its key   socket as able to acquire new security associations for the kernel.   SADB_REGISTER allows a socket to receive SADB_ACQUIRE messages for   the type of security association specified in sadb_msg_satype.  The   application specifies the type of security association that it can   acquire for the kernel in the type field of its register message.  If   an application can acquire multiple types of security association, it   MUST register each type in a separate message. Only the base header   is needed for the register message.  Key management applications MAY   register for a type not known to the kernel, because the consumer may   be in user-space (e.g. OSPFv2 security).   The reply of the SADB_REGISTER message contains a supported algorithm   extension.  That field contains an array of supported algorithms, one   per octet.  This allows key management applications to know what   algorithm are supported by the kernel.   In an environment where algorithms can be dynamically loaded and   unloaded, an asynchronous SADB_REGISTER reply MAY be generated.  The   list of supported algorithms MUST be a complete list, so the   application can make note of omissions or additions.     The messaging behavior of the SADB_REGISTER message is:        Send an SADB_REGISTER message from a user process to the kernel.        <base>        The kernel returns an SADB_REGISTER message to registered        sockets, with algorithm types supported by the kernel being        indicated in the supported algorithms field.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 38]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998        NOTE:  This message may arrive asynchronously due to an               algorithm being loaded or unloaded into a dynamically               linked kernel.        <base, supported>3.1.8 SADB_EXPIRE Message   The operating system kernel is responsible for tracking SA   expirations for security protocols that are implemented inside the   kernel.  If the soft limit or hard limit of a Security Association   has expired for a security protocol implemented inside the kernel,   then the kernel MUST issue an SADB_EXPIRE message to all key socket   listeners.  If the soft limit or hard limit of a Security Association   for a user-level security protocol has expired, the user-level   protocol SHOULD issue an SADB_EXPIRE message.   The base header will contain the security association information   followed by the source sockaddr, destination sockaddr, (and, if   present, internal sockaddr,) (and, if present, one or both   compartment bitmaps).   The lifetime extension of an SADB_EXPIRE message is important to   indicate which lifetime expired.  If a HARD lifetime extension is   included, it indicates that the HARD lifetime expired.  This means   the association MAY be deleted already from the SADB.  If a SOFT   lifetime extension is included, it indicates that the SOFT lifetime   expired.  The CURRENT lifetime extension will indicate the current   status, and comparisons to the HARD or SOFT lifetime will indicate   which limit was reached.  HARD lifetimes MUST take precedence over   SOFT lifetimes, meaning if the HARD and SOFT lifetimes are the same,   the HARD lifetime will appear on the EXPIRE message.  The   pathological case of HARD lifetimes being shorter than SOFT lifetimes   is handled such that the SOFT lifetime will never expire.     The messaging behavior of the SADB_EXPIRE message is:           The kernel sends an SADB_EXPIRE message to all listeners when           the soft limit of a security association has been expired.           <base, SA, lifetime(C and one of HS), address(SD)>   Note that the SADB_EXPIRE message is ONLY sent by the kernel to the   KMd.  It is a one-way informational message that does not have a   reply.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 39]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19983.1.9 SADB_FLUSH   The SADB_FLUSH message causes the kernel to delete all entries in its   key table for a certain sadb_msg_satype.  Only the base header is   required for a flush message.  If sadb_msg_satype is filled in with a   specific value, only associations of that type are deleted.  If it is   filled in with SADB_SATYPE_UNSPEC, ALL associations are deleted.     The messaging behavior for SADB_FLUSH is:           Send an SADB_FLUSH message from a user process to the kernel.           <base>           The kernel will return an SADB_FLUSH message to all listening           sockets.           <base>           The reply message happens only after the actual flushing           of security associations has been attempted.3.1.10 SADB_DUMP   The SADB_DUMP message causes the kernel to dump the operating   system's entire Key Table to the requesting key socket. As in   SADB_FLUSH, if a sadb_msg_satype value is in the message, only   associations of that type will be dumped. If SADB_SATYPE_UNSPEC is   specified, all associations will be dumped. Each Security Association   is returned in its own SADB_DUMP message.  A SADB_DUMP message with a   sadb_seq field of zero indicates the end of the dump transaction. The   dump message is used for debugging purposes only and is not intended   for production use.   Support for the dump message MAY be discontinued in future versions   of PF_KEY.  Key management applications MUST NOT depend on this   message for basic operation.     The messaging behavior for SADB_DUMP is:           Send an SADB_DUMP message from a user process to the kernel.           <base>           Several SADB_DUMP messages will return from the kernel to the           sending socket.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 40]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998           <base, SA, (lifetime (HSC),) address(SD), (address(P),)             key(AE), (identity(SD),) (sensitivity)>3.2 Security Association Flags   The Security Association's flags are a bitmask field.  These flags   also appear in a combination that is part of a PROPOSAL extension.   The related symbolic definitions below should be used in order that   applications will be portable:     #define SADB_SAFLAGS_PFS 1    /* perfect forward secrecy */   The SADB_SAFLAGS_PFS flag indicates to key management that this   association should have perfect forward secrecy in its key.  (In   other words, any given session key cannot be determined by   cryptanalysis of previous session keys or some master key.)3.3 Security Association States   The security association state field is an integer that describes the   states of a security association.  They are:     #define SADB_SASTATE_LARVAL   0     #define SADB_SASTATE_MATURE   1     #define SADB_SASTATE_DYING    2     #define SADB_SASTATE_DEAD     3     #define SADB_SASTATE_MAX      3   A SADB_SASTATE_LARVAL security association is one that was created by   the SADB_GETSPI message.  A SADB_SASTATE_MATURE association is one   that was updated with the SADB_UPDATE message or added with the   SADB_ADD message.  A DYING association is one whose soft lifetime has   expired.  A SADB_SASTATE_DEAD association is one whose hard lifetime   has expired, but hasn't been reaped by system garbage collection.  If   a consumer of security associations has to extend an association   beyond its normal lifetime (e.g. OSPF Security) it MUST only set the   soft lifetime for an association.3.4 Security Association Types   This defines the type of Security Association in this message.  The   symbolic names are always the same, even on different   implementations.  Applications SHOULD use the symbolic name in order   to have maximum portability across different implementations.  These   are defined in the file <net/pfkeyv2.h>.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 41]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     #define SADB_SATYPE_UNSPEC        0     #define SADB_SATYPE_AH            2  /*RFC-1826 */     #define SADB_SATYPE_ESP           3  /*RFC-1827 */     #define SADB_SATYPE_RSVP          5  /* RSVP Authentication */     #define SADB_SATYPE_OSPFV2        6  /* OSPFv2 Authentication */     #define SADB_SATYPE_RIPV2         7  /* RIPv2 Authentication */     #define SADB_SATYPE_MIP           8  /* Mobile IP Auth. */     #define SADB_SATYPE_MAX           8   SADB_SATYPE_UNSPEC is defined for completeness and means no specific   type of security association.  This type is never used with PF_KEY   SAs.   SADB_SATYPE_AH is for the IP Authentication Header [Atk95b].   SADB_SATYPE_ESP  is  for  the  IP  Encapsulating   Security   Payload   [Atk95c].   SADB_SATYPE_RSVP is for the RSVP Integrity Object.   SADB_SATYPE_OSPFV2 is for OSPFv2 Cryptographic authentication   [Moy98].   SADB_SATYPE_RIPV2 is for RIPv2 Cryptographic authentication [BA97].   SADB_SATYPE_MIP is for Mobile IP's authentication extensions [Per97].   SADB_SATYPE_MAX is always set to the highest valid numeric value.3.5 Algorithm Types   The algorithm type is interpreted in the context of the Security   Association type defined above.  The numeric value might vary between   implementations, but the symbolic name MUST NOT vary between   implementations.  Applications should use the symbolic name in order   to have maximum portability to various implementations.   Some of the algorithm types defined below might not be standardized   or might be deprecated in the future.  To obtain an assignment for a   symbolic name, contact the authors.     The symbols below are defined in <net/pfkeyv2.h>.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 42]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998           /* Authentication algorithms */           #define SADB_AALG_NONE          0           #define SADB_AALG_MD5HMAC       2           #define SADB_AALG_SHA1HMAC      3           #define SADB_AALG_MAX           3           /* Encryption algorithms */           #define SADB_EALG_NONE          0           #define SADB_EALG_DESCBC        2           #define SADB_EALG_3DESCBC       3           #define SADB_EALG_NULL          11           #define SADB_EALG_MAX           11   The algorithm for SADB_AALG_MD5_HMAC is defined in [MG98a].  The   algorithm for SADB_AALG_SHA1HMAC is defined in [MG98b].  The   algorithm for SADB_EALG_DESCBC is defined in [MD98].  SADB_EALG_NULL   is the NULL encryption algorithm, defined in [GK98].  The   SADB_EALG_NONE value is not to be used in any security association   except those which have no possible encryption algorithm in them   (e.g. IPsec AH).3.6 Extension Header Values   To briefly recap the extension header values:           #define SADB_EXT_RESERVED          0           #define SADB_EXT_SA                1           #define SADB_EXT_LIFETIME_CURRENT  2           #define SADB_EXT_LIFETIME_HARD     3           #define SADB_EXT_LIFETIME_SOFT     4           #define SADB_EXT_ADDRESS_SRC       5           #define SADB_EXT_ADDRESS_DST       6           #define SADB_EXT_ADDRESS_PROXY     7           #define SADB_EXT_KEY_AUTH          8           #define SADB_EXT_KEY_ENCRYPT       9           #define SADB_EXT_IDENTITY_SRC      10           #define SADB_EXT_IDENTITY_DST      11           #define SADB_EXT_SENSITIVITY       12           #define SADB_EXT_PROPOSAL          13           #define SADB_EXT_SUPPORTED_AUTH    14           #define SADB_EXT_SUPPORTED_ENCRYPT 15           #define SADB_EXT_SPIRANGE          16           #define SADB_EXT_MAX               16McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 43]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19983.7 Identity Extension Values   Each identity can have a certain type.           #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_RESERVED  0           #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_PREFIX    1           #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_FQDN      2           #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_USERFQDN  3           #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_MAX       3   The PREFIX identity string consists of a network address followed by a   forward slash and a prefix length. The network address is in a   printable numeric form appropriate for the protocol family.  The   prefix length is a decimal number greater than or equal to zero and   less than the number of bits in the network address. It indicates the   number of bits in the network address that are significant; all bits   in the network address that are not significant MUST be set to zero.   Note that implementations MUST parse the contents of the printable   address into a binary form for comparison purposes because multiple   printable strings are valid representations of the same address in   many protocol families (for example, some allow leading zeros and some   have letters that are case insensitive). Examples of PREFIX identities   are "199.33.248.64/27" and "3ffe::1/128". If the source or destination   identity is a PREFIX identity, the source or destination address for   the SA (respectively) MUST be within that prefix.  The sadb_ident_id   field is zeroed for these identity types.   The FQDN identity string contains a fully qualified domain name. An   example FQDN identity is "ministry-of-truth.inner.net".  The   sadb_ident_id field is zeroed for these identity types.   The UserFQDN identity consists of a text string in the format commonly   used for Internet-standard electronic mail. The syntax is the text   username, followed by the "@" character, followed in turn by the   appropriate fully qualified domain name.  This identity specifies both   a username and an associated FQDN. There is no requirement that this   string specify a mailbox valid for SMTP or other electronic mail   use. This identity is useful with protocols supporting user-oriented   keying.  It is a convenient identity form because the DNS Security   extensions can be used to distribute signed public key values by   associating KEY and SIG records with an appropriate MB DNS record. An   example UserFQDN identity is "julia@ministry-of-love.inner.net".  The   sadb_ident_id field is used to contain a POSIX user id in the absence   of an identity string itself so that a user-level application can use   the getpwuid{,_r}() routine to obtain a textual user login id.  If a   string is present, it SHOULD match the numeric value in the   sadb_ident_id field.  If it does not match, the string SHOULD overrideMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 44]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   the numeric value.3.8 Sensitivity Extension Values   The only field currently defined in the sensitivity extension is the   sadb_sens_dpd, which represents the data protection domain.  The other   data in the sensitivity extension is based off the sadb_sens_dpd   value.   The DP/DOI is defined to be the same as the "Labeled Domain Identifier   Value" of the IP Security DOI specification [Pip98]. As noted in that   specification, values in the range 0x80000000 to 0xffffffff   (inclusive) are reserved for private use and values in the range   0x00000001 through 0x7fffffff are assigned by IANA.  The all-zeros   DP/DOI value is permanently reserved to mean that "no DP/DOI is in   use".3.9 Proposal Extension Values   These are already mentioned in the Algorithm Types and Security   Association Flags sections.4 Future Directions   While the current specification for the Sensitivity and Integrity   Labels is believed to be general enough, if a case should arise that   can't work with the current specification then this might cause a   change in a future version of PF_KEY.   Similarly, PF_KEY might need extensions to work with other kinds of   Security Associations in future.  It is strongly desirable for such   extensions to be made in a backwards-compatible manner should they be   needed.   When more experience is gained with certificate management, it is   possible that the IDENTITY extension will have to be revisited to   allow a finer grained selection of certificate identities.5. Examples   The following examples illustrate how PF_KEY is used.  The first   example is an IP Security example, where the consumer of the security   associations is inside an operating system kernel. The second example   is an OSPF Security example, which illustrates a user-level consumer   of security associations.  The third example covers things not   mentioned by the first two examples.  A real system may closely   conform to one of these examples, or take parts of them.  These   examples are purely illustrative, and are not intended to mandate aMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 45]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   particular implementation method.5.1 Simple IP Security Example                     +---------------+    +-------------+                     |Key Mgmt Daemon|    | Application |                     +---------------+    +-------------+                       |           |     /                       |           |    /                       |           |    |              Applications               ======[PF_KEY]====[PF_INET]==========================                       |           |    |              OS Kernel               +------------+   +-----------------+               | Key Engine |   | TCP/IP,         |               |  or  SADB  |---| including IPsec |               +------------+   |                 |                                +-----------------+   When the Key Management daemon (KMd) begins.  It must tell PF_KEY   that it is willing to accept message for the two IPsec services, AH   and ESP.  It does this by sending down two SADB_REGISTER messages.     KMd->Kernel:         SADB_REGISTER for ESP     Kernel->Registered:  SADB_REGISTER for ESP, Supported Algorithms     KMd->Kernel:         SADB_REGISTER for AH     Kernel->Registered:  SADB_REGISTER for AH, Supported Algorithms   Each REGISTER message will cause a reply to go to all PF_KEY sockets   registered for ESP and AH respectively (including the requester).   Assume that no security associations currently exist for IPsec to   use.  Consider when a network application begins transmitting data   (e.g. a TCP SYN).  Because of policy, or the application's request,   the kernel IPsec module needs an AH security association for this   data.  Since there is not one present, the following message is   generated:     Kernel->Registered:  SADB_ACQUIRE for AH, addrs, ID, sens,                          proposals   The KMd reads the ACQUIRE message, especially the sadb_msg_seq   number.  Before it begins the negotiation, it sends down an   SADB_GETSPI message with the sadb_msg_seq number equal to the one   received in the ACQUIRE.  The kernel returns the results of the   GETSPI to all listening sockets.     KMd->Kernel:         SADB_GETSPI for AH, addr, SPI range     Kernel->All:         SADB_GETSPI for AH, assoc, addrsMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 46]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   The KMd may perform a second GETSPI operation if it needs both   directions of IPsec SPI values.  Now that the KMd has an SPI for at   least one of the security associations, it begins negotiation.  After   deriving keying material, and negotiating other parameters, it sends   down one (or more) SADB_UPDATE messages with the same value in   sadb_msg_seq.   If a KMd has any error at all during its negotiation, it can send   down:     KMd->Kernel:         SADB_ACQUIRE for AH, assoc (with an error)     Kernel->All:         SADB_ACQUIRE for AH, assoc (same error)   but if it succeeds, it can instead:     KMd->Kernel:         SADB_UPDATE for AH, assoc, addrs, keys,                          <etc.>     Kernel->All:         SADB_UPDATE for AH, assoc, addrs, <etc.>   The results of the UPDATE (minus the actual keys) are sent to all   listening sockets.  If only one SPI value was determined locally, the   other SPI (since IPsec SAs are unidirectional) must be added with an   SADB_ADD message.     KMd->Kernel:         SADB_ADD for AH, assoc, addrs, keys, <etc.>     Kernel->All:         SADB_ADD for AH, assoc, addrs, <etc.>   If one of the extensions passed down was a Lifetime extension, it is   possible at some point an SADB_EXPIRE message will arrive when one of   the lifetimes has expired.     Kernel->All:         SADB_EXPIRE for AH, assoc, addrs,                          Hard or Soft, Current, <etc.>   The KMd can use this as a clue to begin negotiation, or, if it has   some say in policy, send an SADB_UPDATE down with a lifetime   extension.5.2 Proxy IP Security Example   Many people are interested in using IP Security in a "proxy" or   "firewall" configuration in which an intermediate system provides   security services for "inside" hosts.  In these environments, the   intermediate systems can use PF_KEY to communicate with key   management applications almost exactly as they would if they were the   actual endpoints. The messaging behavior of PF_KEY in these cases is   exactly the same as the previous example, but the address information   is slightly different.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 47]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     Consider this case:                     A ========= B --------- C     Key:               A           "outside" host that implements IPsec               B           "firewall" that implements IPsec               C           "inside" host that does not implement IPsec               ===         IP_{A<->B} ESP [ IP_{A<->C} ULP ]               ---         IP_{A<->C} ULP   A is a single system that wishes to communicate with the "inside"   system C.  B is a "firewall" between C and the outside world that   will do ESP and tunneling on C's behalf.  A discovers that it needs   to send traffic to C via B through methods not described here (Use of   the DNS' KX record might be one method for discovering this).   For packets that flow from left to right, A and B need an IPsec   Security Association with:           SA type of ESP tunnel-mode           Source Identity that dominates A (e.g. A's address)           Destination Identity that dominates B (e.g. B's address)           Source Address of A           Destination Address of B   For packets to flow from right to left, A and B need an IPsec   Security Association with:           SA type of ESP tunnel-mode           Source Identity that dominates C           Destination Identity that dominates A           Source Address of B           Destination Address of A           Proxy Address of C   For this second SA (for packets flowing from C towards A), node A   MUST verify that the inner source address is dominated by the Source   Identity for the SA used with those packets.  If node A does not do   this, an adversary could forge packets with an arbitrary Source   Identity and defeat the packet origin protections provided by IPsec.     Now consider a slightly more complex case:               A_1 --|                  |-- D_1                     |--- B ====== C ---|               A_2 --|                  |-- D_2McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 48]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     Key:               A_n     "inside" host on net 1 that does not do IPsec.               B       "firewall" for net 1 that supports IPsec.               C       "firewall" for net 2 that supports IPsec.               D_n     "inside" host on net 2 that does not do IPsec.               ===     IP_{B<->C} ESP [ IP_{A<->C} ULP ]               ---     IP_{A<->C} ULP           For A_1 to send a packet to D_1, B and C need an SA with:                   SA Type of ESP                   Source Identity that dominates A_1                   Destination Identity that dominates C                   Source Address of B                   Destination Address of C                   Proxy Address of A_1           For D_1 to send a packet to A_1, C and B need an SA with:                   SA Type of ESP Tunnel-mode                   Source Identity that dominates D_1                   Destination Identity that dominates B                   Source Address of C                   Destination Address of B                   Proxy Address of D_1   Note that A_2 and D_2 could be substituted for A_1 and D_1   (respectively) here; the association of an SA with a particular pair   of ends or group of those pairs is a policy decision on B and/or C   and not necessarily a function of key management.  The same check of   the Source Identity against the inner source IP address MUST also be   performed in this case for the same reason.   For a more detailed discussion of the use of IP Security in complex   cases, please see [Atk97].     NOTE: The notion of identity domination might be unfamiliar.  Let H     represent some node. Let Hn represent H's fully qualified domain     name. Let Ha represent the IP address of H. Let Hs represent the IP     subnet containing Ha. Let Hd represent a fully qualified domain     name that is a parent of the fully qualified domain name of H. Let     M be a UserFQDN identity that whose right-hand part is Hn or Ha.     Any of M, Hn, Ha, Hs, and Hd is considered to dominate H in the     example above. Hs dominates any node having an IP address within     the IP address range represented by Hs. Hd dominates any node     having a fully qualified domain name within underneath Hd.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 49]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 19985.3 OSPF Security Example           +---------------+    +-------------+           |Key Mgmt Daemon|    | OSPF daemon |           +---------------+    +-------------+             |           |     /    /        |             |    /------|----+    /         |             |   /       |    +---+          |           Applications     ======[PF_KEY]====[PF_INET]===========[PF_ROUTE]================             |           |    |              |           OS Kernel     +------------+   +-----------------+  +---------+     | Key Engine |   | TCP/IP,         |  | Routing |     |  or  SADB  |---| including IPsec |--| Table   |     +------------+   |                 |  +---------+                      +-----------------+   As in the previous examples, the KMd registers itself with the Key   Engine via PF_KEY.  Even though the consumer of the security   associations is in user-space, the PF_KEY and Key Engine   implementation knows enough to store SAs and to relay messages.   When the OSPF daemon needs to communicate securely with its peers, it   would perform an SADB_GET message and retrieve the appropriate   association:     OSPFd->Kernel:       SADB_GET of OSPF, assoc, addrs     Kernel->OSPFd:       SADB_GET of OSPF, assoc, addrs, keys, <etc.>   If this GET fails, the OSPFd may need to acquire a new security   association.  This interaction is as follows:     OSPFd->Kernel:       SADB_ACQUIRE of OSPF, addrs, <ID, sens,>                          proposal     Kernel->Registered:  SADB_ACQUIRE of OSPF, <same as sent message>   The KMd sees this and performs actions similar to the previous   example.  One difference, however, is that when the UPDATE message   comes back, the OSPFd will then perform a GET of the updated SA to   retrieve all of its parameters.5.4 Miscellaneous   Some messages work well only in system maintenance programs, for   debugging, or for auditing.  In a system panic situation, such as a   detected compromise, an SADB_FLUSH message should be issued for a   particular SA type, or for ALL SA types.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 50]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     Program->Kernel:     SADB_FLUSH for ALL     <Kernel then flushes all internal SAs>     Kernel->All:         SADB_FLUSH for ALL   Some SAs may need to be explicitly deleted, either by a KMd, or by a   system maintenance program.     Program->Kernel:     SADB_DELETE for AH, association, addrs     Kernel->All:         SADB_DELETE for AH, association, addrs   Common usage of the SADB_DUMP message is discouraged.  For debugging   purposes, however, it can be quite useful.  The output of a DUMP   message should be read quickly, in order to avoid socket buffer   overflows.     Program->Kernel:     SADB_DUMP for ESP     Kernel->Program:     SADB_DUMP for ESP, association, <all fields>     Kernel->Program:     SADB_DUMP for ESP, association, <all fields>     Kernel->Program:     SADB_DUMP for ESP, association, <all fields>     <ad nauseam...>6 Security Considerations   This memo discusses a method for creating, reading, modifying, and   deleting Security Associations from an operating system.  Only   trusted, privileged users and processes should be able to perform any   of these operations.  It is unclear whether this mechanism provides   any security when used with operating systems not having the concept   of a trusted, privileged user.   If an unprivileged user is able to perform any of these operations,   then the operating system cannot actually provide the related   security services.  If an adversary knows the keys and algorithms in   use, then cryptography cannot provide any form of protection.   This mechanism is not a panacea, but it does provide an important   operating system component that can be useful in creating a secure   internetwork.   Users need to understand that the quality of the security provided by   an implementation of this specification depends completely upon the   overall security of the operating system, the correctness of the   PF_KEY implementation, and upon the security and correctness of the   applications that connect to PF_KEY.  It is appropriate to use high   assurance development techniques when implementing PF_KEY and the   related security association components of the operating system.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 51]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998Acknowledgments   The authors of this document are listed primarily in alphabetical   order.  Randall Atkinson and Ron Lee provided useful feedback on   earlier versions of this document.   At one time or other, all of the authors worked at the Center for   High Assurance Computer Systems at the U.S.  Naval Research   Laboratory. This work was sponsored by the Information Security   Program Office (PMW-161), U.S.  Space and Naval Warfare Systems   Command (SPAWAR) and the Computing Systems Technology Office, Defense   Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA/CSTO). We really appreciate   their sponsorship of our efforts and their continued support of   PF_KEY development. Without that support, PF_KEY would not exist.   The "CONFORMANCE and COMPLIANCE" wording was taken from [MSST98].   Finally, the authors would like to thank those who sent in comments   and questions on the various iterations of this document. This   specification and implementations of it are discussed on the PF_KEY   mailing list. If you would like to be added to this list, send a note   to <pf_key-request@inner.net>.References   [AMPMC96] Randall J. Atkinson, Daniel L. McDonald, Bao G. Phan, Craig   W. Metz, and Kenneth C. Chin, "Implementation of IPv6 in 4.4-Lite   BSD", Proceedings of the 1996 USENIX Conference, San Diego, CA,   January 1996, USENIX Association.   [Atk95a] Atkinson, R., "IP Security Architecture",RFC 1825, August   1995.   [Atk95b] Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header",RFC 1826, August   1995.   [Atk95c] Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload",RFC 1827,   August 1995.   [Atk97] Atkinson, R., "Key Exchange Delegation Record for the Domain   Name System",RFC 2230, October 1997.   [BA97] Baker, F., and R. Atkinson, "RIP-2 MD5 Authentication",RFC2082, January 1997.   [Biba77] K. J. Biba, "Integrity Considerations for Secure Computer   Systems", MTR-3153, The MITRE Corporation, June 1975; ESD-TR-76-372,   April 1977.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 52]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   [BL74] D. Elliot Bell and Leonard J. LaPadula, "Secure Computer   Systems: Unified Exposition and Multics Interpretation", MTR 2997,   The MITRE Corporation, April 1974. (AD/A 020 445)   [Bra97] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate   Requirement Levels",BCP 14,RFC 2119, March 1997.   [CW87] D. D. Clark and D. R. Wilson, "A Comparison of Commercial and   Military Computer Security Policies", Proceedings of the 1987   Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 184-195, IEEE Computer   Society, Washington, D.C., 1987.   [DIA] US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), "Compartmented Mode   Workstation Specification", Technical Report DDS-2600-6243-87.   [GK98] Glenn, R., and S. Kent, "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its   Use with IPsec", Work in Progress.   [HM97a] Harney, H., and C. Muckenhirn, "Group Key Management Protocol   (GKMP) Specification",RFC 2093, July 1997.   [HM97b] Harney, H., and C. Muckenhirn, "Group Key Management Protocol   (GKMP) Architecture",RFC 2094, July 1997.   [MD98] Madsen, C., and N. Doraswamy, "The ESP DES-CBC Cipher   Algorithm With Explicit IV", Work in Progress.   [MG98a] Madsen, C., and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP   and AH", Work in Progress.   [MG98b] Madsen, C., and R. Glenn, "The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within   ESP and AH", Work in Progress.   [MSST98] Maughan, D., Schertler, M., Schneider, M., and J. Turner,   "Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)",   Work in Progress.   [Moy98] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54,RFC 2328, April 1998.   [Per97] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support",RFC 2002, October 1996.   [Pip98] Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation   for ISAKMP", Work in Progress.   [Sch96] Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography, p. 360, John Wiley &   Sons, Inc., 1996.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 53]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   [Skl91] Keith Sklower, "A Tree-based Packet Routing Table for   Berkeley UNIX", Proceedings of the Winter 1991 USENIX Conference,   Dallas, TX, USENIX Association. 1991.  pp. 93-103.Disclaimer   The views and specification here are those of the editors and are not   necessarily those of their employers.  The employers have not passed   judgment on the merits, if any, of this work.  The editors and their   employers specifically disclaim responsibility for any problems   arising from correct or incorrect implementation or use of this   specification.Authors' Addresses   Daniel L. McDonald   Sun Microsystems, Inc.   901 San Antonio Road, MS UMPK17-202   Palo Alto, CA 94303   Phone: +1 650 786 6815   EMail: danmcd@eng.sun.com   Craig Metz   (for Code 5544)   U.S. Naval Research Laboratory   4555 Overlook Ave. SW   Washington, DC 20375   Phone: (DSN) 754-8590   EMail: cmetz@inner.net   Bao G. Phan   U. S. Naval Research Laboratory   EMail: phan@itd.nrl.navy.milMcDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 54]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998Appendix A: Promiscuous Send/Receive Message Type   A kernel supporting PF_KEY MAY implement the following extension for   development and debugging purposes. If it does, it MUST implement the   extension as specified here. An implementation MAY require an   application to have additional privileges to perform promiscuous send   and/or receive operations.   The SADB_X_PROMISC message allows an application to send and receive   messages in a "promiscuous mode." There are two forms of this   message: control and data. The control form consists of only a   message header.  This message is used to toggle the promiscuous-   receive function. A value of one in the sadb_msg_satype field enables   promiscuous message reception for this socket, while a value of zero   in that field disables it.   The second form of this message is the data form. This is used to   send or receive messages in their raw form. Messages in the data form   consist of a message header followed by an entire new message.  There   will be two message headers in a row: one for the SADB_X_PROMISC   message, and one for the payload message.   Data messages sent from the application are sent to either the PF_KEY   socket of a single process identified by a nonzero sadb_msg_seq or to   all PF_KEY sockets if sadb_msg_seq is zero.  These messages are sent   without any processing of their contents by the PF_KEY interface   (including sanity checking).  This promiscuous-send capability allows   an application to send messages as if it were the kernel. This also   allows it to send erroneous messages.   If the promiscuous-receive function has been enabled, a copy of any   message sent via PF_KEY by another application or by the kernel is   sent to the promiscuous application.  This is done before any   processing of the message's contents by the PF_KEY interface (again,   including sanity checking).  This promiscuous-receive capability   allows an application to receive all messages sent by other parties   using PF_KEY.     The messaging behavior of the SADB_X_PROMISC message is:         Send a control-form SADB_X_PROMISC message from a user process         to the kernel.         <base>         The kernel returns the SADB_X_PROMISC message to all listening         processes.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 55]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998         <base>         Send a data-form SADB_X_PROMISC message from a user process to         the kernel.         <base, base(, others)>         The kernel sends the encapsulated message to the target         process(s).         <base(, others)>         If promiscuous-receive is enabled, the kernel will encapsulate         and send copies of all messages sent via the PF_KEY interface.         <base, base(, others)>     Errors:         EPERM Additional privileges are required to perform the               requested operations.         ESRCH (Data form, sending) The target process in sadb_msg_seq               does not exist or does not have an open PF_KEY Version 2               socket.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 56]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998Appendix B: Passive Change Message Type   The SADB_X_PCHANGE message is a passive-side (aka.  the "listener" or   "receiver") counterpart to the SADB_ACQUIRE message.  It is useful   for when key management applications wish to more effectively handle   incoming key management requests for passive-side sessions that   deviate from systemwide default security services.  If a passive   session requests that only certain levels of security service be   allowed, the SADB_X_PCHANGE message expresses this change to any   registered PF_KEY sockets.  Unlike SADB_ACQUIRE, this message is   purely informational, and demands no other PF_KEY interaction.   The SADB_X_PCHANGE message is typically triggered by either a change   in an endpoint's requested security services, or when an endpoint   that made a special request disappears.  In the former case, an   SADB_X_PCHANGE looks like an SADB_ACQUIRE, complete with an   sadb_proposal extension indicating the preferred algorithms,   lifetimes, and other attributes.  When a passive session either   disappears, or reverts to a default behavior, an SADB_X_PCHANGE will   be issued with _no_ sadb_proposal extension, indicating that the   exception to systemwide default behavior has disappeared.   There are two messaging behaviors for SADB_X_PCHANGE.  The first is   the kernel-originated case:        The kernel sends an SADB_X_PCHANGE message to registered        sockets.        <base, address(SD), (identity(SD),) (sensitivity,) (proposal)>        NOTE:  The address(SD) extensions MUST have the port fields               filled in with the port numbers of the session               requiring keys if appropriate.   The second is for a user-level consumer of SAs.        Send an SADB_X_PCHANGE message from a user process to the        kernel.        <base, address(SD), (identity(SD),) (sensitivity,) (proposal)>        The kernel returns an SADB_X_PCHANGE message to registered        sockets.        <base, address(SD), (identity(SD),) (sensitivity,) (proposal)>McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 57]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998Appendix C: Key Management Private Data Extension   The Key Management Private Data extension is attached to either an   SADB_ADD or an SADB_UPDATE message.  It attaches a single piece of   arbitrary data to a security association.  It may be useful for key   managment applications that could use an SADB_DUMP or SADB_GET   message to obtain additional state if it needs to restart or recover   after a crash.  The format of this extension is:           #define SADB_X_EXT_KMPRIVATE 17           struct sadb_x_kmprivate {                   uint16_t sadb_x_kmprivate_len;                   uint16_t sadb_x_kmprivate_exttype;                   uint32_t sadb_x_kmprivate_reserved;           };           /* sizeof(struct sadb_x_kmprivate) == 8 */           /* followed by arbitrary data */   The data following the sadb_x_kmprivate extension can be anything.   It will be stored with the actual security association in the kernel.   Like all data, it must be padded to an eight byte boundary.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 58]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998Appendix D: Sample Header File   /*   This file defines structures and symbols for the PF_KEY Version 2   key management interface. It was written at the U.S. Naval Research   Laboratory. This file is in the public domain. The authors ask that   you leave this credit intact on any copies of this file.   */   #ifndef __PFKEY_V2_H   #define __PFKEY_V2_H 1   #define PF_KEY_V2 2   #define PFKEYV2_REVISION        199806L   #define SADB_RESERVED    0   #define SADB_GETSPI      1   #define SADB_UPDATE      2   #define SADB_ADD         3   #define SADB_DELETE      4   #define SADB_GET         5   #define SADB_ACQUIRE     6   #define SADB_REGISTER    7   #define SADB_EXPIRE      8   #define SADB_FLUSH       9   #define SADB_DUMP        10   #define SADB_X_PROMISC   11   #define SADB_X_PCHANGE   12   #define SADB_MAX         12   struct sadb_msg {     uint8_t sadb_msg_version;     uint8_t sadb_msg_type;     uint8_t sadb_msg_errno;     uint8_t sadb_msg_satype;     uint16_t sadb_msg_len;     uint16_t sadb_msg_reserved;     uint32_t sadb_msg_seq;     uint32_t sadb_msg_pid;   };   struct sadb_ext {     uint16_t sadb_ext_len;     uint16_t sadb_ext_type;   };   struct sadb_sa {     uint16_t sadb_sa_len;     uint16_t sadb_sa_exttype;McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 59]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     uint32_t sadb_sa_spi;     uint8_t sadb_sa_replay;     uint8_t sadb_sa_state;     uint8_t sadb_sa_auth;     uint8_t sadb_sa_encrypt;     uint32_t sadb_sa_flags;   };   struct sadb_lifetime {     uint16_t sadb_lifetime_len;     uint16_t sadb_lifetime_exttype;     uint32_t sadb_lifetime_allocations;     uint64_t sadb_lifetime_bytes;     uint64_t sadb_lifetime_addtime;     uint64_t sadb_lifetime_usetime;   };   struct sadb_address {     uint16_t sadb_address_len;     uint16_t sadb_address_exttype;     uint8_t sadb_address_proto;     uint8_t sadb_address_prefixlen;     uint16_t sadb_address_reserved;   };   struct sadb_key {     uint16_t sadb_key_len;     uint16_t sadb_key_exttype;     uint16_t sadb_key_bits;     uint16_t sadb_key_reserved;   };   struct sadb_ident {     uint16_t sadb_ident_len;     uint16_t sadb_ident_exttype;     uint16_t sadb_ident_type;     uint16_t sadb_ident_reserved;     uint64_t sadb_ident_id;   };   struct sadb_sens {     uint16_t sadb_sens_len;     uint16_t sadb_sens_exttype;     uint32_t sadb_sens_dpd;     uint8_t sadb_sens_sens_level;     uint8_t sadb_sens_sens_len;     uint8_t sadb_sens_integ_level;     uint8_t sadb_sens_integ_len;McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 60]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     uint32_t sadb_sens_reserved;   };   struct sadb_prop {     uint16_t sadb_prop_len;     uint16_t sadb_prop_exttype;     uint8_t sadb_prop_replay;     uint8_t sadb_prop_reserved[3];   };   struct sadb_comb {     uint8_t sadb_comb_auth;     uint8_t sadb_comb_encrypt;     uint16_t sadb_comb_flags;     uint16_t sadb_comb_auth_minbits;     uint16_t sadb_comb_auth_maxbits;     uint16_t sadb_comb_encrypt_minbits;     uint16_t sadb_comb_encrypt_maxbits;     uint32_t sadb_comb_reserved;     uint32_t sadb_comb_soft_allocations;     uint32_t sadb_comb_hard_allocations;     uint64_t sadb_comb_soft_bytes;     uint64_t sadb_comb_hard_bytes;     uint64_t sadb_comb_soft_addtime;     uint64_t sadb_comb_hard_addtime;     uint64_t sadb_comb_soft_usetime;     uint64_t sadb_comb_hard_usetime;   };   struct sadb_supported {     uint16_t sadb_supported_len;     uint16_t sadb_supported_exttype;     uint32_t sadb_supported_reserved;   };   struct sadb_alg {     uint8_t sadb_alg_id;     uint8_t sadb_alg_ivlen;     uint16_t sadb_alg_minbits;     uint16_t sadb_alg_maxbits;     uint16_t sadb_alg_reserved;   };   struct sadb_spirange {     uint16_t sadb_spirange_len;     uint16_t sadb_spirange_exttype;     uint32_t sadb_spirange_min;     uint32_t sadb_spirange_max;McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 61]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998     uint32_t sadb_spirange_reserved;   };   struct sadb_x_kmprivate {     uint16_t sadb_x_kmprivate_len;     uint16_t sadb_x_kmprivate_exttype;     uint32_t sadb_x_kmprivate_reserved;   };   #define SADB_EXT_RESERVED             0   #define SADB_EXT_SA                   1   #define SADB_EXT_LIFETIME_CURRENT     2   #define SADB_EXT_LIFETIME_HARD        3   #define SADB_EXT_LIFETIME_SOFT        4   #define SADB_EXT_ADDRESS_SRC          5   #define SADB_EXT_ADDRESS_DST          6   #define SADB_EXT_ADDRESS_PROXY        7   #define SADB_EXT_KEY_AUTH             8   #define SADB_EXT_KEY_ENCRYPT          9   #define SADB_EXT_IDENTITY_SRC         10   #define SADB_EXT_IDENTITY_DST         11   #define SADB_EXT_SENSITIVITY          12   #define SADB_EXT_PROPOSAL             13   #define SADB_EXT_SUPPORTED_AUTH       14   #define SADB_EXT_SUPPORTED_ENCRYPT    15   #define SADB_EXT_SPIRANGE             16   #define SADB_X_EXT_KMPRIVATE          17   #define SADB_EXT_MAX                  17   #define SADB_SATYPE_UNSPEC    0   #define SADB_SATYPE_AH        2   #define SADB_SATYPE_ESP       3   #define SADB_SATYPE_RSVP      5   #define SADB_SATYPE_OSPFV2    6   #define SADB_SATYPE_RIPV2     7   #define SADB_SATYPE_MIP       8   #define SADB_SATYPE_MAX       8   #define SADB_SASTATE_LARVAL   0   #define SADB_SASTATE_MATURE   1   #define SADB_SASTATE_DYING    2   #define SADB_SASTATE_DEAD     3   #define SADB_SASTATE_MAX      3   #define SADB_SAFLAGS_PFS      1   #define SADB_AALG_NONE        0   #define SADB_AALG_MD5HMAC     2   #define SADB_AALG_SHA1HMAC    3McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 62]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   #define SADB_AALG_MAX         3   #define SADB_EALG_NONE        0   #define SADB_EALG_DESCBC      2   #define SADB_EALG_3DESCBC     3   #define SADB_EALG_NULL        11   #define SADB_EALG_MAX         11   #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_RESERVED   0   #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_PREFIX     1   #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_FQDN       2   #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_USERFQDN   3   #define SADB_IDENTTYPE_MAX        3   #define SADB_KEY_FLAGS_MAX 0   #endif /* __PFKEY_V2_H */McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 63]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998Appendix E: Change Log   The following changes were made between 05 and 06:   * Last change before becoming an informational RFC.  Removed all     Internet-Draft references.  Also standardized citation strings.     Now citeRFC 2119 for MUST, etc.   * New appendix on optional KM private data extension.   * Fixed example to indicate the ACQUIRE messages with errno mean     KM failure.   * Added SADB_EALG_NULL.   * Clarified proxy examples to match definition of PROXY address being     the inner packet's source address.  (Basically a sign-flip.  The     example still shows how to protect against policy vulnerabilities     in tunnel endpoints.)   * Loosened definition of a destination address to include broadcast.   * Recommended that LARVAL security associations have implicit short     lifetimes.   The following changes were made between 04 and 05:   * New appendix on Passive Change message.   * New sadb_address_prefixlen field.   * Small clarifications on sadb_ident_id usage.   * New PFKEYV2_REVISION value.   * Small clarification on what a PROXY address is.   * Corrected sadb_spirange_{min,max} language.   * In ADD messages that are in response to an ACQUIRE, the     sadb_msg_seq MUST be the same as that of the originating ACQUIRE.   * Corrected ACQUIRE message behavior, ACQUIRE message SHOULD send up     PROXY addresses when it needs them.   * Clarification on SADB_EXPIRE and user-level security protocols.   The following changes were made between 03 and 04:McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 64]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   * Stronger language about manual keying.   * PFKEYV2_REVISION, ala POSIX.   * Put in language about sockaddr ports in ACQUIRE messages.   * Mention of asymmetric algorithms.   * New sadb_ident_id field for easier construction of USER_FQDN     identity strings.   * Caveat about source addresses not always used for collision     detection. (e.g. IPsec)   The following changes were made between 02 and 03:   * Formatting changes.   * Many editorial cleanups, rewordings, clarifications.   * Restrictions that prevent many strange and invalid cases.   * Added definitions section.   * Removed connection identity type (this will reappear when it is     more clear what it should look like).   * Removed 5.2.1 (Why involve the kernel?).   * Removed INBOUND, OUTBOUND, and FORWARD flags; they can be computed     from src, dst, and proxy and you had to anyway for sanity checking.   * Removed REPLAY flag; sadb_sa_replay==0 means the same thing.   * Renamed bit lengths to "bits" to avoid potential confusion.   * Explicitly listed lengths for structures.   * Reworked identities to always use a string format.   * Removed requirements for support of shutdown() and SO_USELOOPBACK.   * 64 bit alignment and 64 bit lengths instead of 32 bit.   * time_t replaced with uint64 in lifetimes.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 65]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   * InsertedAppendix A (SADB_X_PROMISC) andAppendix B (SAMPLE HEADER     FILE).   * Explicit error if PF_KEY_V2 not set at socket() call.   * More text on SO_USELOOPBACK.   * Made fields names and symbol names more consistent.   * Explicit error if PF_KEY_V2 is not in sadb_msg_version field.   * Bytes lifetime field now a 64-bit quantity.   * Explicit len/exttype wording.   * Flattening out of extensions (LIFETIME_HARD, LIFETIME_SOFT, etc.)   * UI example (0x123 == 0x1230 or 0x0123).   * Cleaned up and fixed some message behavior examples.   The following changes were made between 01 and 02:   * Mentioned that people COULD use these same messages between user     progs. (Also mentioned why you still might want to use the actual     socket.)   * Various wordsmithing changes.   * Took out netkey/ directory, and make net/pfkeyv2.h   * Inserted PF_KEY_V2 proto argument per C. Metz.   * Mentioned other socket calls and how their PF_KEY behavior is     undefined.   * SADB_EXPIRE now communicates both hard and soft lifetime expires.   * New "association" extension, even smaller base header.   * Lifetime extension improvements.   * Length now first in extensions.   * Errors can be sent from kernel to user, also.   * Examples section inserted.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 66]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998   * Some bitfield cleanups, including STATE and SA_OPTIONS cleanup.   * Key splitting now only across auth algorithm and encryption     algorithm. Thanks for B. Sommerfeld for clues here.   The following changes were made between 00 and 01:   * Added this change log.   * Simplified TLV header syntax.   * Splitting of algorithms. This may be controversial, but it allows     PF_KEY to be used for more than just IPsec. It also allows some     kinds of policies to be placed in the KMd easier.   * Added solid definitions and formats for certificate identities,     multiple keys, etc.   * Specified how keys are to be layed out (most-to-least bits).   * Changed sequence number semantics to be like an RPC transaction ID     number.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 67]

RFC 2367               PF_KEY Key Management API               July 1998F.  Full Copyright Statement   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than   English.   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.McDonald, et. al.            Informational                     [Page 68]

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