Category:Proto-Brythonic
Nettles
Words fornettle and related things in Celtic languages.
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *ninatis = nettle |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | nenaid = nettle |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | nenaid, neanaidh = nettle nentóg, nenntog, neantog, neanntóga, nenntóc = nettle |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | neanta = nettle(s), stringing, irritating, painful, irritable, testy neantóg [ˈn̠ʲan̪ˠt̪ˠoːɡ] = nettle neantóg loiscneach = stinging nettle neantúil = nettle-like, stinging, irritating, irritable, testy |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | neanntag [n̪ʲãũn̪ˠdag] = common/stinging nettle (urtica dioica) deanntag [dʲãũn̪ˠdag] = common/stinging nettle feanntag [fjãũn̪ˠdag] = common/stinging nettle eanntag [ɛ͂ũn̪ˠdag] = common/stinging nettle deanntag / feanntagach / eanntagach [dʲãũn̪ˠdagəx / fjãũn̪ˠdagəx / ɛ͂ũn̪ˠdagəx] = place where nettles grow, common/stinging nettle |
| Manx (Gaelg) | undaagagh = (stinging) nettle, urticaceous (nettle-like) |
| Proto-Brythonic | *nɨnad = nettles |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | danhad, danat, dynat, dynhad danatl = nettles |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | danadl [ˈda(ː)nadl] = nettles, plants of the genus Urtica, and other plants similar in appearance. danhad(l)en, dynhaden = nettle danadl duon = stinging-nettles danadl-dir = land that brings forth nettles or thorns danhad(l)og, dynhadog = abounding or overgrown with nettles |
| Old Cornish | linhaden = nettle |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | linhaden = nettle |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | linas = nettles linasen = nettle linasek = bed of nettles |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | linat, linad = nettles linhadenn = nettle linhadec = nettle-infested place |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | linad [ˈlĩː.nat] = nettles linadenn = nettle linadeg [lĩ.ˈnɑː.dɛk] = nettle-infested place |
Etymology: uncertain [source]. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European*neh₂d- (to twist, knot, tie), which might be the root ofnettle in English,netel (nettle) in Dutch,Nessel (nettle, muslin) in German,nässla (nettle) in Swedish [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
What?
Words forwhat?which?who?where? and related things in Celtic languages.
What?
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *kʷid? = what? |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | cid? = what? cote, cate, catte [ˈko.d̠ʲe] = of what sort is …? what is …? |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | cote, coteeet, codde, cate, cati, cáte = what (is)? |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | cad? [kad̪ˠ] = what? where? (in Munster) cad é? [kəd̪ˠˈeː] = what? (in Connacht & Ulster) cad é mar (atá tú)? = how (are you)? (in Ulster) céard? [ceːɾˠd̪ˠ] = what? (in Connacht) goidé? [ɡəˈtʲeː] = what? (in Connacht & Ulster) cad chuige? [kɑt̪ˠ ˈxɪɟɪ / kəˈt̪ˠiɟə] = why? (in Mayo,& Ulster) cad ina thaobh? [ˌkɑn̪ˠəˈheːvˠ] = why? (in Munster) |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | ciod? [kʲid] = what? ciod air bith = whichever, whatever ciod e? = what? ciod thuige? [kʲid hugʲə] = why? dè? [dʲeː] = what? who? dè man? dè mar? [deː man / dʲeː mar] = how? |
| Manx (Gaelg) | cre? = what? cre fa? = why? cre wooad? = how much? quoid? = how many? how much? |
| Old Welsh (Kembraec) | pa? = what? which? |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | pa? py? = what? which? paham? pam? = why? reason, cause, question |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | pa? [paː] = what? which? paham? pam? = why? reason, cause, question pa bryd? = when? at what time? pa un? p’un? = who(m)? which (one)? |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | pe? pa? py? = what? which? where? pa le? = where place? where? pahan = what perag? prâg? = for what? wherefore? why? pattel? patla? fattel? fatla? = how? by what means? pe? pa? py? = |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | py? pe? = what? which? py lies? = how many? pyth? = what?, that which ple? = where? prag? = why? what for? fatla? = how? |
| Old Breton | pe? = what? |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | pe? pé? = what? peguement? pe quement? = how much? how many? pe en lech? = where? penaus? penos? = how? perac? pe-rac? = why? petra? = who? what? |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | pe? [peː] = which one? pegeit? [peˈɡɛjt] = how long? how far? pegement? [pe.ˈɡẽ.mːɛnt] = how much? how many? pegoulz? [pe.ˈɡuls] = when? pehini? [peˈ(h)ĩːni] = which one? pelec’h? [peˈlɛːx] = where? penaos? [pẽ.ˈnɔːs] = how? perak? [pe.ˈrɑːk] = why? peseurt? [peˈsøʁt] = what? what kind? petra? [ˈpe.tʁa] = who? what? |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*kʷid (what? which?) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots includeçë (what?) in Albanian,kas (that, which, who) in Latvian,что (što – that, what, which) in Russian,che (what, which) in Italian,¿qué? (what? which?) in Spainish [source].
| Proto-Celtic | *kʷei? = who? |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | cía = what? where? who? how? if, although cía airet? = how long? cía airm? cairm? airm? = where? cía chruth? = how? cía méit? = how many? how much? |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | cía? ce? ci? = who? what? how? where? |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | cá? = what? how? where? cá hait? = (at) what place? where? cá huair? = at what hour? when? cá fhad? = how long? cá mhéad? = how much? how much? cé? = who? cén? = what? which? |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | cò? [koː] = who(m)? where? cò idir = whoever cò ann? = wherein? cò as? [ko as] = where from? |
| Manx (Gaelg) | quoi? [kwəi] = who? whom? which? whichever, who? quoi erbee = who(so)ever, whom(so)ever quoi jeu? = which one? quoid? c’wooad? = how many? how much? |
| Proto-Brythonic | *puɨ? = who? |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | pwy? = who(m)? what? pwy bynnac, pwybynnag = whoever |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | pwy? [puːɨ̯ / pʊi̯] = who(m)? what? pwy bynnag = whoever |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | pew? pyw? p(y)u? piwa? = who? pywpenag, piwha bennac, piwa bennac, pyu penagh = who(s)ever |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | piw? [piˑʊ] = who? piw penag, piw pynag = whoever piw? = who? |
| Old Breton (Brethonoc) | piu? = who? |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | piu? piou? = who? piupennac, piu pennac, piou bennac = whoever |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | piv? [piw] = who? piv bennak = whoever pivelezh = identity |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*kʷís (who? what? which, that) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots includeca (than, as) in Romanian,hve (how, like, as) in Icelandic,how andwhen in English, andhoe (how) in Dutch [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Tenacious Toughness
Words fortough,tenacious,stiff and related things in Celtic languages.
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *reginis = hard, stiff, tough |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | rigin = hard, tough, slow |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | rigin = tough, hard, unyielding, slow, dilatory, prolix, slow-moving, tranquil rigne = tenacity, toughness, slowness, prolixity, sluggishness |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | righin [ɾˠiːnʲ] = tough, tenacious, unyielding, stubborn, slow, deliberate, lingering, tardy, vicous, stringy, ropy righne = toughness righneáil = (act of) lingering, loitering, dawdling righneálach = lingering, loitering, dawdling righneálaí = lingerer, loiterer, dawdler, stubborn person righneas = toughness, tenacity, stubborness, slowness, tardiness, viscosity righnigh = to toughen, persevere, linger, delay, become viscid |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | righinn [r̪ʲi.ɪn̪ʲ] = stiff, tough, sticky, adhesive righinn-bheulach = tight-lipped rìghneas [r̪ʲiːnəs] = stiffness, tenacity |
| Manx (Gaelg) | reen = hard, rigid, stiff, unyielding, thick-skinned reenagh = stringy, toughish, tight reenaghey = stiffen, toughen(ing) reeneyder = stiffener, toughener, tonic reenid = rigidity, starkness, toughness |
| Proto-Brythonic | *rrėɣɨn = (?) |
| Old Welsh (Kembraec) | Regin =tribal name |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | rein, rain, rhain = stiff (of corpse), stone-dead, rigid, stiffened |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | rhain [r̥ai̯n] = stiff (of corpse), stone-dead, rigid, stiffened |
Etymology: from Proto-Celtic*regeti (to stretch, to straighten), from Proto-Indo-European*h₃réǵeti (to be straightening, from*h₃réǵ- (to straighten, to righten) [source].
Words from the same roots includerail,rank,realm,regime,regular andrule in English,Regel (rule) in German,rang (row, line, position) in French,rheng (rank, row) in Welsh,reja (grate, grating, grille) in Spanish,rank [source].
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | serth = steep, sloping, precipitous, high syrthaỽ, syrthav = to fall, tumble, prostrate oneself |
|---|---|
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | serth = steep, sloping, precipitous, high, straight, vertical, upright, discourteous, uncivil, insulting, curt, surly, unseemly, uncouth serthaf, serthu = to become steep, to revile, abuse, malign serthaidd = steep, precipitous, discourteous serthrwydd = steepness, obscenity, ribaldry syrth(i)af, syrth(i)o [ˈsərθjɔ] = to fall, tumble, prostrate oneself |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | serth = stiff, hard |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | serth = abrupt, erect, stiff, upright, vertical serthals = precipice serthi = to rise up sharply serthter = abruptness, inflexibility, rigidity, rigour, steepness, stiffness, verticality |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | serz = abrupt, tightly, firmly |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | serzh [ˈsɛrs] = steep, robust, stable serzhañ = to tackle, to go back up serzhded = escarpment, cliff serzhder = perpendicularity serzhdenn = ascent, solid, robust |
Etymology: unknown, possibly related tostart in English,styrte (to rush, fall down, overthrow, jump) in Dutch, andstürzen (to fall down, drop, tumble) in German [source].
| Proto-Celtic | *razgo / *ringo- = torture (?) |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | riag = torture |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | ríag = torture |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | riagh = rack, torture, execute (literary) |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | rag [r̪ˠag] = inflexible, rigid, stiff, pig-headed, stubborn, stark, tense ragach [r̪ˠagəx] = stiff, tough ragadh [r̪ˠagəɣ] = (act of) stiffening, making rigid, benumbing ragaireachd [r̪ˠagɪrʲəxg] = extortion |
| Manx (Gaelg) | rag = stiff |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | reut [røːt] = stiff, rigid, sharp, stocky reutaat = to stiffen reutadur = stiffening, rigidification reutaer = stiffener reuted = rigidity |
Etymology (Breton): from Old Frenchroide (stiff, straight, steep, abrupt), from Latinrigidus (stiff, rigid, hard, stern), fromrigeō (to be stiff, stiffen) from Proto-Italic*rigēō, from Proto-Indo-European*Hreyǵ- (to stretch out, reach, bind) [source]. The Goidelic words come from the same PIE roots, via Proto-Celtic*rigo- (to stretch) [source].
Words from the same roots includeraide (stiff, straight, steep, abrupt) in French,rigid in English,recio (tough, robust, strong) in Spanish andrijo (hard, tough, stiff, wiry) in Portuguese [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Sighing Groans
Words forsigh,groan and related things in Celtic languages.
Bridge of Sighs, Cambridge, UK
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *ouxsanatā = sign, groan |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | osnad = sign, groan |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | osnad, osna, osnam, asnad = sign, groan or similar utterance (of pain, fatigue, etc), a grievance, cause of complaint, impeachment |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | osna [ˈɔsˠn̪ˠə] = sigh, groan smiorúil = marrowy, medullary, lively, spirited, manly osnaigh = to sigh osnaíl = sighing, sobbing osnaíoch = sighing |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | osna [ɔsn̪ˠə] = sigh osnach [ɔsn̪ˠəx] = sighing osnachadh [ɔsn̪ˠəxəɣ] = (act of) sighing osnaich [ɔsn̪ˠɪç] = groaning, sighing |
| Manx (Gaelg) | osney = groan, sigh, sough, pant, blast osnaghey = to moan, sigh, sough, gasp, groan; sighing |
| Proto-Brythonic | *ʉxanad = sigh (?) |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | ucheneid, ucheneit, vcheneit, ychenaid = sigh, groan, moan ucheneidaỽ, ucheneidio, vcheneiddio = to sigh, groan, moan, gasp, sob |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | uchenaid = sigh, groan, moan, aspiration ucheneid(i)o = to sigh, groan, moan, gasp, sob ucheneidiol = sighing, short-winded, panting, aspirate, fricative ucheneidiwr = one who sighs or groans achenaid = sigh, aspiration ochenaid = sigh, groan, moan, sorrow, short prayer ochneidio = to sigh, moan, groan ochneidiol = sighing |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | hanadzhan = sigh hynadzha = to groan, to sigh hynadzhas = a groan, sigh, howling |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | hanas = groan, murmur, sigh, whisper hanasa, hanaja = to groan, murmur, sigh, whisper |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | huanat, vhanat = sigh huanadaff = to sigh |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | huan = sigh huanad [hy.ˈãː.nat] = sigh, sorrow, pain, affliction huanadañ = to sigh huanader = sighing, one who sighs |
Etymology: from Proto-Celtic*(o)uxs- (up) and*anati (to pause, remain – originally to breathe), from Proto-Indo-European*upó-/*h₁ewp- (up, to rise), and*h₂énh₁ti (to breathe) from*h₂enh₁- (to breathe) [source].
Words from the same roots includeangi (breath, ethos) in Icelandic,ånde (breath, to breathe) in Danish,anhéler (to pant, gasp) in French,ëndë (desire, inclination, pleasure) in Albanian,جان (jân – soul, life, energy, strength, essense) in Persian,anemone,animal,animate,animosity,exhale andinhale in English [source], and words forup, above,high, elevated, noble,chief, leader,life, soul, spirit,breath, etc in Celtic languages.
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | ebwch = groan, sob, sigh, gasp |
|---|---|
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | ebwch = groan, sob, sigh, gasp, (short) breath, blast, spasm ebychiad = a gasping, a sighing, gasp, sigh, interjection, exclamation ebychnod = exclamation mark ebychol = sighing, groaning, gasping ebychu = to gasp, sigh, groan, exclaim, interject |
Etymology: unknown [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Pithy Marrow
Words forbone marrow,pith and related things in Celtic languages.
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *smerus = marrow |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | smir = marrow |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | smir, smiur = marrow smirammair = marrow-tub, apparently a bath of marrow from crushed bones used in the treatment of wounded warriors smirchomairt = marrow-mash, a mixture or extract of pounded marrow smirde = belonging to the marrow |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | smior [ˈsˠmʲɪɾˠ / ˈsˠmʲɛɾʲ] = marrow, pith, essential part, quintessence smiorúil = marrowy, medullary, lively, spirited, manly smiorúlacht = liveliness, spiritedness, manliness |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | smior [smir] = marrow, pith, best part (of anything), the stuff of, stamina, vigour smior cnàmha = bone marrow smiorach [smirəx] = lively person, lad, young man; pertaining to or abounding in marrow, pithy smiorail [smiral] = mettlesome, plucky, hardy, vigorous, smart smioralachd [smirəl̪ˠəxg] = briskness, liveliness, courage, manliness smiorsadh [smir̪ˠsəɣ] = vim, pep |
| Manx (Gaelg) | smuir = marrow, medulla smuirr = fat, marrow smuiragh = greasy, marrowy smuirragh = marrowy, medullary |
| Proto-Brythonic | *mer = marrow (?) |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | mêr, mer = (bone) marrow, fibers or pith (of plant), sap, hemp, best or essential part, quintessence, essence, soul, heart, centre, middle, depth, (source of) strength |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | mêr [meːr] = (bone) marrow, fibers or pith (of plant), sap, hemp, best or essential part, quintessence, essence, soul, heart, centre, middle, depth, (source of) strength meraidd = marrowy, medullar(y), merbys = marrowfat peas |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | maru = marrow |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | mer = marrow |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | mel = marrow |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | mel [meːl] = marrow, sap mel-penn = brain |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*smérus (grease), from*smer- (to anoint) [source]. Words from the same roots includemedulla (pith, marrow) andsmear in English,moelle (marrow, pith, spinal cord) in French,smeer (smear) in Dutch,smör (butter) in Swedish [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Hairy Manes
Words formane and related things in Celtic languages.
Amane [meɪn] is longer hair growth on back of the neck of an animal, especially a horse or lion, or long or thick hair of a person’s head. It comes from Middle Englishma(y)ne (mane), from Old Englishmanu (mane), from Proto-West Germanic*manu, from Proto-Germanic*manō (mane), from Proto-Indo-European*mon(y)- (crest, mane) [source].
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *mongā = mane |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | mong = mane, lock |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | mong, monc = a lock or tuft of hair, hair, a head of hair, sea form, surf, foiliage, nap of cloth, mane mongach = long-haired, hairy mongda = having abundant hair |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | moing [mˠiːɲɟ] = mane, long hair, thick growth of hair, thick growth of vegetation, dense cover of trees, overgrown swamp, mossy fen moingfhada = long-maned, long-haired moingfhionn = white-maned, fair-haired mongach = maned, long-haired, covered with vegetation, mossy, marshy mongán = overgrown swamp, overgrown stream monglait = mop of hair |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | mong = mane (of hair) muing [mũĩŋʲgʲ] = mane (of hair) muingeach [mũĩŋʲgʲəx] = woman with a mane of hair, maned, pertaining to a mane, having a mane of hair muingeag = young woman with a mane of hair |
| Manx (Gaelg) | mwing = mane mwingagh = maned mwing-jeear = halter |
| Proto-Brythonic | *mung = mane (?) |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | mwng, mig = mane mygdwn, mygawc, mygtwn = having a cut or hacked mane myngvras, myguras = long- or thick-maned mygawc, myghawc, myngoc, myngawc = maned |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | mwng [mʊŋ] = mane myngdwn = having a cut or hacked mane myngfras = long- or thick-maned myngog = maned |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | mong = mane |
| Old Breton (Brethonoc) | mogou = mane |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | moe = mane |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | moue [mweː] = mane, hair, crest moueek = maned, (having) abundunt hair mouen, moueñ = mane, hair, crest |
Etymology: possibly related to Proto-Celtic*monis (neck), from Proto-Indo-European*mónis (neck) [source].
| Proto-Celtic | *(ɸ)rānos, *rāno- = mane |
|---|---|
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | róinne, rúainne = a single hair |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | rón [ˈɾˠuːnˠ] = horsehair, long hair as from an animal’s tail rónadóir = maker of dealer in, haircloth, furrier, feather merchant rónéadach = haircloth rónléine = hair-shirt |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | ròin [r̪ˠɔːn̪ʲ] = single hair, haircloth, sackcloth ròineach [r̪ˠɔːn̪ʲəx] = hairy, full of hair ròineachadh [r̪ˠɔːn̪ʲəxəɣ] = (act of) stuffing with hair ròineag [r̪ˠɔːn̪ʲag] = single hair, strand, fibre, flagellum ròineagach [r̪ˠɔːn̪ʲagəx] = hairy ròinidh [r̪ˠɔːn̪ʲɪ] = hairy, long-haired, thick-haired |
| Manx (Gaelg) | renaig = hair renaigagh = hairy, piliferous |
| Proto-Brythonic | *rrọn = horsehair |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | raun, rawn = long coarse animal hair, esp. horsehair, bristles, (garment) made from hair, strung with hair (harp), tail rawnir, rhwanhir, rhownhir = long-haired, long-maned, long-tailed, having long feathers |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | rhawn [r̥au̯n] = long coarse animal hair, esp. horsehair, bristles, (garment) made from hair, strung with hair (harp), tail rhawn(h)ir = long-haired, long-maned, long-tailed, having long feathers rhawnog = like horsehair, make of horsehair, long-haired |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | ren, rên = mane, horsehair |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | reun = horsehair, pig bristles |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | reun = horsehair, pig bristles, silk reuneg = silky, horsehair reunek = like horsehair reunenn = horsehair, silk reunigell = pile |
Etymology: uncertain [source 1,source 2].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Awls & Bodkins
Words forawl,bodkin and related things in Celtic languages.
Anawl [ɔːl/ɔl] is a pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood; used by shoemakers, saddlers, cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler’s awl, shoemaker’s awl, etc. The word comes from Middle Englisha(u)l (awl), from Old Englishæl (awl, hook, fork), from Proto-West Germanic*al (awl), from Proto-Germanic*alaz (awl), from Proto-Indo-European*h₁ólos (awl) [source].
Abodkin [ˈbɒdkɪn] is a small sharp pointed tool for making holes in cloth or leather. A blunt needle used for threading ribbon or cord through a hem or casing. A hairpin. A dagger, or a sharp tool, like an awl, formerly used for pressing down individual type characters (e.g. letters) from a column or page in making corrections. It comes from Middle Englishboydekin (dagger) and possibly has Celtic roots [source].
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *minaweto- = awl |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | menad = awl |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | menad, menadh, menath, meanadh = awl, borer or pointed instrument used for drilling holes |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | meana [ˈmʲan̪ˠə] = awl, bradawl, bodkin |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | minidh, meanaidh [minɪ] = shoemaker’s awl, small awl |
| Manx (Gaelg) | mennee = awl, bradawl, pricker, stiletto |
| Proto-Brythonic | *mɨnawed = awl (?) |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | mynawyd, minawed = awl, bradawl, bodkin |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | myn(i)awyd = awl, bradawl, bodkin (also written bin(i)ewid, binawad or byniawid) bwyta uwd â mynawyd = to attempt the impossible (“to eat porridge with an awl”) mynawydu, mynawydo = to pierce with an awl mynawydaidd = awl-shaped |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | benewes = awl |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | menowes = awl |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | menauet = awl, bodkin, punch |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | minaoued = awl, bodkin, punch minaoueder = maker of awls, bodkins or punches minaouediñ = to punch |
Etymology: unknown; possibly a substrate word [source].
| Proto-Celtic | *brazdos = thorn |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | brot = goad |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | brot, brud, brod = |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | brod [bˠɾˠod̪ˠ] = goad broideadh = to prod, nudge, bite |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | brog [brog] = awl brogan [brogan] = small awl, probe, poker |
| Manx (Gaelg) | brod = goad, jab, nudge, prick, spur, stimulus, poker |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*bʰresdʰ-, from*bʰers- (top, tip, point). Words from the same roots includebarley,bristle andbrush in English,barr (pine needles) in Icelandic,bara (bread) in Welsh, Cornish and Breton,farina (flour, meal) in Italian, andharina (flour) in Spanish [source].
Another word forbodkin in Manx isburkan. Not sure where it comes from. Abodkin in Welsh is also abwytgyn orbotgyn, which come from Middle Englishboytekyn / boydekin (dagger, bodkin).
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Sticky Glue
Words forglue and related things in Celtic languages.
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *gloidos = glue, lime |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | gláed [ˈɡlaːi̯ð] = glue |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | gláed, glaed, glaedh, glaod = glue, birdlime gláedamail = glutinous, viscous gláedid = to adhere, hold fast gláeta = stuck, glued |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | glae = glue, gluey, sticky, substance, slime glaeigh = to glue glaeúil = gluey, slimy |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | glaodh [gl̪ˠɯː] = comb, cud, honeycomb glaodhach [gl̪ˠɯː.əx] = gluey, pasty, (act of) gluing glaodhadh [gl̪ˠɯː.əɣ] = (act of) gluing, (act of) pasting glaodhte [gl̪ˠɯːdʲə] = glued, pasted |
| Manx (Gaelg) | gleiy = glue, adhesive, gum, jelly, mucilage gleihagh = jelly, jellylike gleighaghey = to (turn to, make) jelly |
| Proto-Brythonic | *glʉd = glue (?) |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | glut, glud, glvd = glue, gum, birdlime glud, glut = sticky, adhesive, glutinous, viscious, tenacious glvdio, gludio = to glue, glum, paste, solder, fasten securely, cling, adhere, stick |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | glud [ɡlɨːd / ɡliːd] = glue, gum, birdlime, paste, mess, gluten glud [ɡlɨːd / ɡliːd] = sticky, adhesive, glutinous, viscious, tenacious, constant, diligent, stubborn glud(i)aidd = sticky, viscid, gluey, clammy gludedd = tenacity gludiad = a gluing together, agglutination, cohesion, glutinousness glud(i)o = to glue, glum, paste, solder, fasten securely, cling, adhere, stick glud(i)og = gluey, glutinous, gummy, viscous, sticky, clammy glutgaul, glutgawl = jelly llud = slime |
| Old Cornish | glut = glue |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | glut = glue, viscous matter, paste |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | glus = glue, adhesive, gum, resin glusa = to glue glusek, glujek = adhesive, sticky |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | glut = glue gludaff = to glue |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | glud = glue gludañ = to glue gludegezh = viscosity gludek = sticky, viscous gludenn = sticky matter, glue gludennerezh = viscosity |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*gleyH- (to smear, to stick, glue, putty) [source].
Words from the same PIE roots includegluten,glue,clay andcloth in English,kline (to smear) in Norwegian,hlína (earth, soil, clay) in Czech,liiv (sand) in Estonian,Klei (clay) in German [source].
| Proto-Celtic | *glinati = to adhere |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | glenaid [ˈɡʲlʲe.nəðʲ] = to stick (to), cling, adhere |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | gláedid = to adhere, hold fast, stuck, glued |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | glean = to stick, adhere, agglutinate |
| Proto-Brythonic | *glɨnad = to stick (?) |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | glynu = to adhere, cleave, cling, stick, keep close, bind firmly |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | glynu [ˈɡlənɨ̞ / ˈɡləni] = to adhere, cleave, cling, stick, keep close, bind firmly glynedig = stuck, sticking, sticky, adhesive, attached, connected glyniad = adhesion, adherence, attachment glynllyd = sticky glynol = clinging, adherent, tenacious, sticky, adhesive, infectious |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | gleny, glyné = to cling to, cleave to, adhere, stick |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | glena (orth) = to adhere (to), stick (to) glenus = adhesive glenysen = sticker |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | *glenaff = to stick englenaff = to stick |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*gli-né-H-ti, from*gleyH- (to smear, to stick, glue, putty) [source].
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | gliú = glue, adhesive stuff |
|---|---|
| Irish (Gaeilge) | gliú [ɟlʲuː] = glue gliúáil = to glue gliúch = gluey |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | gluimh |
| Manx (Gaelg) | glooie = glue, adhesive, slime |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | gliw = glue gliwaidd = gluey, sticky gliwio = to glue |
Etymology: from Englishglue, or from Middle Englishglew [ɡliu̯] (glue, birdlime, tar, resin), from Old Frenchglu (glue, birdlime), from Late Latinglūs, from Latinglūten (glue), from Proto-Italic*gloiten, from Proto-Indo-European*glóh₁ytn̥, from*gleyH- (to smear, to stick, glue, putty) [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Crested Combs
Words forcomb,crestfurrow and related things in Celtic languages.
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *kīsrā = comb |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | cír [ˈkʲiːɾ] = comb, rake, crest, tip |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | cír, cir = comb, rake, crest, tip círach = crested helmet círaid = to comb, to smooth out círán, círín = crest círmaire, cirmure = comber or fuller of cloth, comb maker |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | cíor [ciːɾˠ / ciəɾˠ] = comb, crest, cud; to comb, examine minutely, search cíorach = toothed cíoradh = combing, discussion, examination, hair-pulling, quarrelling cíoradóir = comber cíorán, círín = crest cíorláil = combing, searching, rough handling; to comb, search, rummage cíorlálaí = searcher, rummager, rough customer cíormhaire = (wool) comber, fuller, comb maker |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | cìr [kʲiːrʲ] = comb, cud, honeycomb cìreadh [kʲiːrʲəɣ] = (act of) combing, carding, teazing cìreag [kʲiːrʲag] = small comb cìrean [kʲiːrʲan] = comb, crest, ridging cìreanach [kʲiːrʲanəx] = pertaining to or abounding in combs, crested |
| Manx (Gaelg) | kerey = comb, combing, groom, hackle, teasel; to comb, mop up, tease (wool) kere [kʲeːrʲ / kʲiːr] = cobbler’s wax, comb, wax kereen = comb, coxcomb, crest, pack, topknot kereyder = comber, waxer (of wool), teaser, hackler |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*kes- (to comb, scratch) [source].
Words from the same PIE roots includeverheddern (to entangle sth, to become entangled, to get stuck, confused) in German,hahtuva (fluff) in Finnish,kasti (mto dig, rake) in Lithuanian,česat (to comb) in Czech,кося (to mow, reap, cut) in Bulgaran,haar (hair) in Dutch,hår (hair) in Norwegian, Swedish and Danish, andhair English [source].
| Proto-Celtic | *krīkʷā = trench, furrow, boundary |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | crích [ˈkʲɾʲiːx] = boundary, border, furrow, territory, area críchnaigid = to complete, fulfil coicrích = border (region), neighbouring territory |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | crích, crich [kʲɾʲiːx] = boundary, limit (of territory), end, aim, purpose, confines, territory, district, land críchnaid = to delimit, bound, fix bounds to críchnaigecht = limits coicrích, coiccrich = border, march, neighbouring or foreign territory |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | críoch [cɾʲiːx] = limit, boundary, region, territory, end, completion, conclusion, fulfilment, settlement críochadóir = marker of boundaries críochadóireacht = demarcation, marking of boundaries críochaigh = to demarcate críochantacht = bounding, bordering críochnaigh = to finish, complete, accomplish críochnú = completion, accomplishment críochnúil = complete, thorough, neat, methodical |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | crìoch [krʲiəx] = border, frontier, boundary, end, close, finale, finish, limit(ation), goal, confines crìochach [krʲiəxəx] = finite crìochadair [krʲiəxədɪrʲ] = borderer crìochadaireachd [krʲiəxədɪrʲəxg] = bordering, demarcation, division crìochadh [krʲiəxəɣ] = ending, closing, finishing, terminating crìochaire [krʲiəxɪrʲə] = border guard/keeper |
| Manx (Gaelg) | creagh [krɨəx] = furrow, stack creeagh = border(line), boundary, termination creaghnaghey = to accomplish, complete, conclude creaghnee = to accomplish creaghney = to accomplish, completion creaghnit = complete(d) |
| Proto-Brythonic | *krib = (?) |
| Old Welsh (Kembraec) | crip = comb, crest |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | crib = comb, wild teasel, crest cribo, cribaf, kribo = to comb, curry cribiad = combing, carding, scratch krybyn, cribin, kribyn = rake, grasping or miserly person, skinflint kribawc, kribawg, kribyoc, criboc, cribog = combed, comb-like, indented, ridged, steep crested |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | crib [kriːb] = comb, wild teasel, crest, pride, self-conceit, honeycomb, bridge of a violin cribell = small comb, crest of a bird, ridge, ledge, summit cribin = rake, grasping or miserly person, skinflint cribo = to comb, curry (to groom), cope, climb, clamber, creep crib(i)og = combed, comb-like, indented, ridged, steep crested cribwr, cribydd = comber, ones who cards wool, carding-machine |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | crib, crîb = comb, ridge, crest, summit criba(s) = to comb criban = comb, crest, tuft, plume cribia = to card wool |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | krib = comb, reef, arête kribas = to comb kribek, kribys = furrowed kribel = teasel kriben = ridge kribya = to card wool |
| Old Breton (Brethonoc) | crip = comb |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | crib = comb cribar = to comb cribell = crest cribenn = crest, peak |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | krib [ˈkriːp] = comb, crest, summit kribañ = to comb kribell = crest, toupee kribellañ = to provide with a crest, crested kribelleg = crested kribenn = crest, peak, comb, summit, chatter |
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*krek- (post) [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis
Whey
Words forwhey and related things in Celtic languages.
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *mezgos = whey |
|---|---|
| Gaulish | *mesgos = whey (?) |
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | medc, medg [ˈmʲeðɡ] = whey |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | medc, medg, midc = whey, serum |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | meadhg [ˈmʲəiɡ / ˈmʲaiɡ / ˈmʲeːɡ] = whey, serum, blood-serum – also writtenmeidhg meadhgúil = consisting of whey, watery meadhguisce = whey-water |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | meadhg [mjɤːg] = whey meang [mɛŋg] = whey meòg [mjɔːg] = whey meògach = of whey, like whey, serous meug [miag] = whey mìg [miːgʲ] = whey miong [mjɤ̃ŋg] = whey miùg [mjuːg] = whey |
| Manx (Gaelg) | meaig = whey meaighagh = whey-faced |
| Proto-Brythonic | *meið = whey |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | medd, maidd, meid = whey meiddlyn = whey, buttermilk, posset |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | maidd [mai̯ð] = whey, serum, curds and whey, blood serum meidda = to beg for whey meiddaidd, meiddl(l)yd = whey-like, wheyey, serous meiddioni = to curdle meiddlyn = whey, buttermilk, posset |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | meith = whey |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | meydh = whey |
| Old Breton (Brethonoc) | meid = whey |
Note: in Breton,whey islaezh-bihan (‘small milk’) – a calque of Frenchpetit-lait (whey),laezh-glas (‘blue/green milk’),gwipad orgwitod [source] and [source].
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European*mosgʰos (marrow, brain). The Old French wordmesgue (whey) comes from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish*mesgos [source].
Words from the same PIE roots includesmadzenes (brain) in Latvian,भेजा (bhejā – brain, mind) in Hindi,মজ্জা (mojja – marrow) in Bengali,مغز (maġz – brain, marrow) in Persian,marrow in English,merg (marrow) in Dutch,Mark (marrow, pith) in German, and possiblymysa (whey) in Icelandic [source].
Just in case you’re wondering,whey [weɪ] is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained in the process of making cheese. It comes from Middle Englishwhey(e) (whey), from Old Englishhwǣġ (whey), from Proto-West Germanic*hwaij (whey), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European*kʷey- (to pile up, build) [source]. It can be used to be used to make products like whey cheeses, such as ricotta, whey butter, and whey protein, which is sold as a dietary supplement popular with athletes and bodybuilders. [source].
Sources:Wiktionary,Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic,In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary,eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language,Teanglann.ie,Am Faclair Beag,An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language,Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary,Online Manx Dictionary,Gaelg Corpus,Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru,Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall,Gerlyver Kernewek,Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton,Geriafurch,TermOfis