PHASE 1

PHASE 1/2

PHASE 2

PHASE 2/3

PHASE 3

AUTHORIZED

APPROVED

ABANDONED

36

18

17

10

42

21

12

17

Vaccines

testing safety

and dosage

Vaccines

in expanded

safety trials

Vaccines

in large-scale

efficacy tests

Vaccines

in early or

limited use

Vaccines

approved

for full use

Vaccines

abandoned

after trials

Combined

trials

Combined

trials

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

AUTHORIZED

APPROVED

ABANDONED

54

45

52

21

12

17

Vaccines

testing safety

and dosage

Vaccines

in expanded

safety trials

Vaccines

in large-scale

efficacy tests

Vaccines

in early or

limited use

Vaccines

approved

for full use

Vaccines

abandoned

after trials

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

54

45

52

Vaccines

testing safety

and dosage

Vaccines

in expanded

safety trials

Vaccines

in large-scale

efficacy tests

AUTHORIZED

APPROVED

ABANDONED

21

12

17

Vaccines

in early or

limited use

Vaccines

approved

for full use

Vaccines

abandoned

after trials

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

54

45

52

Vaccines

testing safety

and dosage

Vaccines

in expanded

safety trials

Vaccines

in large-scale

efficacy tests

AUTHORIZED

APPROVED

ABANDONED

21

12

17

Vaccines

in early or

limited use

Vaccines

approved

for full use

Vaccines

abandoned

after trials

This tracker is no longer being updated. It followed the development of Covid vaccines from early 2020 through August 2022. More than 120 clinical trials were underway at that time.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintains a list ofCovid vaccines that are authorized or approved in the United States.

Vaccines typically require years of research and testing before reaching the clinic, but in 2020, scientists embarked on a race to produce safe and effective coronavirus vaccines in record time.

Leading vaccines
Developer		How It Works	Phase	Status
	Pfizer-BioNTech	mRNA	3	Approved in U.S., other countries. Emergency use in many countries.
	Sinopharm	Inactivated	3	Approved in China, Bahrain. Emergency use in many countries.
	Oxford-AstraZeneca	ChAdOx1	23	Approved in Brazil, India. Emergency use in many countries.
	Sinovac	Inactivated	3	Approved in China. Emergency use in many countries.
	Moderna	mRNA	3	Approved in U.S., Canada, Switzerland. Emergency use in many countries.
	Novavax	Protein	3	Approved in Canada, South Korea. Emergency use in several countries.
	Bharat Biotech	Inactivated	3	Approved in India. Emergency use in other countries.
	Johnson & Johnson	Ad26	3	Approved in Canada. Limited in U.S. Emergency use in many countries.
	Baylor-Biological E	Protein	3	Emergency use in India, Botswana.
	Gamaleya	Ad26, Ad5	3	Approved in Russia. Emergency use in many countries.

Below is a list of all vaccines that have reached trials in humans. For an explanation of virus variants and mutations, see ourCoronavirus Variant Tracker. For treatments for Covid-19, see ourCoronavirus Drug and Treatment Tracker. For an explanation of leading vaccines, seeHow Nine Covid-19 Vaccines Work.

The Vaccine Testing Process

The development cycle of a vaccine, from lab to clinic.

Preclinical Vaccines

Phase 1 Vaccines

Phase 2 Vaccines

Phase 3 Vaccines

Authorized or Approved Vaccines

Abandoned Vaccines

Genetic Vaccines

Vaccines that deliver one or more of the coronavirus’s owngenes into our cells to provoke an immune response.

RNA vaccine

DNA vaccine

RNA vaccine

DNA vaccine

RNA vaccine

DNA vaccine

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN U.S., ELSEWHEREEMERGENCY USE IN MANY COUNTRIES

Vaccine name:Comirnaty (also known astozinameran orBNT162b2)
Efficacy:91%
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Freezer storage only at –13°F to 5°F (–25°C to –15°C)

On Nov. 9, 2020, New York-basedPfizerand the German companyBioNTechmade history by announcing that their coronavirus vaccine had an efficacy rate ofover 90 percent, far surpassing expectations. It was the first time anyone had found such evidence. Just over a month later, on Dec. 11, the Food and Drug Administration granted the vaccine, known as Comirnaty, the firstemergency use authorization ever given by the United States to a coronavirus vaccine. On Aug. 23, 2021, the F.D.A. grantedfull approval to Comirnaty for people 16 and older, and it now has an emergency authorization for childrenas young as six months. Comrinaty receivedfull approval for adolescents 12 and older on July 8, 2022.

As of July 3, 2022, Pfizer had delivered more than 3.6 billion doses of Comirnaty to 180 countries and territories.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTThe work on Comirnaty began in January 2020, when BioNTech researchers started fashioning a genetic molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). They created thegenetic instructions for building a coronavirus protein, known as spike. When the mRNA enters cells, the vaccine causes them to make spike proteins, which then get released into the body and provoke a response from the immune system. In March 2020, BioNTech partnered with Pfizer to scale up the research, launching a clinical trial in May.

TRIAL RESULTSThe Phase 1 trialsshowed that Comirnaty caused volunteers to produce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, as well as immune cells called T cells that respond to the virus. On July 27, the companies announced thelaunch of a Phase 2/3 trial with 30,000 volunteers. On Sept. 12, Pfizer and BioNTechannounced that they would seek to expand the trial to 44,000 participants.

Through the summer and into the fall, the world closely followed the Pfizer-BioNTech trial. In September, Dr. Albert Bourla, the chief executive of Pfizer,said that as soon as October the Phase 3 trial would deliver enough results to show if the vaccine worked or not. President Trump touted their progress, hinting that a vaccine would be available before the election. But on Oct. 27, Dr. Bourlaannounced that the volunteers in the trial had yet to experience enough cases of Covid-19 to determine if the vaccines work. Finally, on Nov. 9, Pfizer and BioNTech released their preliminary analysis of the first 94 cases of Covid-19 in their volunteers.

Over the next month, Pfizer and BioNTech released more data on more cases. On Dec. 8 the FDA releasedtheir independent analysis of the clinical trials. They determined that Comirnaty has an efficacy rate of 95 percent. While Comirnaty caused no serious side effects, it frequently caused short-lived fatigue, fever, and muscle aches.

In Israel, which took the lead in mass vaccination, researchers found that the vaccine wasas effective in the real world as the trials had indicated. A study published by the Centers for Disease Control in Marchfound that the vaccine is 91.3% effective after the second dose.

Subsequent trials showed that the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was safe and effective for children as young as five. But in children aged 2 to 5,the dosage did not produce high levels of antibodies, and so Pfizerannounced on Dec. 17, 2021, that it would try again in a trial using three doses instead of two. In May 2022, Pfizerannounced that the extra dose produced favorable responses.

AUTHORIZATIONOn Dec. 2, 2020, the United Kingdom became the first country to give Comirnatyemergency authorization, followed by many more countries. On Dec. 31, the World Health Organization gave the vaccine anEmergency Use Listing, which sped up its authorization across the world. The F.D.A.expanded its authorization for adolescents 12 through 15 on Jan. 3, 2022. On Feb. 1, 2022, Pfizer began the process of applying for anexpansion of its authorization for children younger than five, after the F.D.A. made theunusual step of requesting it. An advisory panel to the F.D.A.voted to recommend Comirnaty for that age group on June 15, and emergency authorization came two days later.

DISTRIBUTIONAs their clinical trials progressed, Pfizer and BioNTech also scaled up factories to produce Comirnaty. To secure a supply in advance, the Trump administrationawarded Pfizer and BioNTech a $1.9 billion contract in July 2020 for 100 million doses. By July 2021, the companies had reached agreements with the United States government for a total ofa billion doses: half for domestic use and half for donations to other countries. In April 2021, the European Unionnegotiated an option to purchase 1.8 billion doses, which theyexercised in December in response to the Omicron variant.

In June 2022, Pfizer reached anagreement with the United States for a new delivery of vaccines in preparation for an anticipated winter surge. The U.S. government agreed to pay $3.2 billion for 105 million doses.

While Comirnaty has proven highly effective, it was initially a challenging vaccine to distribute because it had to be kept frozen at –94°F (–70°C). On Feb. 19, 2021, Pfizer and BioNTechannounced that they could keep the vaccine stable at –25°C to –15°C (–13°F to 5°F).

VARIANTSIn January 2021, scientists grew concerned aboutthe emergence of fast-spreading variants that might be able to evade antibodies.A study published in May demonstrated that Comirnaty was somewhat less effective against some variants, but still provided strong protection. A British study showed that Comirnaty had an effectiveness of 88 percent against infection withDelta, the variant first identified in India. Its effectiveness against hospitalization from Delta was96 percent.

On Dec. 8, Pfizer and BioNTechannounced that the Omicron variant greatly reduced the ability of vaccine antibodies to neutralize the coronavirus. However, results fromtwo lab studies, released on Jan. 24, 2022, suggested that three doses of the vaccine were able to generate antibodies against Omicron. And epidemiological studies show that three doses of Comirnaty arehighly effective at preventing serious Covid from Omicron infections. Pfizer and BioNTechlaunched a trial of an Omicron-specific vaccine on Jan. 25, butdelays have kept the companies from deploying the vaccine, they said on Feb. 16. Results from trials suggest that the vaccine is effective at protecting adults from Omicron, the companiessaid on June 25. Theylaunched a Phase 2 trial of the Omicron-specific vaccine on July 27.

On June 15, the companiessaid that the European Medicines Agency had launched its review of a version of its vaccine adapted against variants. Pfizer and BioNTechapplied to the F.D.A. for emergency use authorization of the vaccine on Aug. 22.

BOOSTERSIn April 2021, Dr. Bourla, the chief executive, said people would “likely” need anadditional shot of its vaccine within a year of receiving two doses. Over the summer, evidence began to emerge that Comirnaty’s effectiveness against infection was waning. Researchers in Israel, which got an early start on mass vaccination in January, observed that the vaccine was also becoming less effective in people over 65 at preventing hospitalization. A Phase 3 trial on 10,000 volunteers found that a Pfizer-BioNTech booster has an efficacy of 95.6 percent against disease, at a time when the Delta variant was dominant.

As the Delta variant fueled a new surge of cases in Israel, the country began providing a third dose of Comirnaty as a booster. Other countries followed suit. An Israelistudy published on March 16, 2022, found that a fourth dose lifted antibody levels once again, but it may only offer marginal benefits for young adults compared to getting just three shots.

The F.D.A.expanded its emergency authorization to include a third dose of Comirnaty in certain immunocompromised adults on Aug. 13. In November 2021, the F.D.A. authorized the Comirnaty booster for all adults 18 and older. Health officialsexpanded that authorization to 16- and 17-year olds the following month, and then to children12 and older in January 2022. In May it further expanded its booster authorization to childrenas young as five.

On March 29, the F.D.A.authorized a fourth dose of Comirnaty in those aged 50 and older and certain immunocompromised people to protect against emerging variants.

Results from a trial in children aged 5 through 11,released on April 14, 2022, suggest that a third dose of the vaccine produced substantial antibodies against the Omicron variant. Pfizer hasasked the F.D.A. to expand the emergency use authorization for boosters down to age 5. On Aug. 31, 2022, the F.D.A.authorized Pfizer’s latest booster, a combination of RNA for the original coronavirus and BA.5.

For more details, seeHow the Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Works andHow Pfizer Makes Its Covid-19 Vaccine.

Approved for use in:Bahrain,Brazil,Canada,New Zealand,Saudi Arabia,Switzerland,United States.
Emergency use in:Albania,Algeria,Andorra,Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina,Armenia,Australia,Azerbaijan,Bahamas,Bangladesh,Barbados,Belize,Bermuda,Bhutan,Bolivia, Bonaire,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana,Brunei,Cabo Verde,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Côte d’Ivoire,Curaçao,Dominican Republic,Ecuador,Egypt,El Salvador,European Union,Faroe Islands,French Polynesia,Gabon,Georgia,Ghana,Greenland,Guadeloupe,Guatemala,Guyana,Honduras,Hong Kong,Iceland,Indonesia,Iraq,Israel,Jamaica,Japan,Jordan,Kazakhstan,Kenya,Kosovo,Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan,Laos,Lebanon,Libya, Liechtenstein,Malawi,Malaysia,Maldives,Malta,Martinique,Mexico,Moldova,Monaco,Montenegro,Mongolia,Nepal,New Caledonia,Nicaragua,Nigeria,Niue,Norway,North Macedonia, Oman,Pakistan,Panama,Papua New Guinea,Paraguay,Peru,Philippines,Qatar,Republic of Congo,Rwanda,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Serbia,Singapore,Sri Lanka,South Africa,South Korea,St. Maarten,Sudan,Taiwan,Thailand,Timor-Leste,Togo,Tokelau,Tonga,Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia,Turkey,Turks and Caicos,Ukraine,United Arab Emirates,United Kingdom,United States,Uruguay,Vatican,Vietnam,West Bank,Zambia. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization. Recommended for emergency use by theCaribbean Regulatory System.
Updated Aug. 31, 2022

Pfizer-BioNTech

vaccine

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

SWITZERLAND

CANADA

JAPAN

MONGOLIA

ALGERIA

U.S.

PHILIPPINES

IRAQ

BAHRAIN

NIGERIA

SAUDI

ARABIA

MEXICO

BRAZIL

ECUADOR

BOTSWANA

SINGAPORE

AUSTRALIA

PERU

NEW

ZEALAND

SOUTH

AFRICA

ARGENTINA

CHILE

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Pfizer-BioNTech

vaccine

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

CANADA

MONGOLIA

JAPAN

LIBYA

U.S.

IRAQ

PHILIPPINES

BAHRAIN

NIGERIA

SAUDI

ARABIA

MEXICO

BRAZIL

BOTSWANA

SINGAPORE

AUSTRALIA

PERU

NEW

ZEALAND

ARGENTINA

SOUTH

AFRICA

CHILE

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Pfizer-BioNTech

vaccine

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

CANADA

JAPAN

ALGERIA

U.S.

PHILIPPINES

BAHRAIN

MEXICO

SAUDI

ARABIA

BRAZIL

BOTSWANA

SINGAPORE

PERU

NEW

ZEALAND

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

ARGENTINA

CHILE

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Pfizer-BioNTech

vaccine

CANADA

U.S.

MEXICO

BRAZIL

PERU

ARGENTINA

NEW

ZEALAND

CHILE

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

MONGOLIA

JAPAN

ALGERIA

PHILIPPINES

BAHRAIN

SAUDI

ARABIA

BOTSWANA

SINGAPORE

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN U.S., ELSEWHEREEMERGENCY USE IN MANY COUNTRIES

Vaccine name:mRNA-1273 orSpikevax
Efficacy: Preventing Covid-19 illness:93.2%. Preventing severe disease:98.2%.
Dose: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: 30 days with refrigeration, 6 months at –4°F (–20°C)

On Dec. 18, 2020, the F.D.A. gaveemergency use authorization for a vaccine made by the Boston-based companyModerna. The Moderna vaccine, known as Spikevax or mRNA-1273, was the second to be authorized for adults 18 and older by the F.D.A., coming a week after Comirnaty, the vaccine made by Pfizer and BioNTech. In 2021, Moderna shippedover 800 million doses worldwide. The F.D.A. gave fullapproval to Spikevax on Jan. 31, 2022, and it is now authorized for childrenas young as six months.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTLike Pfizer and BioNTech, Moderna makes its vaccine from mRNA. In recent years, the company had tested mRNA vaccines for a number of diseases, but they had yet to bring one to market. In January 2020, they began developing a vaccine for the coronavirus.

The United States government bankrolled Moderna’s efforts, providing nearly $1 billion in support. In partnership with theNational Institutes of Health, they found that Spikevaxprotects monkeys from the coronavirus.

TRIAL RESULTSIn March 2020, Moderna launchedthe first clinical trial of a Covid-19 vaccine. After those studies yieldedpromising results, Phase 3 testing on 30,000 volunteersbegan on July 27.

On Nov. 16, Modernaannounced that the first preliminary data demonstrated that the vaccine provided strong protection against Covid-19. In apaper published in September 2021, researchers reported that the efficacy of the vaccine at preventing Covid-19 illness was 93.2 percent. The efficacy of the vaccine in preventing severe disease was 98.2 percent.

On May 25, 2021, Modernaannounced that the vaccine safely provided strong protection to children as young as 12. On Sept. 22, an NYUstudy suggested that Pfizer and Moderna vaccine doses which were administered to pregnant women later brought about a high amount of antibodies in their newborns. And on Oct. 25, Moderna said that the vaccine produced apowerful immune response in children aged 6 through 11.Positive results pushed Moderna toannounce that it would apply for emergency use authorization in children younger than six on March 23, 2022.

AUTHORIZATIONThe United States currently authorizes the use of Spikevax for people six months and older. In June 2021, after the F.D.A. authorized the use of the vaccine in adults, Modernaapplied to expand the authorization to children as young as 12. The Europe Medicines Agencyauthorized giving Spikevax to adolescents in July andexpanded its authorization on March 3, 2022, to include children aged 6 to 11. On April 28, 2022, Modernaasked the F.D.A. to authorize its vaccine for children younger than 6. An advisory panel to the F.D.A.voted to recommend Spikevax for that age group on June 15, and emergency authorization came two days later.

DISTRIBUTIONWhile Moderna’s clinical trials were still underway in the summer of 2020, the company entered deals with several countries to supply the vaccine pending its approval. On Aug. 11, the United States governmentawarded the company $1.5 billion in exchange for 100 million doses if the vaccine proves safe and effective. Additional negotiations have increased the agreement to500 million doses. TheEuropean Commission secured 460 million doses. Moderna has made similar deals with other countries includingCanada,Japan,Qatar andSouth Korea. The company has also pledged650 million doses to COVAX, a global vaccine initiative, to supply vaccines to low-income countries. On April 29, Modernaannounced they would produce 800 million to 1 billion doses in 2021, and planned to manufacture 3 billion doses in 2022.

VARIANTSInitially, Moderna’s vaccine proved highly effective against variants such as Beta and Delta that emerged in 2021. The Omicron variant proved able to evade some of the immunity provided by the vaccine, making the vaccine less effective at protecting against infection. However, the vaccine remained effective at reducing the risk of hospitalization and death.

BOOSTERSWhen variants emerged in early 2021, Moderna initially tested boosters tailored to their particular molecular structure. In March 2021, Moderna began aPhase 1 trial of a new mRNA vaccine made specifically for theBeta variant, which yieldedpositive results in humans and mice.

However, the first Moderna boosters to go into use were simply a third dose of the original vaccine. Results from a trial of a third Moderna shot in adults who received an organ transplantsuggested that the booster improved their immune response — a finding that led the F.D.A. to authorize the booster shot in that population. The company then ran a trial onhealthy volunteers and found that a booster of the original strain raised their production of antibodies against all major variants.

On Oct. 20, the F.D.A.authorized Moderna boosters for people over the age of 65 and those with weakened immune systems or greater risk of infection due to their work. In November 2021, the F.D.A. authorized the Moderna booster for all adults 18 and older. Moderna asked the F.D.A. for authorization for afourth dose in adults 18 and older in March 2022. On March 29, the F.D.A.authorized the fourth dose in those 50 and older and certain immunocompromised people.

Meanwhile Moderna continued to experiment with variant-specific boosters. On June 8, 2022, theyannounced that an Omicron-specific booster produced a strong increase in antibodies against the variant. The companysaid on June 22 that the booster also works against newly evolved forms of the Omicron variant called BA.4 and BA.5. On July 29, Modernaannounced a deal with the United States government to provide 66 million booster shots, containing RNA for the original spike protein, as well as one shared by BA.4 and BA.5.

Moderna’s Omicron booster wonconditional approval from the United Kingdom on Aug. 15, 2022. The company said in an Aug. 23 statement that it hadcompleted its application to the F.D.A. for approval. On Aug. 31, 2022, the F.D.A.authorized Moderna’s latest booster, a combination of RNA for the original coronavirus and BA.5.

For more details, seeHow Moderna’s Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:United States,Canada,Switzerland.
Emergency use in:Andorra,Argentina,Australia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,Botswana,Brunei,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Curacao,Egypt,European Union,Faroe Islands,Fiji,Ghana, Greenland,Guatemala,Guyana,Haiti,Honduras,Iceland,India,Indonesia,Israel,Japan,Kenya,Kuwait,Libya,Liechtenstein,Malawi,Malaysia,Maldives,Mexico,Micronesia,Moldova,Mongolia,Nepal,Nigeria,Norway,Pakistan,Palestinian Authority,Paraguay,Peru,Philippines,Puerto Rico,Qatar,Republic of Congo,Rwanda,Saba,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Saint Martin,Saudi Arabia,Seychelles,Singapore,Sint Eustatius,South Korea,Sri Lanka,Taiwan,Thailand,Trinidad and Tobago,Ukraine,United Arab Emirates,United Kingdom,Vietnam,West Bank. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization.
Updated Aug. 31, 2022

Moderna vaccine

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

SWITZERLAND

CANADA

JAPAN

MONGOLIA

U.S.

EGYPT

NIGERIA

VIETNAM

MEXICO

INDIA

SINGAPORE

AUSTRALIA

BOTSWANA

PERU

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Moderna vaccine

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

SWITZERLAND

CANADA

MONGOLIA

U.S.

EGYPT

NIGERIA

MEXICO

VIETNAM

INDIA

AUSTRALIA

BOTSWANA

PERU

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Moderna

vaccine

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

SWITZERLAND

CANADA

MONGOLIA

U.S.

EGYPT

MEXICO

INDIA

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA

PERU

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Moderna

vaccine

CANADA

U.S.

MEXICO

ARGENTINA

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

SWITZERLAND

MONGOLIA

EGYPT

INDIA

BOTSWANA

AUSTRALIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN INDIA

Vaccine name: ZyCoV-D
Efficacy:66.6%
Dose:2 or 3 doses, 4 weeks apart
Type: Skin injection
Storage:Stable at room temperature for three months

In July 2020, the Indian vaccine-makerZydus Lifesciences(then known as Zydus Cadila) begantesting a DNA-based vaccine delivered by a skin patch. After gettingpromising results in their Phase 1 trial, they launched aPhase 2 trial on ZyCoV-D on Aug. 6. On Jan. 3, 2021 the Indian government gave Zydus Lifesciencespermission to advance to aPhase 3 trialwith 30,000 volunteers.

The company announced on July 1 that the vaccine had anefficacy of 66.6% and that none of the vaccinated volunteers in the trial developed severe disease or died, making ZyCoV-D the first DNA-based vaccine shown to work against Covid-19. The results werepublished in April 2022.

Zydus Lifesciences receivedemergency authorization from the Indian government on Aug. 20, 2021. The authorization was laterexpanded to include adolescents 12 and older. On Feb. 3, 2022, Zydus Lifesciencesannounced it had delivered its first shipment of vaccines to the Indian government. Zydus Lifesciences received authorization from Indian health officials to administer ZyCoV-D in atwo-dose regimen on April 27.

But in May 2022 the Hindu Business Linereported that there had been negligible demand for ZyCoV-D, with no commercial opportunity for the rest of the year.

Emergency use in:India.
Updated June 13, 2022

Zydus Cadila

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Zydus Cadila

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Zydus Cadila

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Zydus Cadila

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN INDIA

On June 28, 2022, Indiaauthorized GEMCOVAC-19, a Covid-19 vaccine that contains self-amplifying RNA. It became the third RNA-based vaccine to get the green light. And unlike RNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech, which have to be frozen, GEMCOVAC-19 only needs to be refrigerated.

Seattle-basedHDT Biodeveloped the original technology behind GEMCOVAC-19. Their prototype vaccine, known asHGC019, safely provoked animals to make antibodies to the coronavirus. In July 2020, HDT Bio teamed up withGennova Biopharmaceuticals to launch clinical trials in India.Phase 1/2 trials started in December 2020.

In March 2022, HDT Biosued Gennova’s parent company, Emcore. In its court filing, HDT Bio accused the Indian company of stealing trade secrets for the vaccine and claiming it as their own. In May, Emcore sought to have the lawsuitdismissed. A decision was still pending as of June.

Gennova has yet to publish the results of its Phase 3 study. The companytold the Indian Express that it had submitted data to the Indian government showing that GEMCOVAC’s immune response was as good or better than Covishield, the Indian version of the AstraZeneca vaccine.

Meanwhile, HDT Bio has partnered with Quratis to launch a trial inSouth Korea, with SENAI CIMATEC inBrazil and withanother company in China. HDT Bio is also reportedly creating a version of the RNA vaccine tailored for the Omicron variant.

Emergency use in:India.
Updated June 29, 2022

Gennova

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Gennova

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Gennova

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Gennova

vaccine

INDIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3

In the spring of 2022, the Omicron variant created acrippling surge of Covid cases in China. Calls came for China to switch from inactivated-virus vaccines to more effective ones made from mRNA. Rather than import these vaccines from Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech, the government reportedlychose to wait for the development of a Chinese mRNA vaccine, called AWcorna. But even though research on AWcorna began early in the pandemic, Phase 3 clinical trial results had yet to emerge as of June 2022.

In July 2020, Chinese researchers at theAcademy of Military Medical Sciences,Suzhou Abogen Biosciences andWalvax Biotechnologypublished a paper describing how they created AWcorna (originally known as ARCoV). While authorized mRNA vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna encode the entire spike protein, AWcorna only encodes the tip of the protein, called the receptor binding domain.

A Phase 1 trial carried out in the summer of 2020 demonstrated that the vaccine was safe and produced modest amounts of antibodies, as the researchers described in a paper theypublished in January 2022.

ThePhase 2 trial of AWcorna commenced in January 2021, followed by aPhase 3 trial in July. In January 2022, Reutersreported that the trial had progressed in China, Indonesia, and Mexico. Reutersreported in February 2022 that Walvax had a capacity to make 400 million doses and planned to increase their production. But in April Bloombergreported that disappointing preliminary results might delay the introduction of the vaccine in China till the end of 2022.

On Nov. 24, 2021, researchers also registered a separatePhase 3 trial to assess the vaccine as a booster. In apaper published in February 2022, researchers reported that a third dose of AWcorna was potent against Omicron in vaccinated mice. That study was followed by a clinical trial in which researchers compared AWcorna as a booster against the inactivated virus vaccines Sinopharm and Sinovac. Researchersfound that AWcorna produced higher levels of antibodies that neutralize the coronavirus. But it is still not clear how AWcorna compares against other mRNA vaccines, either as a primary vaccination or a booster.

In December 2021, the U.S. government put the military academy onan export blacklist over concerns their research on biometrics and other technologists might become a threat to national security. It’s not clear how that move will affect the development of AWcorna.
Updated June 29, 2022

PHASE 3

Vaccine name: INO-4800
Efficacy: Unknown
Dose: To be determined
Type: Skin injection
Storage: Over a year at room temperature

The Pennsylvania-based companyInoviogained attention early in the pandemic. At a March 2020 White House meeting, Inovio’s chief executive, J. Joseph Kim, described the company as a leader in the race to make a Covid vaccine. But two years later, Inovio had yet to demonstrate that their vaccine is effective

Before the pandemic, the company developed DNA-based vaccines that are delivered into the skin with electric pulses from a hand-held device. At the start of the pandemic, Inovio created a DNA vaccine against the spike protein on the coronavirus. A Phase 1 trial,published in December 2020, did not uncover any serious adverse effects, and measured an immune response in all 38 volunteers.

But Inovio soon experienced a number of setbacks. The company becameembroiled in several lawsuits with stockholders and a company partner. On Sept. 28, 2020, the F.D.A. put the vaccine on apartial hold due to questions about the delivery device. The pause waslifted in November.

In November 2020, Inovio startedPhase 2 trials in theUnited States as well as inChina and South Korea. But by the time Inovio began preparing for a Phase 3 trial of their vaccine, other vaccines had already been authorized and being deployed on a wide scale. As a result, the U.S. government decided in April 2021 tostop supporting Inovio’s trial.

On Aug. 26, 2021, Inovioannounced that Brazilian regulators authorized their Phase 3 trial, and in September theyannounced that they had received approval for another Phase 3 trial in the Philippines and inMexico. The F.D.A.authorized a Phase 3 trial in the U.S. on Nov. 9, 2021. However, these trials have yet to move forward.

More disappointment came in February 2022, when the companyreported that the vaccine was proving less potent against the Omicron variant. As a result, Inovio paused the trial to change its design. They will be measuring the vaccine’s efficacy only against severe disease, rather than against any symptomatic cases of Covid.

On May 10, 2022, Inovio said that it woulddiscontinue its Phase 3 trial and focus attention on testing the vaccine as a booster. Their booster trial is currently inPhase 2.

The World Health Organization selected Inovio’s vaccine as one its first candidates in theSolidarity Trial Vaccine study. In an August 2022 corporate presentation, Inovio said that this Phase 3 trial had begun.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

Vaccine name: ARCT-154
Efficacy: 55% against infection, 95.3% against severe disease. (Trial conducted when Delta and Omicron were dominant.)

The California-based companyArcturus Therapeutics andDuke-NUS Medical School in Singapore have developed a vaccine called ARCT-154 that delivers mRNA that can self-replicate inside cells. As a result, the vaccine requires a lower dose to produce the viral proteins required for an immune response.Tests on animals showed that it protected them against infection.

Starting in August 2020, Arcturuslaunched aseries ofclinicaltrials on two different versions of the vaccine.Results from the trials suggest that both candidates stimulate the production of antibodies against several variants, includingOmicron.

On April 20, 2022, Arcturusannounced that ARCT-154 had an efficacy of 55 percent against infection, and 95.3 percent against severe disease, including death. While the efficacy of the vaccine was lower than mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech, the company noted that its volunteers were exposed to the Delta and Omicron variants, instead of the original strain of the coronavirus. In May 2022, Arcturusreported that ARCT-154 performed well as a booster for people vaccinated with Comirnaty and later reported that itraised antibodies against the Omicron variant andits subvariants.

On February 28, 2022, Arcturusannounced it had applied for emergency use authorization in Vietnam for ARCT-154. In an August 2022 companyreport, it said that a government reorganization delayed the vaccine’s review. Arcturus said it expected authorization in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

Japan-based researchers atDaiichi Sankyo have developed an mRNA vaccine against the coronavirus in collaboration with theUniversity of Tokyo. Theylaunched a Phase 1/2 trial of the vaccine, named DS-5670, on March 22, 2021. In an Oct. 21press release, Daiichi Sankyo said that the vaccine produced no relevant safety concerns in the trial. The company beganPhase 2 trials on Nov. 17, and reported positive results in a May 26, 2022press release.

In January 2022, the companystarted aPhase 2/3 trial of the vaccine as a booster. On May 26, 2022, Daiichi Sankyoannounced that the level of antibodies produced by a DS-5670 booster were comparable or higher than authorized mRNA vaccines. The company said it was going to launch a trial on 4,500 volunteers to compare the performance of their booster to one that has already been approved. In June, Biospectrumreported that Daiichi Sankyo planned to commercialize the vaccine by the end of 2022.
Updated July 18, 2022

PHASE 2

Canada’sProvidence Therapeutics specializes in messenger RNA vaccines to treat cancer. In response to the pandemic, they developed an mRNA vaccine against the coronavirus. They launched aPhase 1 study of an RNA vaccine in late January 2021, and in May 2022 theypublished results of the trial, showing that the vaccineappeared safe and produced promising levels of antibodies. In August 2021, Providence Therapeutics launched aPhase 2 trial comparing the vaccine to Comirnaty.

In June 2021, the company reached anagreement with the Indian vaccine maker Biological E to carry out further trials in India. Biological E agreed to purchase up to 30 million doses and planned to scale their production of the vaccine to as many as a billion doses in 2022. In September, Providence alsoreached an agreement with Everest Medicines to produce and market the vaccine in China.

In December 2021, Providence Therapeuticsannounced that the World Health Organization had chosen its vaccine as one of the candidates it will test in itsSolidarity Trial Vaccine study.

In an Aug. 24, 2022, update, Everestsaid that it and Providence expect to launch a Phase 3 trial for the booster vaccine this year. The two companies predict that its vaccine will be approved and marketed globally in 2023.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

PHASE 2

Researchers at Thailand’sChulalongkorn University developed several potential vaccines for the coronavirus. The furthest along is an mRNA-based vaccine known as ChulaCov19. In September 2020, theChula Vaccine Research Center registered aPhase 1 trial to test it in humans. Delays in funding and manufacturing slowed the study’s launch untilJune 2021. In May 2022, Chula researchers issued areport showing that the Phase 1 volunteers produced higher antibodies than people who received Comirnaty.

In aninterview with the Bangkok Post, the leader of the project said that up to 30 million doses might be produced for Thailand and six other Asian countries if the vaccine proved to be safe and effective. Citing positive preliminary results, the researcherssaid in August that the vaccine would soon advance to the next phase of clinical trials.

At a November 2021 conference at Chulalongkorn University, the scientists behind the vaccine said thatPhase 2 trials were completed with satisfactory results, and that the Thai government had approved Phase 3 trials. But a Phase 3 trial is not yet registered.

In May 2022, the Bangkok Postreported that a factory in Thailand was beginning to produce the vaccine, and it could be authorized by the end of 2022.
Updated June 3, 2022

PHASE 2

Chinese researchers fromAIM Vaccine andLiverna Therapeuticshave developed an mRNA vaccine against the coronavirus. They registered aPhase 1 trial in China on July 31, 2021, and reportedpositive results in January 2022. On April 29, 2022, they registered aPhase 2 trial.
Updated April 29, 2022

PHASE 2

CSPC Pharmaceutical Group is working on an mRNA vaccine against the coronavirus, called SYS6006. Afterpromising results from preclinical studies, CSPC said on April 3, 2022, that it hadreceived approval to beginclinicaltrials in China. The researchers moved toPhase 2 trials on June 30.
Updated July 1, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Vaccine name: AG0302-COVID19
Efficacy: Unknown
Dose: 2 doses, 2 weeks apart
Type: Skin injection
Storage: Over a year at room temperature

On June 30, 2020, the Japanese biotechnology companyAnGeslaunched a Phase 1 trial to test a DNA-based vaccine, developed in partnership withOsaka University andTakara Bio. The company moved on to aPhase 2/3 trial in December. Preliminary resultssuggested the dose was too low to produce a strong immune response, and so the researchers registered a newPhase 1/2 trial of the vaccine at a higher dose on Augs. 6, 2021. On Nov. 25, AnGesreleased a statement rebutting reports that it had abandoned progress on the vaccine. Even though the candidate’s ability to generate antibodies has been disappointing, it said, the trials would continue. AnGessaid on Feb. 15, 2022, that the trial was experiencing delays and that the final results still need to be analyzed before moving to Phase 3 trials.
Updated April 3, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

GeneOne Life Science, a South Korean biotech company, developed a DNA-based vaccine that encodes two proteins from the coronavirus. In December 2020, they launched aPhase 1/2 trial with 345 participants. After receiving positive interim results from the trial, GeneOneannounced on July 8, 2021 that it would begin Phase 2.

GeneOne is also experimenting with different vaccine delivery techniques. On Oct. 20, the company registered aPhase 1 trial to gauge how well their candidate works when injected into a patient’s arm and delivered as a nasal spray. In the study, the researchers will also see if a skin suction device will improve outcomes. In January 2022, GeneOneregistered a new trial to test their vaccine as a booster. The trial began on May 23, 2022.
Updated June 3, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Takis Biotech andRottapharm Biotech,two vaccine companies in Italy, developed a vaccine called COVID-eVax. A special device uses a tiny electric pulse to deliver DNA through the skin. The DNA enters cells, which use the genetic instructions to make spike protein fragments. In February 2021, Takis and Rottapharmlaunched a Phase 1/2 trial in Italy. COVID-eVax can remain stable at room temperature. In September, the companies issued apress release stating that the Phase 1 trial delivered promising results. But they were not yet able to proceed to a Phase 2 trial because the vaccination rate in Italy had climbed so high that recruiting volunteers would be difficult.

In November 2021, Takis and Rottapharm announced they had created anOmicron-specific version of COVID-eVax. But they acknowledged that they still lacked funding for additional clinical studies. By then, Italy’s vaccination rate had climbed so far that the companies said it would be difficult to recruit enough volunteers to move to the Phase 2 trial. They have not issued any further statements about the status of the vaccine.
Updated June 29, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Researchers at Baltimore-basedElixirgen Therapeutics have created an RNA vaccine, named EXG-5003, that targets a small part of the coronavirus spike protein. In May 2021 theylaunched aPhase 1/2 trial of the vaccine in Japan. On Oct. 8, Elixirgenannounced that it has licensed its vaccine to an undisclosed company for worldwide marketing, excluding Japan.
Updated Oct. 8, 2021

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Researchers at Korean biotechnology companyEyegenehave developed an mRNA vaccine that uses a delivery system slightly different from other genetic vaccines. Instead of using a lipid nanoparticle, their vaccine uses liposomes — tiny fat bubbles — to bring the genetic material to the cell. Korean regulatorsapproved a Phase 1/2 trial in August 2021 for the vaccine, called EG-COVID. Eyegene’s C.E.O., Wonil Yoo,told a Korean television station that the trial began in September. But in December, Eyegenesaid that it will receive help from the Korean government in recruiting patients for the trial, after experiencing difficulties finding enough eligible participants. In January 2022, Eyegeneregistered the trial in Australia. Eyegenereceived approval to conduct a Phase 1/2 booster trial of EG-COVID in Australia on Feb. 21, 2022.
Updated Feb. 21, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Chinese researchers atStemirna Therapeutics have developed an mRNA vaccine in collaboration withShanghai East Hospital. They registered aPhase 1 trial on May 1, 2021. The scientists registered anotherPhase 1/2 trial on Dec. 3 and anadditional Phase 1 trial on May 12, 2022.
Updated June 13, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Norwegian biopharmaceutical companyNykode Therapeuticshave developedtwo DNA vaccine candidates to protect against coronavirus variants. On Oct. 6, 2021, the researchers registered aPhase 1/2 trial. They will test the two vaccines head-to-head in the first part of the study and then select one for further trials. Formerly calledVaccibody, the companychanged its name on Nov. 23. Nykode and needle-free injection technology companyPharmaJetannounced a newPhase 1/2 trial to address variants on Dec. 14.
Updated Dec. 16, 2021

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

In addition to its adenovirus-based vaccine,ImmunityBio has developed two additional vaccines that useself-amplifying RNA to stimulate the body’s T cells. Researchers registered aPhase 1/2 trial to compare the two as boosters in May 2022.
Updated May 23, 2022

PHASE 1

The Canadian companyEntos Pharmaceuticals has created a DNA vaccine for the coronavirus. Most other genetic vaccines carry the gene for the spike protein on the surface of the virus. Entos instead chose the gene for a protein called nucleocapsid that sits inside the virus’s membrane. The company is betting it can offer long-lasting immunity.

In October 2020, Entoslaunched a Phase 1 trial in Canada for their vaccine, called Covigenix VAX-001. Theybegan dosing participants on April 15. Entos C.E.O. John Lewistold Canadian media on Aug. 4 that the vaccine produced a sufficient immune response without adverse reactions. Lewis later told the Owen Sound Sun Times in December 2021 that aPhase 2 trial would begin in South Africa in early 2022, but the company had not yet announced the trial as of August 2022. Entos is also one of four vaccine makers that received a portion of an$81.2 million commitment from the Alberta government to develop their candidates.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

PHASE 1

On Nov. 2, 2020, the Canadian companySymvivoannounced they had administered a DNA vaccine to their first volunteer in aPhase 1 trial. The DNA is inserted intoharmless bacteria, which volunteers swallow in a frozen liquid (the company is working on putting the bacteria into a pill). When the bacteria reach the intestines, the DNA slips into cells in the gut lining, which then make viral proteins. Symvivoannounced on July 19, 2021 that it received nearly $5 million in funding from the National Research Council of Canada’s Industrial Research Assistance Program to continue developing its vaccine.

In itstrial registry, Symvivo said that it expected results from the Phase 1 study in February 2022. The company has yet to release any data from the trial. And on May 3, Symvivopushed the study completion date to September 2022 in the trial registry.
Updated June 13, 2022

PHASE 1

Using a delivery system fromPharmaJet, researchers atBioNet-Asiaand Australia-basedTechnovaliahave developed a DNA vaccine called COVIGEN that can be pushed through the skin without a needle. Instead, the dose is loaded into a handheld device and shot directly into cell tissue through a jet spray of fluid. Vaccines for the flu already use the device, which PharmaJet says is asafer alternative to needle injections.

The University of Sydneyregistered a Phase 1 trial of COVIGEN in Australia on Feb. 8, 2021. In January 2022, Technovaliaannounced that an interim study found no safety issues with the vaccine. The company said that the trial would shift to testing COVIGEN as a booster on people who are already vaccinated.
Updated April 3, 2022

PHASE 1

Scancell, a British company that develops treatments for cancer, has created two DNA vaccine candidates against the coronavirus. Their first vaccine, called SCOV1, targets the original virus and its early variants. SCOV2 is intended to act as a booster shot. Scancell is using aneedle-free injection technology made by Colorado-based PharmaJet to administer the vaccines into the skin through a concentrated jet of fluid. On Jan. 31, 2022, the companyannounced that it had dosed the first volunteer in itsPhase 1 clinical trial in South Africa. Scancellbroadened the trial to include individuals with prior infection or other vaccines in March. In May, Scancellpushed the study completion date to December 2022 in their trial registry.
Updated June 13, 2022

PHASE 1

Gritstone biohas developed experimental vaccines in recent years that teach the immune system to attack tumors. The company has created vaccines for Covid-19 based on RNA molecules that can make copies of themselves, increasing the production of viral proteins from each cell. While most RNA-based vaccines produce spike proteins, Gritstone bio includes RNA molecules to produce parts of other viral proteins. T cells can use those additional proteins to recognize infected cells and kill them. Experiments on monkeys,published in June 2022, showed that the vaccine produced high levels of antibodies and protected the animals from disease.

On Sept. 20, 2021, Gritstonedosed the first volunteer in a Phase 1 trial to gauge the effectiveness of the mRNA vaccine as a booster shot in older adults who have already received the Astrazeneca vaccine. In January 2022, the companyannounced promising initial results from the trial.

In a financial report in August 2022, Gritstone bioannounced that three additional Phase 1 trials were underway,including volunteers with immune systems compromised by HIV and B cell deficiencies.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

PHASE 1

Researchers at theUniversity of Hong Kongdeveloped a DNA vaccine against the coronavirus. In a Phase 1 trial, which wasregistered on Nov. 1, 2021, the researchers injected the vaccine into the muscles of volunteers, followed by electric shocks to induce cells into receiving the vaccine. They wrote in the trial record that this strategy could improve vaccine uptake.
Updated April 3, 2022

PHASE 1

VLP Therapeutics Japan, a subsidiary of Maryland-based company VLP Therapeutics,won funding in August 2020 from the Japanese government to develop a self-amplifying RNA vaccine against the coronavirus. In October 2020, itannounced a partnership with FUJIFILM to help manufacture their candidate, called VLPCOV-01. The researchers registered aPhase 1 clinical trial in Japan a year later. On Feb. 1, 2022, they launched aPhase 1 trial for the vaccine as a booster.
Updated Feb. 7, 2022

PHASE 1

Researchers atDIOSynVax, led by a professor at theUniversity of Cambridge, have developed a genetic vaccine that targetsspecific parts of the coronavirus that they say are common across all known variants. They have partnered withPharmaJet to administer the vaccine, called DIOS-CoVax, through the skin without using needles. On Dec. 14, the BBC reported that aPhase 1 trial began in the United Kingdom to assess DIOS-CoVax’s effectiveness as a booster in participants who have already received two doses of another vaccine. On March 8, 2022, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovationsannounced that it would give up to $42 million to DIOSynVax to develop a vaccine against a range of coronaviruses.
Updated March 11, 2022

PHASE 1

Vaccine name: CV2nCoV
Dose: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable at least 3 months at 36–46°F (2–8°C)

In March 2022, the German companyCureVac,in partnership withGSK, launchedPhase 1 clinical trial for an mRNA vaccine called CV2nCoV. The vaccine is an improved version of CureVac’s initial Covid vaccine,CVnCoV, which delivered disappointing results in clinical trials in 2021 .

After abandoning the CVnCoV trial, CureVac retooled the vaccine to create CV2nCoV. The new version triggers the production of more spike proteins in cells, leading to a stronger immune response. In November 2021, researchers at Harvard published astudy in the journal Nature showing that monkeys given CV2CoV produced antibodies to the coronavirus at a level comparable to the Comirnaty vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech. In the Phase 1 clinical trial, researchers will evaluate CV2CoV as a booster shot. The researchersdosed the first participant on March 30, 2022.Preclinical studies suggest that the vaccine is effective against emerging variants, the companies said in April 2022.
Updated Aug 26, 2022

PHASE 1

Researchers at the University of Melbourne are testing an mRNA vaccine in aPhase 1 trial. In the trial, which was registered on March 9, 2022, the researchers plan to measure antibody levels produced in volunteers who have already received two doses and a booster shot of widely used vaccines. The university is also testing aprotein-based vaccine.
Updated March 11, 2022

PHASE 1

Chinese researchers atCanSino Biologicshave also developed an mRNA vaccine against the coronavirus.Preclinical studies have shown that the vaccine stimulates antibody production against emerging variants. On April 4, 2022, CanSinoannounced that it had received approval from the Chinese government to begin clinical trials.
Updated April 8, 2022

PHASE 1

Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology, a Chinese biotechnology company, registered aPhase 1 trial for an mRNA vaccine called RH109 on April 28, 2022. They will test the vaccine as a booster on 24 participants.
Updated April 29, 2022

PHASE 1

Shanghai RNACure Biopharma, a Chinese biotechnology company, registered a two-part Phase 1 clinical trial on May 31, 2022. The company has developed a number of mRNA molecules as potential vaccines for Covid. Some coax cells to make virus-like particles. Others only encode the spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus. For their clinical trials, RNACure is collaborating with Walvax to test a spike-producing vaccine called RQ3013. The spike protein produced by RQ3013 gives animals immunityto a range of variants. In the clinical trial, RNACure will testtwo doses of the vaccine on volunteers who have not been vaccinated before and will also give it to vaccinated volunteers as abooster. They will compare RQ3013 to the Comirnaty vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech.
Updated June 3, 2022

PHASE 1

Researchers at theUniversity of Adelaideare developing a DNA-based booster vaccine to fight against the Omicron variant. The creators say that using DNA allows them toquickly configure the vaccine for future variants. On Aug. 16, 2022,PharmaJet said that its needle-free delivery technology is being used inongoing human trials for the Adelaide vaccine.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

PHASE 1

Vaccine name: CV0501

After its initial vaccine failed in trials, CureVac and GSK started a new trial of a version they called CV2nCoV in early 2022. But the companies went on to make a second round of updates, producing a new vaccine called CV0501. On Aug. 18, 2022, theyannounced that they were launching a Phase 1 trial of CV0501 as a booster.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

ABANDONED

The South Korean companyGenexine started testing the safety of a DNA-based vaccine early in the pandemic, but a series of disappointments soon put them behind other developers. In December 2020, the Korea Biomedical Reviewreported that Genexine got disappointing results from their initial formulation and decided to restart their trials with a modified vaccine.

On Jan. 20, 2021, the companyregistered a Phase 1/2 trial, and in June they registered aPhase 1 trial specifically for elderly volunteers. The Indonesian pharmaceutical company Kalbe Farmapledged in April to buy 10 million doses of Genexine’s vaccine if it was proven to be safe and effective. In July, Indonesian regulators gavethe green light for a late-stage clinical trial. Genexine registereda Phase 2/3 clinical trial in October to test their vaccine as a booster for other vaccines.

But their clinical trials proved disappointing once more.Results from the Phase 1/2 trial suggested that the vaccine, called GX-19N, would need improvement to be competitive with other vaccines. By March 2022, the company decided that it could not justify continuing its trials when authorized Covid vaccines were already so accessible in many countries. Genexineannounced on March 11 that it was abandoning further development of GX-19N.
Updated April 3, 2022

ABANDONED

In early 2020,Imperial College London researchers developed a“self-amplifying” RNA vaccine for Covid-19, which boosted production of a viral protein to stimulate the immune system. They began Phase 1/2 trials on June 15, partnering withMorningside Ventures to manufacture and distribute the vaccine through a new company called VacEquity Global Health. On Dec. 18, the researchersannounced a collaboration with Enesi Pharma to formulate a solid version of the vaccine that can be implanted in the skin without a needle.

On Jan. 27, 2021, Robin Shattuck, the leader of the project,announced that “it is not the right time to start a new efficacy trial for a further vaccine in the U.K.” Instead of competing with authorized vaccines, they turned their efforts to making candidates that will work well against emerging variants of the coronavirus.

A year later, the researcherspublished the final results from the trial. They found that the self-amplifying RNA platform was safe and promising, but the vaccine couldn’t generate a promising immune response.
Updated April 3, 2022

ABANDONED

The French pharmaceutical companySanoficollaborated with Massachusetts-basedTranslate Bioto develop an mRNA vaccine for Covid-19. In 2020, they reported that the vaccine, MRT5500, produceda strong antibody response in mice and monkeys, andprotected hamsters against coronavirus infections. They followed up on that research with a Phase 1/2 trial in March 2021. Over the summer, Sanofi acquired Translate Bio for $3 billion. On Sept. 28, the companyannounced that the clinical trial had yielded encouraging early results. By then, however, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines were widely available, and so Sanofi decided topull the plug on its own mRNA Covid-19 vaccine program. Meanwhile, it continued a Phase 3 trial on a protein-based vaccine that may serve as a booster against Covid-19.
Updated April 3, 2022

ABANDONED

Vaccine name: CVnCoV
Efficacy:48%
Dose: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable at least 3 months at 36–46°F (2–8°C)

The German companyCureVacgenerated a lot of hope for its mRNA vaccine for Covid-19 in 2020, only to see it deliver disappointing results in clinical trials the following year.

The company, founded in 2001, had years of experience developing experimental mRNA vaccines for a host of diseases. In early 2020, they began work on a Covid-19 vaccine, called CVnCoV. In March, the Trump administration unsuccessfully tried to enticeCureVac tomove its research on their mRNA vaccine from Germany to the United States.

The companyplowed ahead with its work in Germany, seeing responses to the vaccinein mice andmonkeys before launching clinical trials in July. CVnCoV showed promise in several respects: it could remain stable in a refrigerator rather than a freezer, and preliminary studies suggested it would work well at a low dose, reducing its cost.

In December, CureVac launcheda Phase 3 trial, recruiting up to 36,500 volunteers in Germany. The European Union began arolling review in February, intended to speed up approval if the Phase 3 trial delivers positive results.

Meanwhile, CureVac prepared for mass production of the vaccine. The company negotiated a deal to provide the European Union withup to 400 million doses of their vaccine. They projected manufacturingup to 300 million doses in 2021 and up toa billion doses the following year. Starting in January 2021, CureVac forged a series of partnerships with pharmaceutical giantsBayer,Celonic,GSK, andNovartis, to support the production of their vaccine and develop new ones againstcoronavirus variants.

In June 2021, CureVac reporteddisappointing results from their Phase 3 trial.Overall, CVnCoV had an efficacy of just 48 percent against Covid-19. It proved somewhat better for younger volunteers: For those between the ages of 18 and 60, the efficacy rose to 53 percent. In that group, the researchers also found the vaccine provided 100 percent protection against hospitalization and death. Researchers laterpointed to the vaccine dosage along with the rise of new variants as potential reasons for the low efficacy. On Sept. 14, CureVacannounced that it had canceled its manufacturing deals with Celonic and German company Wacker, citing a decline in demand for CVnCoV.

Despite the disappointing results, the company moved ahead with preparing an application to the European Union for emergency authorization for the use of the vaccine in people 60 and under. But European regulators gave no indication they would continue speeding along their review. As a result, on Oct. 12, CureVacannounced that it would withdraw CVnCoV from the regulatory approval process. The company is now testing a new version of their vaccine, calledCV2CoV.
Updated March 4, 2022

ABANDONED

New Jersey-basedOncoSec Immunotherapies has developed experimental cancer treatments that deliver genes into tumors. There, the injected genes produce a natural signaling molecule called IL-12, which attracts the attention of immune cells that attack the cancer. In the spring of 2020, OncoSec began adapting their technology to make a vaccine for the coronavirus. The vaccine, called CORVax12, consisted of a loop of DNA that encodes both the spike protein and IL-12. OncoSec researchers hoped that by causing the body to make extra IL-12, the vaccine would enhance the immune system’s ability to make antibodies to the spike protein. On Jan. 27, 2021, the companybegan dosing participants in itsPhase 1 trial to test the safety of CORVax12. In November, a spokeswoman said that OncoSec was no longer investigating the vaccine.
Updated April 3, 2022

Viral Vector Vaccines

Vaccines that contain viruses engineered to carry coronavirus genes. Some viral vector vaccines enter cells and cause them to make viral proteins. Other viral vectors slowly replicate, carrying coronavirus proteins on their surface.

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN RUSSIAEMERGENCY USE IN MANY COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: Sputnik V (also known as Gam-Covid-Vac)
Efficacy:91.6% against Alpha Variant,75% against Omicron.
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Freezer storage. Developing an alternative formulation that can be refrigerated.

TheGamaleya Research Institute, part of Russia’s Ministry of Health, has created a vaccine withan efficacy rate of 91.6 percent. Russia began distributing the vaccine, known as Sputnik V, in fall 2020, and it is now widely used around the world. On Feb. 4, 2022, Sputnik V receivedfull approval from the Russian government. Tassreported in August 2022 that 400 million doses had been distributed to 71 countries.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTGamaleya produced the vaccine, initially called Gam-Covid-Vac, from a combination of two adenoviruses called Ad5 and Ad26. Both kinds have been tested as vaccines over a number of years. By combining them, the Russian researchers hoped to prevent the immune system from recognizing one of the adenoviruses from the first dose and destroy it in the second dose.

TRIAL RESULTSThe researchers launched clinical trials in June 2020. Within a few months, the trial became bogged down in controversy. On Aug. 11, President Vladimir V. Putinannounced that a Russian health care regulator hadapproved the vaccine, renamed Sputnik V, despite the fact that the Phase 3 trials had not even begun. Vaccine expertsdecried the move as risky, and Russia laterwalked back the announcement, saying that the approval was a “conditional registration certificate,” which would depend on positive results from Phase 3 trials.

On Nov. 11, 2020, the Russian Direct Investment Fundannounced the first preliminary evidence from their Phase 3 trial indicating that the vaccine was effective. Based on 20 cases of Covid-19 among the trial participants, Russian scientists estimated that the vaccine demonstrated 92 percent efficacy.

By December, the trial had reached its final total of 78 cases. The creators of the vaccinepublished the results of their Phase 3 trial on Feb. 2, 2021 in the Lancet.

When other countries began using Sputnik V, they ran studies of their own to measure the effectiveness of the vaccine. On Nov. 1, 2021, a team of researchers in Argentina published apaper showing that the vaccine reduces infection by 88.1 percent and Covid-19-related deaths by 98.3 percent in people over 60.

In January 2021, Gamaleya researchers started a trial in which they gave people only the first dose of Ad26 adenoviruses, the same adenovirus in Johnson & Johnson’s single-dose vaccine. They dubbed this one-dose version “Sputnik Light.” A Phase 1/2 trial showed that a single dose produced antibodies and was safe; the details were eventuallypublished in the Lancet in Nov. 2021.

Russia announced on May 6 that Sputnik Light providedan efficacy of 79.4 percent but did not publish the details of the study or say how long the efficacy would last. After the single-dose version of the vaccine was rolled out in Argentina, astudy found that its effectiveness there was between 78.6 and 83.7 percent.

Phase 2 human trials for an intranasal version of Sputnik V havebegun, Tass reported on Feb. 15, 2022.

Russian researchers are also working on modifying the vaccine for use in teenagers. Called “Sputnik M,” the candidate is a fractional dose of Sputnik V. They have recruited3,000 adolescents for the ongoing clinical trials. On June 14, 2022, 14 children between 9 and 11received one-tenth of an adult dose as part of a clinical trial.

AUTHORIZATIONIn November 2020, the Russian government began offering Sputnik V within Russia in a mass vaccination campaign. But worry that the vaccine was rushed to approval led towidespread hesitancy. Sputnik Light received authorization for use in Russia on May 6, 2021.

On Dec. 22, 2020, Belarus becamethe first country outside of Russia to register Sputnik V, and since then a number of other countries have followed suit. But as of August 2022, neither theEuropean Medicines Agency and theWorld Health Organization had yet to accept Russia’s application for an emergency authorization. In June 2022, Tassreported that Sputnik had not been produced for months.

VARIANTSThe Gamaleya Instituteannounced on Oct. 13, 2021, that Sputnik Light demonstrated a70 percent efficacy against the Delta variant. Tassreported on Jan. 18, 2022 that the Gamelaya Institute director said Sputnik V demonstrates around75 percent efficacy against the Omicron variant, but the data supporting this conclusion have not yet been released. On July 26, Tassreported that the Gamelaya Institute director said Sputnik V can protect against B.A.2.75, though no data has been released yet, either. Tass said on Aug. 23 that researchers have madeanother version of Sputnik V to fight against the Delta and Omicron variants.

For more details, seeHow Gamaleya’s Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:Russia.
Emergency use in:Albania,Algeria,Angola,Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina (includingSputnik Light),Armenia (includingSputnik Light),Azerbaijan,Bahrain,Bangladesh,Belarus (includingSputnik Light), Benin (Sputnik Light),Bolivia,Bosnian Serb Republic,Brazil,Cambodia (includingSputnik Light),Cameroon,Chile,Congo Republic (includingSputnik Light),Djibouti,Ecuador,Egypt (includingSputnik Light),Honduras,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana,Guatemala,Guinea,Guyana,Hungary,India, Indonesia,Iran (includingSputnik Light),Iraq,Jordan,Kazakhstan (includingSputnik Light),Kenya,Kyrgyzstan (includingSputnik Light),Laos (includingSputnik Light),Lebanon,Libya,Maldives,Mali,Mauritius (includingSputnik Light),Mexico,Moldova,Mongolia (includingSputnik Light),Montenegro,Morocco,Myanmar,Namibia,Nepal,Nicaragua (includingSputnik Light),Nigeria,North Macedonia,Oman,Pakistan,Palestinian Authority (includingSputnik Light),Panama,Paraguay,Philippines (includingSputnik Light),Russia (includingSputnik Light andSputnik M),Rwanda,San Marino (includingSputnik Light),Serbia,Seychelles,Slovakia,Sri Lanka,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Syria,Tunisia (includingSputnik Light),Turkey,Turkmenistan,United Arab Emirates (includingSputnik Light),Uzbekistan,Venezuela (includingSputnik Light),Vietnam,West Bank,Zimbabwe.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

Gamaleya’s

Sputnik V

vaccine

RUSSIA

HUNGARY

ALGERIA

MONGOLIA

GUINEA

MALI

IRAN

PAKISTAN

BAHRAIN

GABON

U.A.E.

MEXICO

INDIA

ANGOLA

BRAZIL

INDONESIA

KENYA

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Gamaleya’s

Sputnik V

vaccine

HUNGARY

RUSSIA

ALGERIA

MONGOLIA

GUINEA

PAKISTAN

IRAN

BAHRAIN

GABON

MEXICO

INDIA

U.A.E.

BRAZIL

ANGOLA

KENYA

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Gamaleya’s

Sputnik V

vaccine

RUSSIA

HUNGARY

MONGOLIA

ALGERIA

IRAN

PAKISTAN

GABON

MEXICO

INDIA

BRAZIL

KENYA

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Gamaleya’s

Sputnik V

vaccine

MEXICO

BRAZIL

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

RUSSIA

HUNGARY

ALGERIA

MONGOLIA

PAKISTAN

IRAN

BAHRAIN

GABON

INDIA

ANGOLA

KENYA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES
APPROVED IN BRAZIL, INDIAEMERGENCY USE IN E.U., ELSEWHERE

Vaccine name: Vaxzevria (also known as AZD1222, or Covishield in India)
Efficacy:74% against symptomatic Covid19;100% against severe or critical Covid-19.
Dose: 2 doses
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable in refrigerator for at least 6 months

A vaccine designed bythe University of Oxfordand produced by the British-Swedish companyAstraZeneca emerged as a key element in the effort to meet the global demand for Covid-19 vaccines. With an efficacy of 76 percent, the vaccine — now known asVaxzevria —was produced in vast quantities at alow price. Because it only needs to be refrigerated rather than frozen, it can be used far more widely than mRNA vaccines. But Vaxzevria’s journey has been turbulent, jolted by confusing messages from AstraZeneca, high-profile worries about safety, and difficulties with manufacturing.

Over the course of 2021,2.5 billion doses of Vaxzevria were distributed worldwide. An independent studyestimated that the vaccine saved six million lives through December 2021. But in 2022, as supplies of other vaccines grew, the demand for Vaxzevria fell, leading some manufacturers to halt production.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTVaxzevria was based on a vaccine platform that Oxford researchers had been developing for years for other diseases. They began with an adenovirus that normally infects chimpanzees and genetically engineered it to carry viral genes. In early 2020, the scientistsdeveloped Vaxzevria by endowing the adenovirus with the spike gene from the coronavirus. When they gave the vaccine to monkeys, they found that itprotected the animals from the disease.

TRIAL RESULTSThe United Statessupported the development of Vaxzevria in May 2020, with $1.2 billionprovided as part of Operation Warp Speed. The money helped AstraZeneca and Oxford embark on large late-stage trials in the United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, and elsewhere. But the researchers ran the trials independently, making it difficult to combine their results into a single clear picture of how well the vaccine worked. Making matters murkier, they gave different amounts of the vaccine to different people and also waited anywhere from four to twelve weeks to deliver the second dose.

On Dec. 8, 2020, AstraZeneca and Oxford publishedthe first scientific paper on a Phase 3 clinical trial of a coronavirus vaccine. The trial demonstrated that the vaccine can protect people from Covid-19, but itleft many questions unresolved about the results. Nevertheless, the vaccine’s low cost and ease of storage made it attractive to countries looking for a way out of the pandemic.

On Feb. 14, 2021, AstraZenecaannounced they would start trials on children as young as six. Researchers at Oxfordreported preliminary results suggesting that a combination of AstraZeneca’s vaccine followed by Comirnaty produces strong levels of antibodies. AstraZeneca alsolaunched a similar trial with Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine. Results from that studysuggest that the combination yielded at least a four-fold increase in antibodies in 85 percent of participants. In September 2021, Imperial College London launched atrial of an inhaled form of the vaccine. Brazilian researchersregistered a Phase 2/3 trial on Sept. 28 to evaluate the effectiveness of a half dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine compared to the normal dosing scheme. Afourth dose of AstraZeneca is being tested in Israel to gauge its effectiveness against the Omicron variant.

AUTHORIZATIONThe United Kingdom andArgentina were the first countries to give the vaccine emergency authorization, on Dec. 30, 2020. On Jan. 3,India issued an emergency authorization to a version called Covishield, made by the Serum Institute of India. It granted Covishieldfull approval just over a year later on Jan. 27, 2022 . On Feb. 16, 2021 the World Health Organizationrecommended Vaxzevria for emergency use in adults 18 or older. Brazil gavefull approval to the vaccine on March 13, 2021.

In the summer of 2020, Astrazenecapromised it would distribute Vaxzevria in the United States as soon as that October. But a concern about the health of a volunteer in the U.S. clinical trial stalled the study for seven weeks. AstraZeneca did not deliver the results of the trial until March 2021 — only to be rebuked by its expert advisors forcherry-picking data. These speed bumps slowed the company down, while other vaccines were getting authorized and meeting the demand in the United States. By spring 2022, AstraZeneca hadabandoned its plan to apply to the F.D.A.

DISTRIBUTIONVaxzevria promised at first to be a cheap, robust vaccine that would go a long way to meeting the world’s need for protection from Covid-19. But it has suffered a number of setbacks.

Even while it was running clinical trials in 2020, AstraZeneca reached agreements with a number of manufacturers in order to produce billions of doses of Vaxzevria. But in January 2021, it admitted that it would fall short of its promised delivery of vaccines to the European Union. Its shortfall grew only worse in March when India, facing an explosion of new cases,blocked export of the vaccine from its factories. On April 26, the European Commissionfiled a lawsuit against the company for breach of contract. The courtordered AstraZeneca on June 18 to deliver 50 million additional doses of Vaxzevria, substantially less than the 90 million the European Commission had demanded. AstraZenecamet the revised deadline on July 26. In September, AstraZeneca and the European Commissionsettled their dispute, with an agreement for the company to supply 200 million doses by March 2022.

In the spring of 2021, as other countries struggled with devastating new waves of Covid-19, the United States came under intense criticism for holding back raw materials India needed to make its own supply of Covishield. On April 25, the Biden administrationannounced it would partially lift its ban. Later, it promised to distribute AstraZeneca vaccines to other countries. But due to concerns about the facility where the vaccines were made in Baltimore, the vaccines wereheld back for nearly one year, until the F.D.A. said in February 2022 that it hadcleared them for shipment.

In South Africa, a small trial failed to demonstrate that it protected people againstthe Beta variant, which had become predominant in the country. On Feb. 7, 2021, South Africahalted plans for a rollout of 1 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine and switched to Johnson & Johnson.

In March 2021,Covax began delivering doses of the vaccine to low- and middle-income countries. But manufacturing bottlenecks haveslowed the pipeline. Declining demand for the vaccine pushed the Serum Institute of India to halve its production of new Vaxzevria shots, Reutersreported on Dec. 8. The Serum Instituteannounced that it would halt production on April 22, 2022.

On April 11, 2022, Japanannounced that it would not purchase 40 million of the 120 million doses it agreed to buy last year, citing lower demand.

Concerns over Vaxzevria’s short shelf life have also pushed some countries todecline millions of doses of the vaccine.

VARIANTSAs variants emerged in 2021, Vaxzevria proved more vulnerable than vaccines from Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech. A Britishstudy found that the AstraZeneca vaccine provided 67 percent effectiveness against infection with the Delta variant. A Canadian studyfound that it had an effectiveness of 87 percent against hospitalization and death from the variant. British researchersfound that Vaxzevria offered less protection against Omicron. Vaxzevria was only 4o percent effective against infection within three months of vaccination, and its effectiveness disappeared completely after six months.

AstraZeneca and Oxford created a version of the vaccinetailored to the Beta variant and launched aPhase 2/3 trial to test it. But on Feb. 10, 2022, AstraZeneca announced that the Beta vaccine provided no greater efficacy against the Omicron variant, leading them toabandon it.

BOOSTERSIn June, Oxford researchersreported that a third booster of the AstraZeneca vaccine generated strong immune responses in volunteers. On Dec. 3, 2021, Bloombergreported that AstraZeneca was scrapping its plans for a booster trial in the United States, and encouraged trial participants to seek a different vaccine for their third shot.

SIDE EFFECTSIn March 2021, European medical regulators became concerned about a small number of cases of blood clots in younger people who received Vaxzevria. The European Medicines Agency concluded that the vaccine had a very rare side effect in which people suffered blood clots in large veins combined with low platelets. The regulators emphasized thatthe vaccine is effective and the benefits it provided outweighed the small risk of its side effects. In responsesome countries chose to minimize the risk by restricting the vaccine to older people. In May,Norway permanently removed Vaxzevria from their vaccination program. In August, a team of British researchers reported that the risk of blood clots isfar higher from Covid-19 than from the Vaxzevria vaccine.

For more details, seeHow the Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:Brazil,India.
Stopped use in:Denmark,Norway.
Emergency use in:Albania,Algeria,Angola,Anguilla,Antigua,Argentina,Armenia,Australia,Azerbaijan,Bahamas,Bahrain, Bangladesh,Barbados,Barbuda,Belize,Bermuda, Bhutan,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana,Brazil,Brunei,Burkina Faso,Cabo Verde,Cambodia,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Comoros,Costa Rica,Cyprus,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Dominica, Dominican Republic,Ecuador,Egypt, El Salvador,Estonia,Eswatini,Ethiopia,European Union,Fiji,Gambia,Georgia,Ghana, Greenland,Grenada,Guadeloupe,Guatemala,Guinea-Bissau,Guyana,Haiti,Honduras,Hungary,Iceland,Indonesia,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Ivory Coast,Jamaica,Japan,Jordan,Kenya,Kiribati,Kosovo,Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan,Lebanon,Lesotho,Liberia,Libya, Liechtenstein,Madagascar,Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives,Mali,Malta,Mauritius,Mexico,Moldova,Mongolia,Montenegro,Montserrat, Morocco,Myanmar,Namibia,Nauru, Nepal,New Zealand,Nicaragua,Niger,Nigeria,North Macedonia,Norway,Oman,Pakistan,Palestinian Authority,Panama,Papua New Guinea,Paraguay,Peru,Philippines,Republic of Congo,Rwanda,Sao Tome and Principe,San Martin,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Serbia,Seychelles,Sierra Leone,Solomon Islands,Somalia,South Africa,South Korea,Sri Lanka,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,St. Kitts and Nevis,St. Lucia,South Sudan,Sudan,Suriname,Taiwan,Tajikistan,Thailand,Timor-Leste,Togo,Tonga,Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia,Tuvalu,Uganda,Ukraine,United Kingdom,Uruguay,Uzbekistan,Vanuatu,Vietnam,Virgin Islands,Yemen,Zambia. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization. Endorsed by theAfrica Regulatory Taskforce. Recommended for emergency use by theCaribbean Regulatory System.
Updated Aug. 31, 2022

Oxford-AstraZeneca

vaccine

NORWAY

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

MOROCCO

CANADA

MONGOLIA

SOUTH KOREA

ALGERIA

BAHAMAS

PHILIPPINES

EGYPT

IRAN

PAKISTAN

NIGERIA

INDIA

MEXICO

BRAZIL

INDONESIA

COSTA RICA

KENYA

AUSTRALIA

NAMIBIA

MALDIVES

SEYCHELLES

CHILE

SOUTH

AFRICA

ARGENTINA

Approved

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Early, limited or

emergency use

Oxford-

AstraZeneca

vaccine

NORWAY

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

CANADA

MOROCCO

MONGOLIA

SOUTH KOREA

ALGERIA

IRAN

BAHAMAS

PHILIPPINES

EGYPT

PAKISTAN

NIGERIA

MEXICO

INDIA

BRAZIL

KENYA

COSTA RICA

AUSTRALIA

NAMIBIA

MALDIVES

SEYCHELLES

CHILE

ARGENTINA

SOUTH

AFRICA

Approved

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Early, limited or

emergency use

Oxford-

AstraZeneca

vaccine

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

NORWAY

MONGOLIA

CANADA

MOROCCO

ALGERIA

SOUTH KOREA

BAHAMAS

EGYPT

PHILIPPINES

IRAN

NIGERIA

MEXICO

INDIA

BRAZIL

KENYA

COSTA RICA

NAMIBIA

MALDIVES

SEYCHELLES

ARGENTINA

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

CHILE

Approved

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Early, limited or

emergency use

Oxford-

AstraZeneca

vaccine

CANADA

BAHAMAS

MEXICO

BRAZIL

COSTA RICA

CHILE

ARGENTINA

BRITAIN AND

THE E.U.

NORWAY

MONGOLIA

ALGERIA

SOUTH KOREA

EGYPT

PHILIPPINES

IRAN

INDIA

NAMIBIA

KENYA

MALDIVES

SEYCHELLES

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Stopped use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN CHINAEMERGENCY USE IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: Convidecia (also known as Ad5-nCoV)
Efficacy:57.5% against symptomatic Covid​​,91.7%​​ against severe disease.
Dose: Single dose
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Refrigerated

Convidecia is a vaccine developed by the Chinese companyCanSino Biologics in partnership with the Institute of Biology at the country’sAcademy of Military Medical Sciences. The one-shot vaccine, based on an adenovirus called Ad5, was approved in China in February 2021. The World Health Organizationgranted Convidecia emergency use listing in May 2022.

CanSino researcherspublished promising results from a Phase 1 safety trial on Convidecia in May 2020, and in July theyreported that their Phase 2 trials demonstrated the vaccine produced a strong immune response. In an unprecedented move, the Chinese militaryapproved the vaccine on June 25 for a year as a “specially needed drug.” On Nov. 28, the Chief Executive of CanSino Biologicssaid in an interview that about 40,000 to 50,000 people had received Convidecia.

Starting in August 2020, CanSino began runningPhase 3 trials ina number of countries, including Pakistan, Russia, Mexico and Chile. On Feb. 25, 2021, Chinaannounced the approval of the CanSino vaccine for general use.

Results from the Phase 3 trial,published in The Lancet in December 2021, showed that Convidecia had an efficacy against Covid-19 of 57.5 percent. Against severe disease, its efficacy was 91.7 percent.

As time passed, it became clear that Convidecia’s effectiveness was waning, and researchers began testing boosters. In January 2022, Chinese researchersreported that an inhaled booster of Convidecia was safe and produced very high levels of antibodies against the coronavirus when administered in individuals who originally received a different vaccine. In Argentina, researchers areevaluating how well Convidecia works as a booster in individuals who have received Sputnik V.

Approved for use in:China.
Emergency use in:Argentina,Chile,Ecuador,Hungary,Indonesia,Malaysia,Mexico,Moldova,Pakistan,Paraguay. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization.
Updated May 23, 2022

CanSino vaccine

HUNGARY

CHINA

PAKISTAN

MEXICO

ECUADOR

INDONESIA

ARGENTINA

CHILE

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

CanSino vaccine

HUNGARY

CHINA

PAKISTAN

MEXICO

ECUADOR

INDONESIA

ARGENTINA

CHILE

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

CanSino vaccine

HUNGARY

CHINA

PAKISTAN

MEXICO

ECUADOR

INDONESIA

ARGENTINA

CHILE

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

CanSino vaccine

MEXICO

ARGENTINA

ECUADOR

CHILE

HUNGARY

CHINA

INDONESIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN CANADAEMERGENCY USE IN U.S., OTHER COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: Ad26.COV2.S
Efficacy: 72% in United States, 68% in Brazil and 64% in South Africa
Dose: 1 dose
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Up to two years frozen at –4° F (–20° C), and up to6 months refrigerated at 36–46° F (2–8° C).

On Feb. 27, 2021, the F.D.A.issued an emergency use authorization forJohnson & Johnson’s vaccine, making it the third coronavirus vaccine available in the United States. It was also the first to be shown to be safe and effective with just one dose rather than two. But the vaccine has not lived up to its initial promise. The company was bedeviled by manufacturing problems,dashing hopes that it could be widely used in poor and lower-income countries, especially in Africa. And over time, rare blood clotting led the F.D.A. to restrict its use in the United States. On May 5, 2022, the agencyannounced that the vaccine would be limited to adults who cannot or refuse to get the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines, citing safety concerns.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTThe work that led to the vaccine started a decade ago atBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, where researchers developed a method for making vaccines out of a virus called Adenovirus 26, or Ad26 for short. Johnson & Johnson used Ad26 to develop vaccines for Ebola and other diseases with Ad26. In January 2020, the company and Beth Israel researchers collaboratedon creating a coronavirus vaccine. In March they received$456 million from the United States government to support their move towards production. That spring, researchers found that the vaccine provided protection inexperiments on monkeys.

TRIAL RESULTSJohnson & Johnson began Phase 1/2trials in July 2020. Based on promising results in these studies, Johnson & Johnsonlaunched a Phase 3 trial in September using just one dose rather than two. Although Johnson & Johnson initially set out to recruit 60,000 volunteers, itcapped the trial at 45,000 in December as cases rose.

On Jan. 29, 2021, Johnson & Johnsonannounced that the trial had proven that the vaccine was safe and effective, and the F.D.A.released a similar analysis on Feb. 24. Johnson & Johnson published apaper on the trial in the New England Journal of Medicine on April 21, 2021. With a single shot, the vaccine had an efficacy of 66 percent, although it varied from country to country, likely due to variants and other factors. Efficacy against severe disease was higher, at 76 percent.

Results from a trial in which the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was given six months after a two-dose regimen of Comirnaty showed that the mix-and-match approach significantly boosted immune responses.

In afinal analysis of the Phase 3 trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine on Feb. 9, 2022, the researchers determined that the vaccine was 56.3 percent effective against moderate to severe disease, and that the effectiveness dropped to 52.9 percent after four weeks.

Later studies have also demonstrated that the vaccine’s effectiveness was waning. Results from a French trial among more than one million older adults,published on March 2, 2022, suggests that individuals who receive the Johnson & Johnson vaccine are five times more likely to be hospitalized from Covid-19 than those who receive Comirnaty.

AUTHORIZATIONBahrain became the first country toauthorize the vaccine for emergency use on Feb. 25. Two days later, the United States followed suit. South Africa dropped plans to use AstraZeneca’s vaccine for their health care workers after a small trial failed to show it was effective against the Beta variant that had grown dominant across the country.They began using Johnson & Johnson’s instead. On Oct. 15, an F.D.A. panelunanimously voted to recommend a second dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine for all adults who received a first dose, and authorizationcame on Oct. 20. On Nov. 24, Canada became the first country to give fullapproval to the Johnson & Johnson vaccine for adults.

DISTRIBUTIONIn August 2020, the federal governmentagreed to pay Johnson & Johnson $1 billion for 100 million doses if the vaccine was authorized. Most of the U.S. supply was supposed to be made by Baltimore-based Emergent Solutions. But the company struggled to get the vaccine’s complex manufacturing up and running. In April 2021, the F.D.A. issued a scathing report about the company’slax standards. At least 15 million doses of Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine were contaminated at the factory. As a result, the company only delivered4 million doses to the United States after authorization, shipping them from its factory in the Netherlands. On June 11, the New York Times reported that the F.D.A. told the companyto throw out 60 million doses. The following month, Emergentannounced that it would resume production of the vaccines from its Baltimore plant after it receives authorization from the F.D.A. On March 2, 2021, Merckannounced it would assist Johnson & Johnson with manufacturing the vaccine, but it’s not clear how much that partnership helped in the production. By the time the F.D.A. limited the use of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, only16.9 million people in the United States had received it. Over ten times more people had received a vaccine from Pfizer or Moderna.

TheEuropean Union reached a deal on Oct. 8, 2020 for 200 million doses. But after concerns about rare blood clots emerged,reports surfaced that the E.U. might not renew its contract with the company.

A coalition of African countries announced on March 29, 2021, that it had securedup to 400 million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine through 2022. COVAX, an international collaboration to deliver the vaccine equitably across the world, announced a separate deal for500 million doses. But manufacturing problems slowed these deliveries. By September, COVAXhad lowered its 2021 forecast of Johnson & Johnson vaccines to only 180 million doses. On Nov. 30, South African company Aspen Pharmacaresaid that it was finalizing a deal with Johnson & Johnson to market and distribute the vaccine in Africa. In March 2022, the South African company Aspen Pharmacareannounced that it had signed the agreement with Johnson & Johnson to distribute the vaccine, dubbed Aspenovax, throughout Africa. But the following month the companysaid it might have to shut down its Aspenovax factory because it had yet to receive any orders for Aspenovax from African nationals.

VARIANTSJohnson & Johnson found that its vaccine only had an efficacy of 52 percent in South Africa, where the Beta variant was dominant during the trial. As the Delta variant emerged in the summer of 2021, Johnson & Johnson releasedresults of experiments indicating that their vaccine provideddurable protection against it. Butanother study from outside scientists suggested that the vaccine only weakly protects against Delta. Preliminary experiments found that Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine does not produce neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant.

BOOSTERSOn Oct. 5, Johnson & Johnsonapplied for emergency authorization for a booster. Over the following few weeks, the F.D.A. reviewed the results of two studies that suggest a second dose of the vaccine might provide an effective boost to immunity.

In one study, the company gave 17 trial volunteers a booster shot six months after their initial vaccination. On Aug. 25, the companyannounced that the boosters lifted levels of antibodies against the coronavirus nine times higher than their initial peak. Later, those levels rose twelvefold.

In a second study, Johnson & Johnson ran a Phase 3 trial in which 32,000 volunteers received either a placebo or two doses of the vaccine, separated by eight weeks. On Sept. 21, the companyreported that the pair of shots provided much higher efficacy than just one. In the United States, efficacy against mild to severe Covid-19 rose from 74 percent to 94 percent. Efficacy against severe disease worldwide rose to 100 percent. On Oct. 20, the F.D.A.authorized Johnson & Johnson boosters.

SIDE EFFECTSOn April 13, 2021, the U.S. government recommended a pause in using the vaccine while it investigated reports of rare blood clots.Ten days later, C.D.C. researchers reported 15 cases of the unusual clots in nearly 8 million people who received the vaccine. The government decided to lift the pause and add a warning to the vaccine that younger women may run a slight risk of the severe side effect. But as cases continued to accrue, the C.D.C.’s advisory committee voted on Dec. 16., 2021, to recommend that other vaccines be preferred over Johnson & Johnson’s. In May 2022, the F.D.A. reported nine deaths due to blood clotting and limited the vaccine’s use.

For more details, seeHow the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:Canada.
Stopped use in:Denmark,Finland,Slovenia.
Emergency use in:Andorra,Australia,Bahamas,Bahrain,Bangladesh,Botswana,Brazil,Burkina Faso,Cameroon,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Egypt,European Union,Ghana,Gabon, Greenland, Iceland,India,Indonesia,Iran,Jamaica,Kenya,Kuwait,Libya, Liechtenstein,Madagascar,Malawi,Malaysia,Maldives,Mexico,Micronesia,Moldova,New Zealand,Nigeria, Norway,Papua New Guinea,Peru,Philippines,Rwanda,South Africa,South Korea,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Sudan,Switzerland,Syria,Tanzania,Thailand,Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia,Ukraine,United Kingdom,United States,Vietnam,Zambia,Zimbabwe. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization. Endorsed by theAfrica Regulatory Taskforce.
Updated May 6, 2022

Johnson & Johnson

vaccine

EUROPEAN

UNION

FINLAND

CANADA

SOUTH

KOREA

U.S.

LIBYA

BAHRAIN

MEXICO

INDIA

BRAZIL

ZAMBIA

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

CHILE

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Johnson & Johnson

vaccine

EUROPEAN

UNION

FINLAND

CANADA

SOUTH

KOREA

LIBYA

U.S.

BAHRAIN

NIGERIA

MEXICO

INDIA

BRAZIL

ZAMBIA

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

CHILE

Approved

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Early, limited or

emergency use

Johnson &

Johnson

vaccine

EUROPEAN

UNION

FINLAND

CANADA

SOUTH

KOREA

LIBYA

U.S.

NIGERIA

MEXICO

INDIA

BRAZIL

ZAMBIA

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

CHILE

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Johnson & Johnson

vaccine

CANADA

U.S.

MEXICO

BRAZIL

CHILE

EUROPEAN

UNION

FINLAND

SOUTH

KOREA

LIBYA

BAHRAIN

NIGERIA

INDIA

ZAMBIA

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Stopped use

PHASE 3

In 2019, researchers at theUniversity of Hong Kong andXiamen Universitycreated a nasal-spray vaccine for the flu based on a genetically weakened form of the influenza virus. In early 2020, they engineered the vaccine to produce part of the coronavirus spike protein as well. On Sept. 9, they receivedapproval to start clinical trials in partnership withBeijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy. Theyregistered a Phase 1 trial on March 22, 2021. At a June 11 press conference, a researcher for the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention said that this vaccine hascompleted Phase 2 trials. And on Sept. 22, the researchers registered aPhase 3 trial. In January 2022, the University of Hong Kong registered a new trial to test the vaccineas a booster. The researchers are receiving$5.4 million in support from CEPI, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations.
Updated Jan. 26, 2022

PHASE 3


In 2020, researchers at theIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York developed aCovid-19 vaccine based on a virus called Newcastle Disease Virus, or NDV for short. NDV is a bird pathogen and does not cause symptoms in humans. The researchers engineered NDV to carry the gene for a modified version of the coronavirus spike protein calledHexaPro, developed at the University of Texas. They then grew the modified virus in chicken eggs. The researchers inactivated the NDVs with chemicals and combined them with immune-boosting chemicals called adjuvants. The researchers found that the vaccine, called NDV-HXP-S, produced high levels of coronavirus antibodies in mice and hamsters. Theypublished the results of their experiments in November.

NDV-HXP-S could potentially help low- to middle-income countries secure their own supplies of Covid-19 vaccines. The Newcastle Disease Virus can be safely grown in large quantities in chicken eggs, the same way influenza vaccines have been produced since the 1950s. As a result, the vaccine could be very cheap to make. Those advantages attracted interest from four countries, all of which licensed the vaccine and launched trials. But as of August 2022, the trials had either been abandoned or had yet to deliver final results.

In Thailand,Mahidol Universityand theGovernment Pharmaceutical Organization, a state-run drug manufacturerlicensed the vaccine andlaunched clinical trials in February 2021. ThePhase 1 trial results showed that the vaccine showed an acceptable safety profile and produced promising levels of antibodies. APhase 2 trial started in August.

Avi-Mex in Mexico also licensed NDV-HXP-S under the name Patria, which the company delivers as anasal spray, Preliminary results from the Phase 1 trial,released in February 2022, suggest that the vaccine is safe. The company registered aPhase 2 trial in January 2022, with a primary completion date of April 2022. As of August 2022, however, the company had not reported the results of the trial, nor had they registered a Phase 3 trial.

In June, Brazil’s Butantan Institutelaunched aPhase 1 trial of the vaccine, known there as Butanvac. On April 29, 2022, the instituteregistered a Phase 2/3 trial. But in July 2022, Globoreported that the trial had not yet been authorized to proceed.

Meanwhile, theInstitute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals in Vietnam launched trials of its own, dubbing the vaccine Covivac. In August they advanced toPhase 2 trials. In January 2022, the instituteannounced that the vaccine was safe and produced better antibody levels than the AstraZeneca vaccine. Some of the results of the trial werepublished in June 2022. But the Institute hasdecided against advancing Covivac to Phase 3.

In March 2022, researchers at Mt. Sinailaunched a Phase 1 trial to study NDV-HXP-S as a booster for people vaccinated with other vaccines.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

The Italian biotechnology companyReiThera has developed a Covid-19 vaccine, called GRAd-COV2, that is based on an adenovirus that infects gorillas. Working in collaboration with theLazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Rome, they found that it produced strong levels of antibodies inmice and monkeys. In July 2020, they launched aPhase 1 clinical trial. In November, theyannounced that the vaccine was well tolerated and produced antibodies, andreleased a report on the trial.

In March 2021, researchers launched aPhase 2 trial of the vaccine, which deliveredencouraging results in July. But it remained unclear if ReiThera would be able to advance to a final Phase 3 trial.

In May, Reuters reported, a court in Italystruck down the government’s plan to fund the Phase 3 trial. The government later said it wasready to support the vaccine trial, but has yet to offer up the funds. In November 2021, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundationawarded ReiThera a grant of $1.4 million to continue to develop the vaccine.
Updated Dec. 3, 2021

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

Researchers atWashington Universitydesigned a nasal spray vaccine that can produce high levels of coronavirus antibodies in micewith just a single dose. It contains a chimpanzee adenovirus engineered to carry the spike protein gene. The Indian drug makerBharat Biotechlicensed the technology, and in February 2021 they wonapproval to launch aPhase 1 trialof a vaccine, which they named BBV154. The company started a Phase 2 trial in September 2021. On Jan. 28, 2022, itannounced that it had received approval from India’s Drugs Controller General to conduct a Phase 3 trial for BBV154 as a booster; the trialbegan in March 2022. On Aug. 15, 2022, Bharatannounced that it had completed the clinical development of BBV154 and had submitted its data to Indian regulators for authorization.
Updated Aug. 31, 2022

PHASE 2

Researchers atCity of Hope, a California biomedical research institute, created avaccine based on a weakened form of a virus called Modified Vaccinia Ankara, or MVA for short. They added two coronavirus genes to the MVA virus — one for the spike protein, and one for another protein called nucleocapsid. They are testing the vaccine, called COH04S1, specifically for people with immune systems impaired by cancer and other disorders. Many of them do not produce a strong immune response to authorized vaccines based on mRNA. The City of Hope researchers reasoned that COH04S1 might work better.

City of Hope launched aPhase 1 trial in November 2020, giving the vaccine to healthy volunteers. Theyfound that COH04S1 was safe and produced a promising level of antibodies. The researchers moved on to aPhase 2 trial in September 2021, giving the vaccine to immunocompromised volunteers.

On Nov. 9, 2021,GeoVaxannounced that it has been granted exclusive rights to develop COH04S1, and market it worldwide. GeoVaxdosed the first participant in a Phase 2 booster trial in December 2021.
Updated March 18, 2022

PHASE 2

While many vaccines are given as injections, some vaccines can be taken as a pill. Oral vaccines have beenapproved for diseases including polio, cholera, and typhoid fever. The small San Francisco companyVaxartspecializes in developing oral vaccines. They have created and tested pills forinfluenza and other diseases. Last spring Vaxart began work on an oral vaccine for Covid-19. It contains an adenovirus called Ad5 (the same viral vector in CanSinoBio’s vaccine and in Russia’s Sputnik V).

When Vaxart gave the pill tomice, they produced antibodies against the coronavirus. Mice don’t suffer symptoms of Covid-19, however, so the researchers then switched to hamsters, which do. Theyfound that the vaccine pill not onlydramatically reduced the amount of coronavirus in sickhamsters, but also protected them from two important symptoms of the disease: weight loss and swollen lungs. More studies on monkeysreleased in February 2022 showed that the vaccine produced antibodies against a range of variants.

The company’s stock price increased 3,600 percent in the first half of 2020. In June, The New York Timesreported, a hedge fund that partly controlled the company sold off most of its shares, netting over $200 million in profits. In the wake of that reporting, the Department of Justice beganinvestigating the company, while a number of shareholder lawsuits were brought against Vaxart, its executives and its board.

In October 2020, the company began giving the pill to volunteers in aPhase 1 clinical trial. On Feb. 3, 2021, Vaxartannounced that the trial revealed no serious safety concerns. While the pill produced a response from T cells, it didn’t produce encouraging neutralizing antibodies. Its stock priceplunged 60 percent on the news.

On Feb. 25, 2021, the companyannounced it would advance to a Phase 2 trial in the second quarter of 2021, but manufacturing problems forced them todelay the launch.

On Oct. 5, Vaxart registered aPhase 2 trial. In the new study, the company istesting its pill as a primary vaccine on unvaccinated volunteers, and as a booster for people who have already received an authorized vaccine. The researchersdosed their first participant on Oct. 26. In May 2022, the companysaid they expected results in the third quarter of 2022.
Updated May 15, 2022

PHASE 2

The California-based companyImmunityBio created a vaccine using the Ad5 adenovirus, the same one used by CanSinoBio and the Gamaleya Institute in Russia. ImmunityBioengineered the Ad5 virus to carry genes for two genes from the coronavirus. In addition to the spike protein, it also carries the gene for a protein called nucleocapsid. The company hopes that this combination will provoke a strong immune response.

The company found that the vaccine protects monkeys from the coronavirus. ImmunityBio launched aPhase 1 trial of a Covid-19 vaccine in October 2020 in the United States andanother in South Africa in January. In February 2021, the companyregistered a Phase 1 trial of anoral version of the vaccine.

On May 25, the companyannounced that it would study how well their candidate works as a booster shot for those who already received other vaccines. It said on Dec. 20 thatPhase 2 trials of the booster are ongoing, and serious adverse effects have not been reported. Phase 3 trials could begin in early 2022. Researchers are also testing a nasal spray version.

The chairman, C.E.O. and Global Chief Scientific and Medical Officer of ImmunityBio is billionairePatrick Soon-Shiong, the owner of the Los Angeles Times.
Updated Dec. 22, 2021

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

In April 2020, the South Korean biotech companyCellid began todevelop a vaccine for Covid-19. The vaccine, called AdCLD-CoV19, was based on a combination of two strains of adenoviruses, called Ad5 and Ad35. Aftertesting the vaccine on monkeys, Cellid entered into apartnership with the South Korean chemical manufacturerLG Chem to manufacture the vaccine.

In December 2020, Cellid registered aPhase 1 trial for AdCLD-CoV19, and a Phase 2 trial launched in June 2021. But theresults were disappointing, leading the company to reformulatea new version of the vaccine, called AdCLD-CoV19-1.

Cellidfinished administering the updated vaccine to Phase 1 volunteers in October 2021 and applied to run a Phase 2/3 trial the following month. At the time, a Cellid officialtold the Korean Biomedical Review that the company would compare the impacts of one and doses in the Phase 2 portion of the trial before moving to Phase 3. Cellid said on Aug. 8 that it decided tomove the Phase 2 trial in Kenya and Tanzania after having difficulty finding eligible participants in Korea.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Russian biotechnology companyBIOCAD has developed a vaccine that uses a type of virus known as an adenovirus-associated virus as a vector. The virus, called AAV-5, carries a gene encoding part of the spike protein from the coronavirus. Theyregistered a Phase 1/2 trial for the vaccine, called BCD-250, on Sept. 8, 2021.
Updated Sept. 13, 2021

PHASE 1

Three decades ago, theGerman Center for Infection Research developed a smallpox vaccine from a harmless virus called Modified Vaccinia Ankara, or MVA for short. In recent years, they adapted it to create a vaccine for MERS, a disease caused by another coronavirus.

In the spring of 2020, they made an MVA-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that is causing the Covid-19 pandemic. It carries the gene for the spike protein, which is produced inside cells that it invades. On Sept. 29, 2020, the center and a consortium of German universities registered aPhase 1 trial. In January 2021, the centerannounced that their initial formulation provided disappointing results and had postponed the trial until they updated it. They said that theyresumed the trial with an updated version of the vaccine on July 16, 2021, and completed the trial that August.

The researchers announced in November that they are evaluating an MVA-based vaccine inPhase 1 trials as a booster and in unvaccinated individuals. Theyregistered the trial on Feb. 7, 2022.
Updated Feb. 8, 2022

PHASE 1

Gritstone biohas developed experimental vaccines in recent years that teach the immune system to attack tumors. In 2020, they constructed a vaccine for Covid-19 that presents a number of targets in the coronavirus for the immune system to attack.

The researchers constructed a piece of DNA that encodes the entire spike protein of the coronavirus. In addition, it encodes instructions for building small pieces of other viral proteins called nucleocapsid and ORF3a. They then inserted this cassette into the genes of a chimpanzee adenovirus. The spike protein provokes the body to make antibodies, while the pieces of other proteins train the immune system to recognize infected cells and kill them.

In addition, the researchers created an RNA molecule with the same genetic instructions, which they put in a shell. Once the shell slips into a cell, the RNA molecule can make copies of itself, and the cell then makes proteins from those copies.

In aPhase 1 trial launched in March 2021, theNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is testing how well these two vaccines work together, with the chimpanzee adenovirus serving as the first dose and the self-amplifying mRNA as the second. The researchers hope that this combination will produce a better immune response than two doses of either vaccine. In a May 2022 companyupdate, Gritstone bio said that its vaccine program was continuing.
Updated June 3, 2022

PHASE 1

Meissa Vaccines has developed a vaccine that can be delivered as a spray or drops into the nose. To make the vaccine, researchers started off with another virus, called respiratory syncytial virus (RSV for short). The researchers introduced mutations into the RSV virus’s genes so that it replicated too slowly to cause disease. Then they added a gene for the coronavirus spike protein, so that the weakened RSV viruses could present it to the immune system.A study on monkeys released in July 2021 showed that the vaccine could produce antibodies in the noses of the animals and protect them from Covid-19. The initial data froma Phase 1 trial, announcedOct. 28, indicate that the vaccine can also produce high levels of antibodies against the coronavirus in people’s noses. The full results of the trial will be released in 2022. Meissatold Bloomberg News in April 2022 that it is testing the vaccine as a booster and plans to begin a trial in children. A representative from Meissadescribed the ongoing Phase 1 trial at a July 2022 White House vaccine summit.
Updated July 29, 2022

PHASE 1

Researchers at Oklahoma-basedTetherex Pharmaceuticals have created a vaccine that uses genetically engineered viruses to develop immunity. They registered aPhase 1 trial in Australia on April 9, 2021. Mayo Clinicannounced a deal to develop and market the vaccine technology worldwide on July 6. A spokesperson for Tetherex said on Jan. 18, 2022, that the trial remains ongoing. A change to the trial record from April 2022 shows that the researchers expect the study to end in August.
Updated May 6, 2022

PHASE 1

Scientists at theUniversity of Georgia and theUniversity of Iowahave developed a vaccine based on canine parainfluenza virus, which has never been found to cause disease in humans. They engineered it to carry proteins from the coronavirus. The vaccine, called CVXGA1, is administered as a nasal spray. In July 2021, the researchers published astudy showing that a single dose of the vaccine could protect mice and ferrets against Covid-19. A spin-off company calledCyanVactook the intranasal vaccine, called CVXGA1, toPhase 1 trials the same month, andenrolled the first participant in late September. In a February 2022 update to the trial registry, the researchers opened the study to adults who had previously received other vaccines. In July 2022, CyanVac’s founderdescribed the ongoing Phase 1 trial at a vaccine summit at the White House.
Updated July 29, 2022

PHASE 1

Researchers at Australian biotechnology companyEnGeneIChave modified their cancer treatment platform to carry a molecular payload that targets the coronavirus. They are producing the vaccine, known as COVID-19-EDV, primarily for people with compromised immune systems. On Sept. 7, 2021, EnGeneICannounced that it had begun a Phase 1 trial in Australia. EnGeneICsigned an agreement with ImmunityBio in November 2021 to develop and manufacture its vaccine worldwide. EnGeneICsaid on June 28, 2022, that the vaccine stimulates the creation of antibodies against “all” variants.
Updated Aug. 31, 2022

PHASE 1

Canadian researchers atMcMaster Universityare testing the effectiveness of two viral vector vaccines as a booster in adults who have already received three doses of an mRNA vaccine. They plan to administer the candidates into the lungs using a nebulizer. On Oct. 26, 2021 the researchers registered aPhase 1 trial.
Updated June 29, 2022

ABANDONED

In the spring of 2020, theIsrael Institute for Biological Research startedwork on a coronavirus vaccine based on vesicular stomatitis viruses. They engineered the viruses to carry the gene for the coronavirus spike protein. On Oct. 25, the Israeli governmentannounced that the vaccine, calledBrilife, would be going into a Phase 1 trial. In January 2021, the vaccine moved on to aPhase 2 trial. In July, Israel formed apartnership with the American company NRx Pharmaceuticals to advance research on Brilife in studies to be conducted in Israel, Georgia, and the Ukraine.

NRx registered aPhase 2/3 trial in August 2021. The trial was originally planned for 550 volunteers, but the company increased the number to 20,000 after a month. It was slated to end by February 2022, but results have yet to be made public. In aninterview, the director of the Israel Institute for Biological Research said that the results would come in the next several months.

On March 31, 2022, NRxannounced that it would no longer pursue developing Brilife.
Updated April 4, 2022

ABANDONED

The American companyMerck acquired the Austrian firmThemis Biosciencein June 2020 to develop their vaccine, which had been originally developed atInstitut Pasteur. The vaccine used a weakened measles virus that carries a gene for the coronavirus spike protein. Researcherslaunched a Phase 1 trial in August 2020. On Jan. 25, 2021, Merckannounced it was abandoning the effort, because the vaccine provoked a response that wasweaker than a natural infection. In March they entered into a partnership with Johnson & Johnson to help produce their vaccine instead.
Updated March 4, 2022

ABANDONED

In addition to its project with Themis,Merck partnered withIAVI on a second viral vector vaccine. It was based on vesicular stomatitis viruses, the same approach Merck successfully used to produce thefirst approved vaccine for Ebola. They designed their coronavirus vaccine as a pill, which could have made it easier to distribute than syringes for injections. Merck and IAVI received$38 million from the United States government to support their research, and on September 30, 2020, they registered aPhase 1 trial. But on Jan. 25, 2021, theyannounced they were abandoning the effort because the vaccine failed to trigger an immune system comparable to what happens in a natural infection of Covid-19.
Updated Jan. 25, 2021

ABANDONED

Vaccine name: AdCOVID
Efficacy: Unknown
Dose: 1 dose
Type: Nasal spray
Storage: Refrigerated

Maryland-basedAltimmune is a biopharmaceutical company that focuses on developing vaccines delivered by nasal spray. They developed a nasal spray vaccine for Covid-19, delivering the Ad5 adenovirus to the airway. Studies on the immune system suggests that a nasal spraycould be more effective for blocking the transmission of the virus than vaccines given by injection. In a study on mice, Altimmune researchers found that a single dose of the vaccine gavecomplete protection from a lethal infection of coronaviruses. On Dec. 22, 2020, the companyregistered a Phase 1 clinical trial of a single dose of the vaccine.

But on June 29, 2021, Altimmuneannounced they were abandoning their Covid-19 vaccine. In their Phase 1 trial, they gave the spray to 80 volunteers and found that they produced substantially lower levels of antibodies than produced by Covid-19 vaccines that have already been authorized.
Updated June 30, 2021

Protein-Based Vaccines

Vaccines that contain coronavirus proteins but no genetic material. Some vaccines contain whole proteins, and some contain fragments of them. Some pack many of these molecules on nanoparticles.

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN CANADA, SOUTH KOREAEMERGENCY USE IN U.S., OTHER COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: NVX-CoV2373 (also known as Covovax or Nuvaxovid)
Efficacy:90.4%
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable in refrigerator

With massive support from the U.S. government, Maryland-basedNovavax developed a highly effective protein-based vaccine in 2020. But manufacturing woes drastically slowed its rollout. It wasn’t until November 2021 that the company began gaining emergency authorizations, including fromIndia,South Africa,the United Kingdom, theEuropean Union and theWorld Health Organization. The F.D.A.authorized the vaccine on July 13, 2022.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENT Before the pandemic, Novavax developed a number of vaccines for diseases by attaching viral proteins to microscopic particles. In 2019, the company’s flu vaccine finished Phase 3 clinical trials, but at the start of the Covid pandemic, Novavax had yet to deliver a single vaccine to market.

In May 2020, the company launched trials for a Covid-19 vaccine, which they named NVX-CoV2373. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations invested $384 million to support the research. In July, the U.S. government awarded Novavax another$1.75 billion to support the vaccine’s clinical trials and manufacturing.

TRIAL RESULTS After gettingpromising results frompreliminary studies in monkeys and humans, Novavax launched a Phase 2trial on 2,900 people in South Africa in August 2020, and the next month itlaunched a Phase 3trial with up to 15,000 volunteers in the United Kingdom.The Phase 3 trial in the United States was delayed because of problems with manufacturing the doses required for the study. It finallylaunched on Dec. 28, 2020.

On March 11, 2021, Novavaxreported that its United Kingdom trial determined an efficacy rate of96 percent against the original coronavirus, and an efficacy of 86 percent against the Alpha variant. In a study on nearly 30,000 volunteers in the United States in Mexico,the vaccine’s efficacy was 90.4 percent. Results from apediatric study suggest that the vaccine’s efficacy was 82 percent against the Delta variant.

On Feb. 28, 2022, Novavaxreleased results from a six-month follow up on its Phase 3 clinical trial in the United Kingdom. The vaccine’s efficacy against Covid waned slightly to 82.7 percent. But its efficacy against severe disease remained at 100 percent.

AUTHORIZATION Despite the strong performance of NVX-CoV2373 in clinical trials, Novavax’s path to authorization has been long and difficult. The company has beendogged by delays in manufacturing and has struggled to develop reliable tests of its vaccines’ quality. In August 2021, the United States governmentsaid that it would not fund further production of Novavax’s vaccine until the company resolved concerns of regulators about its work.

Politico reported on Oct. 19, 2021, that Novavax was still struggling to manufacture enough doses to meet its targets, causing the company’s stock todrop 24 percent. In March 2022, the Wall Street Journalreported that the company had resolved its manufacturing problems.

On March 22, 2022, Indiaauthorized the vaccine for use in adolescents, Novavax’s first approval in that age group. European health officialsextended its authorization to adolescents on July 5, followed byAustralia andJapan later that month.

After the United States authorized the vaccine for adults in July 2022, itexpanded the authorization to adolescents the following month.

DISTRIBUTION Novavax reached anagreement in September 2020 with the Serum Institute of India, a major vaccine manufacturer. It now has an agreement with other countries, includingthe United Kingdom,Canada,Australia,Israel andSouth Korea. Novavax begandistributing the vaccines to European Union member states on Feb. 23, 2022. But actual vaccine uptake has been slow, Reutersreported on March 14, as European Union member states have administered an “underwhelming” number of doses of the vaccine. On July 11, Novavax announced that the the United Statesagreed to purchase 3.2 million doses. But in its first month after authorization,only 11,990 doses of Novavax were administered in the United States.

VARIANTSBecause Novavax was slow to reach clinical trials, it was one of the first companies to measure the efficacy of its vaccines against variants that emerged starting in early 2021. In a small clinical trial in South Africa, Novavax found that the Beta variantdrastically reduced the efficacy of the vaccine to less than 50 percent. That efficacy may have been unusually low because some of the volunteers in the study had H.I.V. and thus had weakened immune systems. Novavax estimated that the efficacy of the vaccine against Beta was 60 percent in people without H.I.V. On Dec. 22, Novavaxannounced that its vaccine also lost some of its potency against the Omicron variant, but a booster shot restored much of its protection.

BOOSTERSOn Dec. 21, 2021, Novavaxannounced that it was extending its Phase 3 clinical trial into a booster trial. They gave volunteers a third shot of NVX-CoV2373 to observe its safety and efficacy. In a separate trial, British researchers tested Novavax’s vaccine in a “mix-and-match” trial, in which volunteers switched from one vaccine to another for a booster. The researchersfound that NVX-CoV2373 raised coronavirus antibodies to high levels.

On June 28, 2022, Novavaxpresented new data at an FDA advisory meeting on updating Covid vaccines for the winter. Both Novavax’s prototype vaccine and a Omicron-specific vaccine produced antibodies against new Omicron subvariants.

Novavaxannounced on July 19 that it was working with SK bioscience to manufacture the Omicron-specific vaccine in pre-filled syringes as early as 2023.

On Aug. 15, 2022, Novavaxapplied to the F.D.A. for authorization of its vaccine as a booster in adults.

For more details, seeHow the Novavax Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:Canada,South Korea.
Emergency use in:Australia,Bangladesh,Iceland,India,Indonesia,Japan,Mexico,New Zealand,Norway,Philippines,Singapore,Switzerland,Taiwan,Thailand,United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,United States. Conditional authorization in theEuropean Union. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

Novavax vaccine

EUROPEAN

UNION

SOUTH

KOREA

CANADA

U.S.

PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

MEXICO

INDIA

AUSTRALIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Novavax vaccine

EUROPEAN

UNION

SOUTH

KOREA

CANADA

U.S.

PHILIPPINES

MEXICO

INDONESIA

INDIA

AUSTRALIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Novavax vaccine

EUROPEAN

UNION

SOUTH

KOREA

CANADA

U.S.

PHILIPPINES

MEXICO

INDONESIA

INDIA

AUSTRALIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Novavax vaccine

CANADA

U.S.

MEXICO

EUROPEAN

UNION

SOUTH

KOREA

PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

INDIA

AUSTRALIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN TURKMENISTANEARLY USE IN RUSSIA

Vaccine name: EpiVacCorona, Aurora-CoV
Efficacy:Not effective
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable in refrigerator for up to two years

EpiVacCorona, also known as Aurora-CoV, was approved in Russia even before Phase 3 trials were launched. A total of13 million doses of EpiVacCorona were produced in 2021. Even now, however, the results of the Phase 3 trial remain unpublished. Meanwhile, many critics havequestioned whether the vaccine actually works. In a study released in May 2022, the vaccinefailed to show any effectiveness at protecting people from lung injury due to Covid-19.

EpiVacCorona was created by theVector Institute, a Russian biological research center. The vaccine contains small portions of viral proteins, known as peptides. The instituteregistered a Phase 1/2 trial for EpiVacCorona in August 2020, the results of which werepublished in an obscure Russian journal in late March 2021. But outside experts pointed outserious flaws in the study.

Less than two months after the launch of the Phase 1/2 trial,on Oct. 14, 2021, Vladimir Putin announced that Russia has granted regulatory approval to the vaccine, making it the second one to receive that designation after the Gamaleya Institute’s Sputnik V vaccine. The following month, a Phase 3 trialbegan. In January 2021, without any results yet from the trial, Russialaunched a mass vaccination campaign that included EpiVacCorona. Critics in Russia asked the government there tostop administering the vaccine until the Phase 3 trial results are published, to no avail. On July 5, 2021, Tassreported that the Vector Institute is registering the vaccine under the name Aurora-CoV.

In February 2021, Tass reported that the immune response from EpiVacCorona lasted“forapproximately a year,” but the vaccine’s creators did not publish the scientific details behind this claim.

On March 3, 2021, the Vector Instituteregistered their Phase 3 trial on an international registry. The entry now indicates that the trial ended in December 2021. But the Vector Institute has yet to publish the results.

In January 2022, the Moscow Times reported that Russia hadhalted orders for EpiVacCorona. But the following month, Tass reported that the vaccine’s manufacturers agreed to producemore than 50 million doses of the vaccine for foreign companies.

Approved for use in:Cambodia,
Early use in:Russia.
Updated June 3, 2022

Vector Institute

vaccine

RUSSIA

TURKMENISTAN

VENEZUELA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Vector Institute

vaccine

RUSSIA

TURKMENISTAN

VENEZUELA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Vector Institute

vaccine

RUSSIA

TURKMENISTAN

VENEZUELA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Vector Institute

vaccine

VENEZUELA

RUSSIA

TURKMENISTAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: ZF2001, Zifivax
Efficacy:75.7% against symptomatic Covid-19, 87.6% against severe to critical disease
Dose: 3 doses, 4 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection

The Chinese companyAnhui Zhifei Longcomand theInstitute of Medical Biology at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciencespartnered to make a vaccine. Their candidate is composed of an adjuvant, along with a section of the spike protein called the receptor-binding domain. They launched Phase 2 trials in July 2020, followed by aPhase 3 trial with 29,000 volunteers in December. In March 2021, Indonesia became the first country to authorize the vaccine, calledZifivax, for emergency use. Anhui Zhifei received aconditional authorization for the vaccine from China on March 2, 2022.

The companyannounced on Aug. 27, 2021, that their vaccine had an efficacy rate of 82 percent against Covid-19 of any severity. In thefinal results of their Phase 3 trial, published on May 5, 2022, Zifivax proved to be 75.7 percent against symptomatic Covid-19, 87.6 percent against severe to critical disease. In a follow-up trial, researchers found that aZifivax booster produced a strong immune response from people who were initially vaccinated with a shot of CanSino’s Convidecia vaccine.

Emergency use in:China,Colombia,Indonesia,Pakistan,Uzbekistan.
Updated June 13, 2022

Anhui Zhifei Longcom

and IMCAS vaccine

UZBEKISTAN

CHINA

PAKISTAN

COLOMBIA

INDONESIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Anhui Zhifei Longcom

and IMCAS

vaccine

UZBEKISTAN

CHINA

PAKISTAN

COLOMBIA

INDONESIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Anhui Zhifei

Longcom and

IMCAS

UZBEKISTAN

CHINA

PAKISTAN

COLOMBIA

INDONESIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Anhui Zhifei Longcom

and IMCAS

vaccine

COLOMBIA

UZBEKISTAN

CHINA

PAKISTAN

INDONESIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: Soberana 2, or PastoCoVac (in Iran)
Efficacy:71% with two doses, 92.4 % with Soberana Plus booster

Cuba’sFinlay Vaccine Institute developed a vaccine known asSoberana 2. It contains a part of the coronavirus spike protein,fused to a standard tetanus vaccine to make it stable. Soberana 2 also contains aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant to boost the immune system.

Aftertesting Soberana 2 in animals, Finlay researchers started a Phase 1 trial in October 2020, followed by aPhase 2 trial in December. On March 3, 2021, the Finlay Vaccine Institute registered aPhase 3 trial for Soberana 2, with plans to recruit 44,010 participants in Havana. Researchersbegan dosing trial participants in Iran on April 26. The trialshowed that two doses of Soberana 2 have an efficacy of 71 percent against symptomatic Covid-19.

Before the Phase 3 trial delivered its results, however, the Cuban government began rolling out Soberana 2 on May 12in a mass vaccination campaign. The government announced plans to make100 million doses of Soberana 2 in order tovaccinate its entire population,pinning hopes on the vaccine as a source of economic benefit to the island. On Dec. 13, Cuban authoritiespredicted that the island nation will be the first in Latin America to completely vaccinate its population, which it expects will happen by June 2022.

Cuban scientistsalso tested a combination of Soberana 2 and a boost of another Cuba-made vaccine calledSoberana Plus. Itlifts the efficacy of the vaccine to 92.4 percent, and 100 percent against severe Covid-19. The Finlay Vaccine Institute announced on June 10 that it hadreceived approval to begin a trial of the combined vaccines in children. Preliminary results from the pediatric trialsuggest the combination may be more effective in children than adults. Later results showed that Soberana 2 and Soberana Plus had an efficacy of90.1 percent against the Omicron variant in children.

Cubaexpanded its Soberana 2 vaccination campaign toinclude children in September.

On June 29, 2021, Iran’s health minister announced that Soberana 2 has received emergency use approval. ThePasteur Institute of Iran is marketing the vaccine in the country asPastoCoVac. In May 2022, Iranopened a factory to manufacture Soberana 2 in-country.

On Aug. 20, 2021, the Cuban governmentannounced theemergency authorization of both Soberana 2 and Soberana Plus. Just two weeks later, on September 2, Cuba authorized Soberana 2for children between the age of 2 and 18. In their announcement, Cuban regulators said that the immune response in children was similar to adults who received Soberana 2. The researcherssaid in April 2022 that they will begin a study for the vaccine in infants.

Emergency use in:Cuba,Iran,Nicaragua,Venezuela.
Updated July 29, 2022

Soberana 2

vaccine

CUBA

IRAN

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Soberana 2

vaccine

CUBA

IRAN

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Soberana 2

vaccine

CUBA

IRAN

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Soberana 2

vaccine

CUBA

NICARAGUA

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN CUBA

Vaccine name: Abdala
Efficacy:92.28%

In November 2020, theCenter for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Cubalaunched atrial on a coronavirus vaccine called Abdala. The name is from a poem by the nineteenth-century poet José Marti. The Abdala vaccine consists of a piece of the coronavirus spike protein called the receptor binding domain, and is delivered in three doses. On Feb. 1, 2021, the center held a press conferenceto announce the start of a Phase 2 trial.A Phase 3 trial involving up to 48,000 participants waslaunched on March 18. On May 12, while the Phase 3 trial was still underway, the Cuban government began rolling out Abdalain a mass vaccination campaign, in the hopes of reining in a surge of cases. Venezuela beganusing the vaccine in late June.

On June 21, 2021, Cuban officialsreported that Abdala had an efficacy of 92.28 percent. In afollow-up study released in April 2022, Cuban researchers estimated that the Abdala vaccine has an effectiveness of about 94 percent against severe disease and death. The Cuban government grantedemergency use authorization for the vaccine on July 9, 2021. In September, Cuba agreed to sell 10 million doses of Abdalato Vietnam, which has granted the vaccine emergency authorization. In Venezuela, meanwhile, the National Academy of Medicineexpressed concern over the lack of published scientific research on Abdala’s safety and efficacy.

Cuban researchersannounced on Jan. 25, 2022, that dosing individuals with Abdala and Soberana 1 could generate an immune response against the Omicron variant. BioCubaFarma ispreparing to send data from its Abdala trials to the World Health Organization to consider for an emergency use listing.

The researcherssaid in April 2022 that they will use Abdala and Soberana 2 in a new trial in infants.

Emergency use in:Cuba,Mexico,Nicaragua,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Syria,Venezuela, Vietnam.
Updated April 15, 2022

Abdala vaccine

SYRIA

CUBA

MEXICO

VENEZUELA

VIETNAM

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Abdala vaccine

CUBA

SYRIA

MEXICO

VENEZUELA

VIETNAM

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Abdala vaccine

CUBA

SYRIA

MEXICO

VENEZUELA

VIETNAM

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Abdala vaccine

CUBA

MEXICO

VENEZUELA

NICARAGUA

SYRIA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN IRAN

Vaccine name: Covax-19, Spikogen
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart

Flinders University endocrinologist Professor Nikolai Petrovsky developed a vaccine that combines viral proteins with an adjuvant that stimulates the immune system. Dr. Petrovsky founded the companyVaxine to develop the vaccine, called Covax-19 or Spikogen. After promisinganimal studies, the company launched aPhase 1 trial in June 2020. In May 2021, Vaxineclaimed to have gotten promising preliminary results from that trial, but the company failed to get funds for further clinical trials in Australia. Instead, theyfollowed up with aPhase 2 trial in Iran, the results of which werepublished in April 2022. APhase 3 trial was also carried outin Iran, but those results have yet to be released.

Despite this lack of public data, Iran issued anemergency authorization for Spikogen in October 2021, to beproduced by the Iranian company CinnaGen, andexpanded the authorization in January 2022 to include Spikogen as a booster shot. In January 2022, Dr. Petrovskytold the Australian news service News.com.au that the Phase 3 trials in Iran showed Spikogen was 60 to 65 percent effective against the Delta variant. He has not published those results, however.

In late 2021, Vaxine revived its efforts to test Spikogen in Australia, but ran intotrouble with regulators. Vaccine expertsquestioned the effort, since the company had yet to release detailed clinical data showing the safety and efficacy of Spikogen. Vaxine took the unprecedented move of starting acrowdfunding campaign in October 2021 to raise funds for their efforts. By February 2022 they had raised over $1 million. The Australian government gave Vaxine permission to submit clinical data for assessment in December 2021, and the researchers registered aPhase 3 trial for a booster shot of Spikogen on Jan. 4, 2022. Vaxineannounced on Feb. 27 that they received approval to begin trials for Spikogen in Australia.

But controversy again arose on March 11, 2022, when The Australianreported that the vaccine produced “no scientific evidence of efficacy” in its Phase 1 trial, according to an investigative committee. The newspaper also said that a research ethics team warned participants in November 2021 of a “low likelihood of its effectiveness.” On March 24, the Australian governmentfined Vaxine for alleged unlawful advertising of an unapproved COVID-19 vaccine. On March 30, Vaxine ended the crowdfunding campaign, citing “repeated attacks from the media.” The company announced in August 2022 that it had created a version of their vaccine for animals that would be used inAustralian zoos.

Emergency use in:Iran.
Updated Aug. 31, 2022

Vaxine vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Vaxine vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Vaxine vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Vaxine vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN TAIWAN

Taiwan-based vaccine makerMedigen created a vaccine containing a combination of spike proteins and an adjuvant fromDynavax. After a series of promising experiments on animals, they began injecting volunteers for aPhase 1 trial inearly October 2020, which showed that the vaccineprovoked strong immune responses. On Dec. 30, Medigenannounced that it had received permission to commence aPhase 2 trial. The first volunteers in the trialwere injected in late January 2021. In July, Medigen started another Phase 2 trial onchildren between 12 and 18 years old. Medigen receivedpermission to begin aPhase 3 trial in Paraguay on July 20, 2021. The World Health Organization selected Medigen’s vaccine as one its first candidates in theSolidarity Trial Vaccine study.

On Oct. 15, 2021, Medigenregistered a trial to assess the vaccine’s effectiveness as a booster for those who have received one dose of the Moderna shot. Theyregistered a similar trial on Oct. 27 for adults with two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparednessannounced on Dec. 2 that it pledged up to $2.3 million to help fund a mix-and-match study in which volunteers will get Medigen’s vaccine after a primary vaccination with other Covid-19 shots. On Jan. 31, 2022, Medigen registereda Phase 2 trial of a booster based on the Beta variant.Animal studies suggest that it might provide a broad protection against many coronavirus variants.

Taiwan grantedemergency use authorization to the vaccine on July 19, 2021, based on Phase 2 trial results thatsuggested that volunteers were producing strong levels of antibodies and did not have serious adverse reactions. Taiwanstarted administering Medigen’s vaccine on Aug. 23. By Oct. 22, Medigensaid that 1,362,524 doses had been administered. The companysaid in March 2022 that it planned to make 100 million doses this year.

In July 2022, Medigen released areport on its Phase 3 trial in Paraguay. In people who had not previously had Covid, the Medigen produced significantly higher antibody levels than AstraZeneca’s vaccines. But the difference was much smaller in people who had already been infected. Additionally, the researchers found that antibodies produced by Medigen were much poorer at neutralizing the Omicron variant.

Emergency use in:Paraguay,Taiwan.
Updated July 23, 2022

Medigen

vaccine

TAIWAN

PARAGUAY

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Medigen

vaccine

TAIWAN

PARAGUAY

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Medigen

vaccine

TAIWAN

PARAGUAY

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Medigen

vaccine

PARAGUAY

TAIWAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN IRAN

On Feb. 7, 2021, Iranannounced that it was launchinga clinical trial of a second vaccine, known as Cov-Pars Razi and developed by theRazi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. The vaccine contains fragments of coronavirus spike proteins and is delivered in three doses: two injections and one nasal spray. The researchersbegan dosing participants for theirPhase 2 trial on May 28. In July Razi officials promised that they would be able to produce at leastone million doses of the vaccine every month. At the end of August, Iranrolled out aPhase 3 trial. The Tehran Timesreported on Oct. 12 that a nasal dose of the vaccine reduces the transmission of the virus by as much as 90 percent. And on Nov. 14, scientistsreported that the vaccine stimulates immunity for up to one year. Iranian health officials grantedemergency use authorization for the vaccine on Nov. 1. Tasnim News Agency, an Iranian media outlet,reported on Nov. 30 that the researchers began a booster trial comparing the vaccine against the Sinopharm shot. Tasnim later reported that Cov-Pars Razi isthree times more effective than the Sinopharm vaccine. The researchersreceived approval to launch a clinical trial on adolescents in February 2022. But millions of doses remain in the organization’s warehouses as it awaits payment from Iran, Tasnim News Agencyreported in July.

Emergency use in:Iran.
Updated July 18, 2022

Razi vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Razi vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Razi vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Razi vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN INDIA, BOTSWANA


Vaccine name: Corbevax
Efficacy:Over 90%

Corbevax is a protein-based vaccine initiallyauthorized in India in December 2021, and then as a booster in June 2022. That authorization was later expanded to children as young as 5. Corbevax was also authorized inBotswana in March 2022.

The research that led to Corbevax was already underway years before the Covid-19 pandemic. After the SARS epidemic in 2002,Baylor College of Medicine researchers began developing a vaccine that could prevent a new outbreak. Despite promising early results, support for the research disappeared. Because the coronaviruses that cause SARS and Covid-19 are very similar, the researchers revived the project in 2020, working in partnership with theTexas Children’s Hospital.

After the Texas researchers demonstrated the promise of the vaccine in preclinical studies, the Indian companyBiological Elicensed it in August 2020,launching a Phase 1/2 trial in November, combining the viral proteins with anadjuvant made byDynavax. On Dec. 29, Biological E and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovationsannounced a partnership to advance the development and manufacturing of the vaccine with CEPI initially contributing $5 million to the effort. The United Statesagreed to give $50 million to expand the company’s production capacity on Oct. 25.

On April 24, 2021, Biological Eannounced it was starting a Phase 3 trial of the vaccine. Biological Ereceived approval for a Phase 2/3 trial of Corbevax on children on Sept. 2.

On Dec. 28, Biological Ereported that it performed better than Covishield, the Indian version of AstraZeneca’s vaccine, while causing half the reported side effects. Based on the level of antibodies produced by people vaccinated with Corbevax, the companyestimated its efficacy to be over 90 percent against the original version of the variant.

Corbevax uses standard protein-vaccination technology that’s widely available around the world, making it relatively cheap and easy to produce. Biological E said that it planned to deliver 300 million doses to the Indian government in early 2022, and deliver a billion additional doses worldwide.

Emergency use in:Botswana,India.
Updated June 13, 2022

Corbevax

vaccine

INDIA

BOTSWANA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Corbevax

vaccine

INDIA

BOTSWANA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Corbevax

vaccine

INDIA

BOTSWANA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Corbevax

vaccine

INDIA

BOTSWANA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN CANADA

Vaccine name: CoVLP (brand name Covifenz)
Efficacy: 69.5% against symptomatic Covid-19, 78.8% against moderate-to-severe disease
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable in refrigerator

Canada-basedMedicago, partly funded by the cigarette maker Philip Morris, developed a Covid-19 vaccine that can be grown in a plant called Nicotiana benthamiana, a wild species related to tobacco. They deliver coronavirus genes into leaves, and the plant cells then create protein shells that mimic the viruses. Canadaauthorized Medicago’s vaccine, called Cofivenz, on Feb. 24, 2022.

Medicagolaunched a Phase 1 trial for Cofivenz in July 2020. In thatstudy, they found that their plant-based vaccine, combined with an adjuvant made by GSK, produced promising levels of antibodies in volunteers. A Phase 2 trial also providedencouraging results, followed by the launch of a24,000-person Phase 3 trial on March 16, 2021. On Dec. 7, Medicago announced that Cofivenz had anefficacy of 75.3% against the Delta variant. No one who got the vaccine was hospitalized or died from Covid-19, but it was not possible to estimate its efficacy against severe disease because there were relatively few cases among volunteers who received the placebo. On May 5, 2022, the final results of the Phase 3 trial werepublished in the New England Journal of Medicine, showing that Cofivenz had an efficacy of 69.5 percent against symptomatic Covid-19 and 78.8 percent against moderate-to-severe disease.

Medicago said in October 2020 that it had reachedan agreement with the government of Canada to supply 76 million doses. In April 2021, the Canadian governmentannounced a rolling review of the company’s vaccine. After the Phase 3 results were unveiled, Medicagosubmitted them to Canadian health officials for authorization on Dec. 16, and it was authorized two months later. The company has said it also plans to seek authorizationin Japan in March 2022.

Medicago also launched an application to the World Health Organization for an emergency use listing. But on March 2, 2022, the W.H.O. rejected its request for pre-qualification, casting doubt on its ultimate success. Bloombergreported that W.H.O. was concerned about the fact that Medicago is partly funded by a tobacco company. Medicago laterwithdrew its application. In July 2022, CTV Newsreported that the Canadian government was seeking a solution so that it could donate its purchased doses to low-income countries.

Approved for use in:Canada (for ages 18–64).
Updated July 23, 2022

Medicago vaccine

CANADA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Medicago vaccine

CANADA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Medicago vaccine

CANADA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Medicago

vaccine

CANADA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN SOUTH KOREA

Vaccine name: SKYCovione (GBP510)
Efficacy:Stronger immune response than AstraZeneca’s vaccine in a Phase 3 trial.

On June 29, 2022, South Koreaauthorized SKYCovione, a protein-based vaccine originallydeveloped by researchers at theUniversity of Washington. SKYCovione is a nanoparticle studded with pieces of the coronavirus spike protein.

Experiments on mice showed that it could produce a strong immune response. The South Korean vaccine companySK Biosciencelicensed the vaccine andpartnered with GSK, to launch aPhase 1/2 trialof the vaccine in February 2021. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Newsreported that people who received the vaccines made five to eight times more antibodies than people who recovered from Covid-19. SK Bioscience received$210.1 million from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations for the development of SKYCovione. In August 2021, thecompany launcheda Phase 3 trial,comparing the vaccine to AstraZeneca’s Vaxzevria vaccine.

In January 2022, the Korean Biomedical Reviewreported that SK Bioscience was preparing to supply GBP51o to South Korea and the COVAX facility. The companyapplied for emergency use authorization inthe United Kingdom in March 2022.

On April 25, 2022, SK Bioscienceannounced the results of its Phase 3 trial. They found that volunteers who received the vaccine produced a stronger immune response than people who received the AstraZeneca vaccine. In older people, the results were also promising. SKYCovione produced antibodies against the coronavirus in95 percent of volunteers 65 or older. The AstraZeneca vaccine only produced antibodies in 79 percent.

With SKYCovione going into use, SK Biosciencelaunched a Phase 3 trial of the vaccine as a booster on August 15, 2022. It is also developing a “variant-proof” vaccine based on the same nanoparticle design, with a$50 million grant from CEPI.
Updated Aug 26, 2022

SKYCovione

vaccine

SOUTH

KOREA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

SKYCovione

vaccine

SOUTH

KOREA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

SKYCovione

vaccine

SOUTH

KOREA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

SKYCovione

vaccine

SOUTH

KOREA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3

Vaccine name: Vidprevtyn
Efficacy: 57.9% against symptomatic Covid-19 (in a trial dominated by variants of concern). 75% efficacy against moderate or severe Covid-19.100% against severe disease and hospitalization.
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable in refrigerator at 36–46°F (2–8°C)

In early 2020,Sanofi developed a Covid-19 vaccine based on viral proteins they produced with engineered viruses that grow inside insect cells.GSK supplemented these proteins with adjuvants that stimulate the immune system. The vaccine, called Vidprevtyn, is based on the same design Sanofi used to createFlublok, an approved vaccine for influenza. On Feb. 23, 2022, Sanofi announced that it would seek regulatory approval after trials showed it can protect against Covid-19 and produces a strong response as a booster.

The companieslaunched a Phase 1/2 clinical trial on Vidprevtyn in September 2020. At the time, the vaccine was widely expected to play a major role in tackling the pandemic. In the United States, Operation Warp Speed selected it as one of six vaccines to secure in large quantities, reaching a$2.1 billion agreementfor 100 million doses. On Sept. 18 Sanofi closed another dealwith the European Union for 300 million doses for an unspecified amount, and later reachedan agreement with Canada for up to 72 million doses. In addition, Sanofi agreed to provide200 million doses to COVAX, an international collaboration to deliver the vaccine equitably across the world. The company expected to move to a Phase 3 trial in December and potentially seek emergency use authorization for Vidprevtyn in the United States by spring 2021. Sanofi announced plans to make up to one billion doses in 2021.

But on Dec. 11, 2020, Sanofi and GSKannounced that Vidprevtyn was proving disappointing. While it provided promising levels of antibodies in people under 50, older people did not respond as strongly as they had hoped. The company halted the trial. In January 2021, Sanofidecided to help Pfizer and BioNTech make 100 million doses of their vaccine, and they reacheda similar agreement with Johnson & Johnson in February.

Meanwhile, Sanofi developed a stronger formulation of Vidprevtyn. On Feb. 22, 2021, the companylaunched a newPhase 2 trial, whichshowed that the new versionproduced strong immune responses. They beganenrolling participants for theirPhase 3 trial on May 27. On July 20, 2021, the European Medicines Agency started arolling review of Vidprevtyn in advance of their application for authorization. In an earnings report on Oct. 28, Sanofisaid it expected results from its new Phase 3 trial by the end of 2021, but on Dec. 15, the company announced the trial wouldcontinue into early 2022 because too few participants have gotten sick with Covid-19.

Finally, in February 2022, Sanofi had results to share. They found that Vidprevtyn had an efficacy of 57.9 percent against symptomatic Covid-19. This relatively low result may have been the result of the trial taking place after variants of concerns were widespread. The vaccine offered stronger protection against developing a serious case of Covid-19; it had an efficacy of 100 percent versus severe Covid-19 and hospitalizations.

Sanofi has also developed a version of Vidprevtyn that is based on the Beta variant of the coronavirus. After giving the vaccine as a booster to volunteers, theyfound that it could provoke strong antibodies to other variants, including Omicron. Preliminary data from the traldemonstrated an efficacy of 64.7 percent against symptomatic Covid-19 and 72 percent against Omicron. In June 2022, the company registered a Phase 3trial of the Beta booster.
Updated June 29, 2022

PHASE 3

In July 2020, researchers atWest China Hospital of Sichuan University published astudy in Nature describing a vaccine made from the RBD region of the spike protein that could protect mice and monkeys from the coronavirus. To make the vaccine, researchers encoded the RBD region in a gene, which they inserted into a virus. They then infected insect cells with the virus, causing them to make the molecule in huge amounts. On Aug. 24, theylaunched a Phase 1 trial, and on Nov. 16 they moved toPhase 2 with a study on 960 volunteers. On Jan. 22, 2021, the researchers registeredanother Phase 2 trial with 4,000 volunteers. APhase 3 trial began on June 1.

The researchersregistered a Phase 2 trial for the vaccine as a booster on July 19.
Updated July 23, 2022

PHASE 3

Vaccine name: Nanocovax
Efficacy: 51% against symptomatic Covid from the Delta variant, 93.9 percent against severe illness and death

On Dec. 10, 2020,Nanogen Biopharmaceutical in Vietnambegan recruiting 60 volunteers for aPhase 1 trial of their protein-based vaccine Nanocovax. Vietnam news agenciesannounced that Nanocovax entered a Phase 2 trial in February 2021. Nanogen researchersreported that in these early studies, the vaccine did not cause any dangerous side effects and promising levels of antibodies. In June, Nanogenlaunched aPhase 3 trial.Promising preliminary results from the trial have pushed the company to accelerate the process for emergency use authorization in Vietnam. Thefull analysis of the Phase 3 trial, published on March 23, 2022, found that Nanocovax has an efficacy rate of 93.3 percent against severe illness and death, and an efficacy against symptoms amid the Delta variant of 51.5 percent. In August Vietnam’s Dan Tri newsreported that regulators there were still reviewing the vaccine.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

PHASE 3

Vaccine name: V-01
Efficacy:47% against disease, as a booster

A subsidiary of Chinese companyLivzon Pharmaceutical Group has developed a protein vaccine in collaboration with theInstitute of Biophysics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Called V-01, the vaccine completed Phase 1 and 2 trials earlier in 2021. APhase 3 trial began inthe Philippines on Aug. 25 andexpanded to Russia in November.

Livzon alsoregistered aseries ofbooster studies.In June 2022, the company releasedresults of one of these trials, which found that their booster had an efficacy of 47 percent.
Updated June 13, 2022

PHASE 3

Researchers at theLanzhou Institute of Biological Products,Beijing Zhong Sheng Heng Yi Pharmaceutical TechnologyandZhengzhou Universityare testing a vaccine that is grown in Chinese hamster ovary cells. They registered aPhase 1/2 trial on May 3, 2021. In October 2021 theyregistered a Phase 3 trial to test their vaccine as a booster for an inactivated virus vaccine.
Updated Oct. 19, 2021

PHASE 3

Shionogi, a Japanese pharmaceutical giant,launched a Phase 1/2 trial of a coronavirus vaccine on Dec. 16, 2020. The company developed it in collaboration with theNational Institute of Infectious Diseases andKyushu University. The vaccine is based on a coronavirus protein which is produced in insect cells by genetically altered viruses. They combined the protein with an adjuvant to stimulate the immune system.

For months, the trialadvanced slowly and ultimately delivered disappointing results. In the summer, Shionogiswitched to a new adjuvant and started a new Phase 1/2 trial in August 2021. Results from the trial,released on Dec. 7, proved more encouraging, showing that the vaccine produced levels of antibodies on par with those in people who recovered from Covid-19. On Oct. 21, the companyannounced that it had moved to a Phase 2/3 trial. In May 2022, itexpanded the trial to include volunteers as young as 12.

In December 2021, Shionogi also started trials of their vaccine as abooster. On March 4, 2022, the companyannounced that one of the trialsdemonstrated that people who get the Shionogi vaccine produced antibody levels on par with a Pfizer-BioNTech booster.

Shionogi President Isao Teshirogisaid in May 2022 that the company could send data to the Japanese government for authorization as early as June, but that month passed without any further developments.
Updated July 23, 2022

PHASE 3EMERGENCY USE IN IRAN

Iranian researchers at theBaqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences developed a protein-based vaccine against the coronavirus. On June 27, 2021, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corpsannounced that the vaccine, called Noora, had entered Phase 1 trials. The researchers registered aPhase 2 trial on Oct. 11. The head of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences said in December that5 million doses of the vaccine have been produced. Noora enteredPhase 3 trials on Jan. 2.dosing a commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as the first participant. Aftercompleting Phase 3 trials, Noora receivedemergency use authorization from the Iranian government, the Tehran Times reported on March 1, 2022.

Emergency use in:Iran.
Updated March 1, 2022

Noora vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Noora vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Noora vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Noora vaccine

IRAN

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3

Dallas-basedVaxxinity is testing a vaccine called UB-612 containing parts of several viral proteins. (Vaxxinityformed in April 2021 when the companies COVAXX and United Neuroscience combined.)

On Sept. 11, 2020, COVAXXregistered a Phase 1 trial in Taiwan whichled to 100 percent of volunteers producing antibodies without any serious side effects. In February 2021, COVAXX launched aPhase 2 trial, also in Taiwan, as well as aPhase 2/3 trial in Brazil, India and other countries. On Nov. 25, 2021, Covaxxannounced agreements with countries including Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru to deliver more than 140 million doses for $2.8 billion. In aJune 21, 2021 press release, Vaxxinity said it expected to deliver the vaccine by the end of the summer, but in August, Taiwan regulatorsrejected their application for emergency authorization. In Vaxxinity’s October 2021filing for an initial public offering, the company said it was appealing the decision.

On February 11, 2022, Vaxxinity announced that antibodies taken from volunteers in their Phase 1 and 2 trials were potentagainst the Omicron variant. In the announcement the company said it was planning a Phase 3 trial for later in 2022. In anApril announcement the company presented further evidence demonstrating that the vaccine can protect against variants.

The companyregistered a Phase 3 trial on March 24, 2022 comparing a booster dose of UB-612 with vaccines from Sinopharm, AstraZeneca and Pfizer and BioNTech, andbegan dosing participants on March 28. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations said on April 7 that it wouldhelp fund trials for UB-612, pledging up to $9.25 million.
Updated April 8, 2022

PHASE 3

Researchers at Spanish animal health companyHIPRA have created a recombinant protein vaccine against the coronavirus in humans. They registered aPhase 1/2 trial for their candidate on Aug. 16, 2021, followed by aPhase 2/3 trial on Nov. 15. On Feb. 1, 2022, Spanish health authoritiesauthorized HIPRA researchers to move to Phase 3.

They are also testing the vaccine in children, adolescents and immunocompromised individuals, according to apress release from January 2022.

The researchers registered aPhase 3 booster trial on Feb. 18, 2022. On July 6, 2022, HIPRA released astudy measuring the levels of antibodies its booster produced against different variants. They found that those levels were as high or higher than those of a Comirnaty booster.

On Aug. 2, the European Commission inked a deal with HIPRA for its member states to buyas many as 250 million doses of the vaccine, pending authorization, for use as a booster.
Updated Aug. 6, 2022

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

Vaccine name: SCB-2019
Efficacy: 79% against disease from the Delta variant, 100% against hospitalization
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Stable at 2-8 degrees C for 6 months, room temperature for one month

Clover Biopharmaceuticals developed a vaccine containing the spike protein from coronaviruses. To further stimulate the immune system, the company combined the proteins with so-called adjuvants made by British drugmakerGSK and the American companyDynavax. Clover’s formulation looks to be especially durable; the vaccine can sit out at room temperature for a month and remain viable.Investments from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness supported the development of manufacturing that could lead to the production of a billion doses a year. On June 30, 2021, Cloverannounced an agreement to provide 400 million doses to COVAX, the initiative to deliver vaccines to low- and middle-income countries. CEPIpledged an additional $36.9 million toward the development of the vaccine on Nov. 18.

Clover launched a Phase 1 trial in June 2020, and in December the companyannounced that the vaccine triggereda high level of antibodies. It registered aPhase 2/3 trial with the GSK adjuvant, but in February 2021 the companyannounced it wascanceling the study. Instead, itmoved forward with a trial with the Dynavax adjuvant. On Sept. 22, Clover announced that the trial showed their vaccine has an efficacy of79 percent against disease from Delta variant, and a 100 percent efficacy against hospitalization. The results werepublished in the Lancet in January 2022. Clover continued to follow its trial volunteers andreported that five months after the second dose, the vaccine’s efficacy was little changed. On Aug. 25, 2022, the companyannounced that the vaccine produced twice as many antibodies in adolescents than in young adults, which may translate into a greater protection against the coronavirus.

In February 2022, Clover announced that in 2022 it plans to seek authorization from the World Health Organization, the European Medicines Agency, and other regulators to use their vaccine as auniversal booster. The company reported that its booster produced three times the antibodies as an AstraZeneca booster. Later, on June 27, Clover said that the vaccine provideda boost of antibodies against the Omicron variant when used as a third dose in individuals who have already received two doses.

Clover has created several updated versions of its vaccine that may offer betterprotection against new variants of the coronavirus. On May 31, 2022, the companyannounced that one of these new vaccines had entered a Phase 1 trial.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

Scientists atJiangsu Rec-Biotechnologyhave developed a vaccine, called ReCOV, that is made of viral proteins that are grown in Chinese hamster ovary cells. They registered aPhase 1 trial in New Zealand on March 26, 2021. Preliminary results from the trialsuggest that the vaccine was effective at generating immunity. On Sept. 29, Jiangsuannounced that it would merge with Shenzhen Rhegen Biotechnology to become a new company called Wuhan Rhecogen Biotechnology. The company registered aPhase 2/3 trial in late 2021, and in January 2022 itannounced that the trial had been approved to start in the Philippines. Itreceived approval to expand the trial to the U.A.E. in April and toChina in May.
Updated June 13, 2022

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

Massachusetts-basedAkston Biosciences has developed a vaccine that targets a part of the coronavirus spike protein called the receptor-binding domain. Researchers at Akston say that focusing on this section is an efficient way to boost immunity against new variants. They began a Phase 1/2 trial of their vaccine, known as AKS-452, on April 12. Afterpositive results from the Phase 1 trial, Akstonannounced that it began dosing participants in its Phase 2 trial on Aug. 5. On Nov. 20, the company said that it had dosed the first 100 patients in anotherPhase 2 trial in India.Positive results from the trial, released on Dec. 22, suggested that the vaccine could produce a significant immune response without adverse reactions. Theyexpanded the study into a Phase 2/3 trial with 1,500 volunteers in 2022,dosing the first participants in India on April 7, 2022.Results from the trial suggest that the vaccine could safely help produce antibodies against variants of concern.. Akstonannounced on March 17 that it had signed a licensing agreement with Biolexis to produce and market the vaccine across the world under the name AmbiVax-C.
Updated June 29, 2022

PHASE 2PHASE 3COMBINED PHASES

Researchers at Chinese companyYisheng Biopharmahave combined their adjuvant technology with proteins grown from Chinese hamster ovary cells to build a vaccine that targets the coronavirus. Yisheng’s C.E.O. told theSouth China Morning Post that the vaccine only requires one week between doses. The companyreceived clearance to begin a Phase 1 trial in the U.A.E. in July 2021. And in August, theyregistered a Phase 1 trial in New Zealand. The South China Morning Postalso reported in September that the U.A.E. has authorizeda trial for the vaccine to be used in those who are already infected with Covid-19 or have received other vaccines.

In July 2022, Yishengregistered a Phase 2/3 trial to start the following month.
Updated April 23, 2022

PHASE 2EMERGENCY USE IN CUBA

Cuban researchers atFinlay Vaccine Institutehave also developed a single-dose vaccine called Soberana Plus. Like its other candidates, Soberana Plus targets the part of the coronavirus known as the RBD and contains an adjuvant. But Finlay researchers arespecifically tailoring this vaccine to people who have already had Covid-19 —a first of its kind. They say that such a strategy can help prevent reinfection and limit the spread of new variants. After positiveresults from a Phase 1 trial, Finlay received approval to begin aPhase 2 trial among Covid-19 survivors on April 9. Cuban regulatorsallowed Finlay to expand the trial to include children on Sept. 28. Researchers are alsoconducting the Phase 2 trial in Italy and plan to compare the results to those in Cuba. Results from that Phase 2 trial,released on June 9, 2022, showed that the vaccine significantly boosted the immunity that the participants already had.

Scientistshave reported that combining two doses of Soberana 2 with one dose of Soberana Plus has yielded solid results in adults and inchildren.

On Aug. 20, 2021, the Cuban governmentannounced theemergency authorization of both Soberana 2 and Soberana Plus. Reutersreported later that month that Cuba would begin importing Sinopharm vaccines to make up for their lagging vaccination campaign, combining it with a Soberana Plus booster. Cuban regulators gaveemergency authorization for the use of Soberana Plus in Covid-19 survivors on Sept. 23. On Dec. 7, health officialsexpanded the authorization to include child survivors older than two.

On July 27, 2022, Belarusgave emergency use authorization to the vaccine, becoming the first country in Europe to do so.

Emergency use in:Belarus,Cuba,Nicaragua.
Updated July 29, 2022

Soberana Plus

vaccine

BELARUS

CUBA

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Soberana Plus

vaccine

BELARUS

CUBA

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Soberana Plus

vaccine

BELARUS

CUBA

NICARAGUA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Soberana Plus

vaccine

CUBA

NICARAGUA

BELARUS

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 2


A team of Turkish researchers atMiddle East Technical UniversityandBilkent University havedeveloped a vaccine that is made up of virus-like particles. Each particle carries four of the coronavirus proteins. On March 26, 2021, they registered a smallPhase 1 trial sponsored by TUBITAK, theScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. The researchers registered aPhase 2 trial of the vaccine on July 15.
Updated June 3, 2022

PHASE 2

Chinese researchers atShanghai Zerun BiotechnologyandWalvax Biotechnologyhave modified the structure of the coronavirus spike protein to better stimulate an immune response from their vaccine. They registered aPhase 1 trial for their prototype vaccine, called ZR-202-CoV, in China on July 29. On Aug. 4, they registered aPhase 2 trial. ZerunBio and Walvax announced on July 21 that they are alsopartnering withCEPI, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, to support the development of ZR-202-CoV and to create a variant vaccine using the same technology. CEPIexpanded its partnership with the two companies on Feb. 8, 2022, to support another Phase 1/2 trial in Africa for a multi-variant vaccine.

The researchers started aPhase 1/2 trial for the vaccine in adults 60 and older on Jan. 18, 2022. On Aug. 5, anotherPhase 1/2 trial began, comparing ZR-202-CoV and a booster vaccine called ZR-202a-CoV to Comirnaty.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

PHASE 2

As part of the European Union-fundedPREVENT-nCoV consortium, a team of biotechnology companies and research laboratories developed a vaccine against Covid-19. It contains a coronavirus protein called nucleocapsid. The vaccine, called ABNCoV2, uses technology from consortium members AdaptVac and ExpreS²ion, among others. After promising preclinical results in primates,Bavarian Nordiclaunched a Phase 1/2 trial of the vaccine in the Netherlands.The first volunteers received doses of the vaccine on March 15, 2021. On Aug. 9, the researchers said that the trial showed ABNCoV2produced high levels of antibodies without dangerous side effects.

Later that month, Bavarian NordiclaunchedPhase 2 trials of the vaccine, both as an initial protection against Covid-19 and as a booster for other vaccines. Positive results from the trial,released Dec. 5 andbolstered with more data on Feb. 28, 2022, suggest that the vaccine is effective as a booster. In June, Bavarian Nordicannounced its upcoming Phase 3 trial would compare its vaccine as a booster against Pfizer-BioNTech’s Comirnaty vaccine. The trial will start in August 2022, and Bavarian Nordicanticipates gaining approval for the vaccine as early as 2023.
Updated June 29, 2022

PHASE 2

In early 2020, researchers at theUniversity of Tübingen in Germanycreated a vaccine made of eight parts of two viral proteins, along with an immune-stimulating adjuvant. Most Covid-19 vaccines are designed to make the immune system produce strong antibodies. By contrast, the Tübingen team crafted their vaccine, called CoVac-1, to stimulate the production of T cells, which can attack infected cells. The researchers created CoVac-1 to help people with a deficiency in antibody-producing B cells. On Nov. 23, 2021, they published apaper in Nature demonstrating that their Phase 1 trial produced strong T cell responses that last for at least three months. The vaccine iscurrently in a Phase 2 trial. On April 13, 2022, Indian news outlet Financial Expressreported that the researchers are preparing to move to Phase 3 trials. The researcherssaid in June that they are also looking for immunocompromised adults for a future study.
Updated June 13, 2022

PHASE 2

In addition to their Abdala vaccine, theCenter for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Cubaannounced on Nov. 26, 2020 that it was beginning aPhase 1 trial of a second vaccine, this one delivered as a nasal spray. Known as Mambisa, the vaccine contains a piece of the coronavirus spike protein called the receptor-binding domain, along with a protein from the hepatitis B virus that stimulates the immune system. The name refers to women who fought in Cuba’s nineteenth-century wars of independence. Mambisa is one of two Cuban vaccines tested in aPhase 1/2 clinical trial to assess their ability to increase immunity in those who have already had Covid-19. That trialmoved to Phase 2 in November. After releasingpromising results from the trial, the researchersannounced in January 2022 that they would continue evaluating the vaccine in human trials. Cuban health authoritiesapproved a trial for Mambisa as a booster dose on Nov. 20. Cuban news outletsreported on March 30 that the developers could apply for authorization for Mambisa’s use as a booster in the coming weeks.
Updated April 3, 2022

PHASE 2

Scientists at Thai startupBaiya Phytopharm have created a vaccine that uses plant-based technology to develop immunity. Theyregistered a Phase 1 trial on July 7, 2021, and started the study in September. In November, the researchers said thatPhase 2 trials were underway.

Baiya is also working on a second-generation version of its plant-based vaccine to address variants.In August 2022, the companyannounced Phase 1 results suggested the vaccine is safe.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

PHASE 2

Vaccine name: COVAC
Efficacy: Unknown
Dose: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection

TheVaccine and Infectious Disease Organization at the University of Saskatchewan has developed two vaccine candidates which use pieces of viral proteins to develop immunity against the coronavirus. VIDO registered aPhase 1 trial for COVAC-2 on Jan. 8, 2021. But as approved vaccines became easier to get in Canada, some volunteers begandropping out of the trial, Saskatoon’s CTV News reported. Still, on Sept. 15, VIDO director Volker Gerdtstold Global News Morning that it was moving to a Phase 2 trial after getting promising preliminary results. He also said that VIDO is working with the Institut Pasteur in Senegal to market the vaccine in Africa. On Nov. 4, CEPIannounced that it pledged $5 million to support the development of the vaccine. VIDO registered aPhase 2 trial for COVAC-2 in January 2022. VIDO registered anotherPhase 1 trialin Canada and Brazil for its other vaccine candidate, COVAC-1, on Dec. 14. Those trials should have begun in June 2022, according to what the researchers wrote in the trial record.
Updated July 23, 2022

PHASE 3

Chinese companySinocelltechhas developed two protein vaccines, called SCTV01C and SCTV01E, against the coronavirus. In February 2022, the researchers registered aseries of Phase 2boosterstudies to evaluate their ability to generate immunity in adults and adolescents who have already received other vaccines. The researchers registered aPhase 3 trial for SCTV01E on April 4.
Updated Feb. 16, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

On Aug. 18, 2020, the head of epidemiology at Cuba’s public health ministryannounced the country’s first trial of a vaccine of Covid-19. TheFinlay Vaccine Institute in Havana began testing a vaccine calledSoberana 1. It contains a part of the spike protein, called RBD, along with two extra ingredients: proteins from a bacteria and aluminum hydroxide. These ingredients, known as adjuvants, boost the immune system’s response to the coronavirus RBD. On July 26, Cuban media outletsreported that Soberana 1 had entered Phase 2 trials. In November, Cuban health officialsapproved a clinical trial for the use of Soberana 1 as a booster dose.Results from the Phase 1 trial suggest that Soberana 1 could safely generate immunity, and, when combined with Abdala,could fight against the Omicron variant.
Updated Jan. 26, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

SpyBiotech, a company spun off from the University of Oxford, produced a vaccine from a mixture of proteins. Some of the proteins, fromhepatitis B viruses, form hollow shells. The researchers decorated these shells with part of the coronavirus spike protein. The vaccine is relatively easy to manufacture because the proteins can be produced by fermenting yeast. Once purified, the proteins then self-assemble into shells.

Injected intomonkeys the vaccine produced promising levels of immune responses. In September 2020, SpyBiotechannounced that the first volunteers in an AustralianPhase 1/2 trial were receiving their Covid-19 vaccine. The Serum Institute of India, which licensed the technology from SpyBiotech, is running the trials. But the trial record, which has not been updated since September 2020, shows that the researchers have only recruited nine volunteers of an expected 280.
Updated July 20, 2021

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

South Korean vaccine producerEuBiologicslaunched aPhase 1 of a protein-based vaccine in late January 2021. Known as EuCorVac-19, the vaccine combines the spike protein with an adjuvant that stimulates the immune system. EuBiologicsannounced on June 10, 2021, that it had successfully completed Phase 1. On Sept. 17, theyfinished administering the vaccine to Phase 2 volunteers and made plans for a Phase 3 trial in which they would compare it against the AstraZeneca vaccine, Vaxzevria. But the Korean Biomedical Reviewreported that AstraZeneca would not be supplying the vaccine, raising doubts about the trial’s prospects. Still, on Jan. 28, 2022, EuBiologicsannounced that it received approval from the South Korean government to proceed with Phase 3 trials.
Updated Feb. 7, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

The Massachusetts-based companyVBI Vaccines developed a coronavirus vaccine that is based on hollow, virus-like protein shells. The company added pieces of coronavirus proteins to the shells, selected for their potential both to produce antibodies and to train T cells to attack infected cells. In February 2021, VBI registered a placebo-controlledPhase 1/2 trial in Canada on 780 volunteers, comparing the effects from using one or two doses. The vaccine, called VBI-2902a, uses aluminum phosphate as an adjuvant. On June 29, VBI releasedpreliminary results from the trial, showing that volunteers produced high levels of antibodies without any serious side effects. VBIannounced on Sept. 29 that it had dosed the first participants in another Phase 1 trial for a vaccine meant to protect against emerging variants. Results from these trials were encouraging, VBIsaid on April 5, 2022.

VBI Vaccines is alsoexperimenting with vaccines that combine proteins from the three coronaviruses that cause severe disease in humans: Covid-19, SARS, and MERS. They are exploring the possibility that such a vaccine could someday protect against a wide swath of coronaviruses, includingones that have yet to spill over from animal hosts. VBI’s pan-coronavirus vaccine, called VBI-2901, isscheduled to enter clinical trials in the third quarter of 2022.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASESEMERGENCY USE IN U.A.E.

Vaccine name: NVSI-06-07

Researchers at China’sSinopharm have created aprotein-based vaccine called NVSI-06-07 that uses a genetically engineered spike protein to help the body produce antibodies. Sinopharm’s two other vaccine candidates, one developed with theBeijing Institute and one developed with theWuhan Institute, useinactivated coronaviruses to develop immunity. Sinopharmstarted a Phase 1/2 trial of NVSI-06-07 on April 24. The U.A.E. providedemergency use authorization for the vaccine as a booster dose in late December, Reuters reported. In January 2022, a team of scientists from China and the U.A.E. released areport showing that the booster produced a stronger dose of antibodies against the Omicron variant than a third dose of Sinopharm’s inactivated virus vaccine.

Emergency use in:United Arab Emirates.
Updated Jan. 12, 2022

Sinopharm

protein-based

vaccine

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm

protein-based

vaccine

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm

protein-based

vaccine

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm

protein-based

vaccine

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Russian researchers at theSt. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera at theFederal Medical Biological Agency developed a protein subunit vaccine against the coronavirus. They launched aPhase 1/2 trial on the vaccine, known as Convacell, on July 19, 2021. Results from the preclinical trial suggest that the vaccine is safe and effective, Federal Medical Biological Agency leader Veronika Skvortsovasaid on Sept. 29. In April 2022, the instituteannounced that Convacell was going into production. TASSreported in June that the vaccine “may” go into Phase 3 trials in late summer 2022.
Updated July 29, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

TheHuman Stem Cells Institute, a private Russian biotechnology company, has developed a recombinant vaccine against the coronavirus called Betuvax-CoV-2. Afterreceiving government approval in September 2021, the researchers began aPhase 1/2 trial.
Updated March 11, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Taiwan-based vaccine manufacturerAdimmune got permission tolaunch a Phase 1 trial on Aug. 20, 2020. The vaccine contains the RBD section of the virus’s spike protein. In December, the Taiwan pressreported that Adimmune failed to find the right dose of their vaccine and needed to try a new formulation. Adimmuneannounced in February 2021 that it would shift vaccine research to target new variants. In September, the companyreceived permission to launch a newPhase 1/2 trial.
Updated Jan. 3, 2022

PHASE 1PHASE 2COMBINED PHASES

Indonesian researchers atAirlangga Universityhave developed a vaccine that uses a coronavirus protein to develop immunity. Afterpositive preclinical results, Airlangga registered aPhase 1/2 trial on Feb. 7, 2022, comparing the vaccine with CoronaVac. The researchers moved toPhase 3 on Aug. 19.
Updated Aug. 26, 2022

PHASE 1

A second plant-based vaccine is in development atKBio. Like Medicago, KBio engineers a wild relative of tobacco called Nicotiana benthamiana to make viral proteins. The company previously used this technique to make a drug called Zmapp for Ebola. APhase 1 trial launchedin December 2020. British American Tobacco announced on Jan. 10, 2022, that it would peel off its vaccine subsidiary, formerly called Kentucky BioProcessing, into anew company called KBio. Well over a year after the start of the Phase 1 trial, the results have yet to be made public.
Updated April 3, 2022

PHASE 1

Scientists at theWalter Reed Army Institute of Research have designed a vaccine from a nanoparticle decorated with the coronavirus’s spike protein.Experiments on monkeys showed that the two-dose vaccine delivered extremely high levels of antibodies.On April 5, 2021, the army launched aPhase 1 trial. The vaccine designers hope to create a new version of the vaccine with proteins from other coronaviruses to offerprotection that extends beyond Covid-19. In December, DefenseOne reported that the researchers hadcompleted the Phase 1 trial.
Updated Dec. 22, 2021

PHASE 1

Researchers at Pennsylvania-basedVaxFormhave created a vaccine that can be taken by mouth as a liquid. The scientists say that their candidate, called CoV2-OGEN1, has an advantage over injected vaccines because it’s stable at room temperature and it doesn’t require a medical professional to be administered.Syneos HealthandUS Specialty Formulationsregistered aPhase 1 trial in New Zealand on May 19, 2021.

In December, USSF reported that the trial showed the vaccine was safe and triggered a strong immune response in all the volunteers. Plans are now underway for a Phase 2/3 trial, USSF C.E.O. Kyle Flanigan said on April 18, 2022.
Updated April 21, 2022

PHASE 1

Israel-basedOravax Medical, a subsidiary ofOramed Pharmaceuticals, developed a Covid-19 vaccine pill. The vaccine contains virus-like particles that are studded with three proteins from the coronavirus. Oravax Medicalbegan work on the vaccine in March 2021, finding promising antibody responses from animals. On Oct. 29, 2021, the companyannounced it had won approval from the South African government to start a Phase 1 trial. Oravax Medical has alsoapplied to Israel to run another trial there. Oravax dosedits first volunteer in South Africa on Dec. 14. On Dec. 29, Oravax agreed to supply Vietnamese company Tan Thanh Holdings with at least10 million doses of its vaccine for marketing and distribution across Southeast Asia. In amessage to shareholders on Jan. 12, 2022, Oramed said it expected to launch Phase 2/3 trials in the second half of the year.
Updated July 18, 2022

PHASE 1

The British companyEmergex Vaccines has created a vaccine that contains gold nanoparticles carrying pieces of coronavirus proteins, called peptides. Emergex hopes to use the vaccine to prime the immune system to attack infected cellswithout relying on antibodies. The researchersregistered a Phase 1 trial in Switzerland on Nov. 9, andbegan dosing participants in January 2022. Emergex said it is administering the vaccine througharm patches created byNanopass andZosano.
Updated June 13, 2022

PHASE 1

Seoul-based biotechnology companyHK inno.Nhas developed a recombinant protein vaccine against the coronavirus. Afterpositive results from preclinical trials in primates, the company began aPhase 1 trial on Sept. 16, 2021.
Updated Nov. 10, 2021

PHASE 1

Researchers at the Hong Kong biotechnology companyDreamTec Limitedhave made a Covid-19 vaccine byadding genes to harmless bacteria spores. Volunteers in aPhase 1 clinical trial that began in Hong Kong on Nov. 28, 2021 swallow a pill containing the spores. Once the pill reaches the gut, the spores start to grow and produce parts of coronavirus proteins.
Updated Dec. 28, 2021

PHASE 1

Vaccine name: LYB001
Dose: 3 doses, 4 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection

The Chinese biotechnology companyYantai Patronus, a subsidiary ofLuye Life Sciences Group, has created a vaccine that houses pieces of the coronavirus in a virus-like shell. The researchers registered aPhase 1 trial on Nov. 18, 2021. They alsoregistered a Phase 2/3 trial, but have not yet begun recruiting volunteers.
Updated June 3, 2022

PHASE 1

Vaccine name: DoCo-Pro-RBD-1
Type: Muscle injection

Australian researchers at theUniversity of Melbourne are testing a vaccine that uses a protein similar to a section of a coronavirus protein called the receptor binding domain. They registered aPhase 1 trial on March 9, 2022. The researchers plan to test their candidate in individuals who have already received two full doses and a booster of widely used vaccines. The university is also testing anmRNA vaccine.
Updated March 11, 2022

PHASE 1

Vaccine name: ACM-001
Type: Intranasal spray

ACM Biolabs, a Singapore-based biotechnology company, created a vaccine for Covid-19 called ACM-001. It contains spike proteins along with an immunity-boosting adjuvant. ACM-001 can be delivered as an intranasal spray. In March 2022, the companyannounced thatstudies on hamsters indicated the vaccine produced strong immunity against a range of variants. ACB Biolabs followed up on those results with aPhase 1 trial of ACM-001 as a booster. The companyannounced they dosed their first volunteer on July 29, 2022.
Updated July 29, 2022

ABANDONED

In spring 2021, researchers at the University of Washington developed a nanoparticle vaccine for Covid-19. Each nanoparticle carries numerous copies of a protein fragment called RBD, from the spike protein of the coronavirus. Seattle-basedIcosavaxpurchased a license to test and market the vaccine, called IVX-411. On June 8, the companyannounced that it had begun a Phase 1/2 trial in Australia. In the trial, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, some of the volunteers received the vaccine along with an adjuvant fromSeqirus. Icosavax is also giving IVX-411 to people who are already vaccinated and observing how it works as a booster.

On March 25, 2022, Icosavaxannounced that its Phase 1/2 trial was a disappointment. The vaccine did not deliver a stronger immune response than natural infection. On July 28, Icosovaxreported that the protein fragment turned out to be unstable. The company said it would turn its efforts to making a new vaccine with two different protein fragments.
Updated Aug. 12, 2022

ABANDONED

Researchers atZhongyianke Biotech,Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotechand theAcademy of Military Medical Sciences are using Chinese hamster ovary cells to help create immunity in humans. They registered aPhase 1 trial in China in November 2020. On March 24, 2021, theyadvanced the vaccine to Phase 2. The researchers registered aPhase 3 trial on Sept. 5, 2021, but the registry waslater removed.
Updated April 29, 2022

ABANDONED

On April 1, 2021, French researchers atOSE Immunotherapeuticsannounced they had received approval to launch aPhase 1 trial of a vaccine, called CoVepiT, in Belgium. Their vaccine can teach the body to develop an immune response against 11 different proteins of the coronavirus. The researchers picked these proteins because they have a low chance of mutating — a feature, they say, that makes the vaccine “variant-proof.” They begandosing participants on May 26. But on July 19, OSE announced that it wouldvoluntarily pause its trial after receiving preliminary news of adverse reactions to the vaccine. In October, the companysaid the trial was still paused. OSE said on Nov. 30 thatearly results from the trial show that the vaccine was effective at generating an immune response.

In March 2022, OSEsaid that pursuing further development of CoVepiT would be “difficult,” as other therapeutics and vaccines have already proven successful in patients. The company now plans to use its vaccine platform for future pandemics.
Updated April 8, 2022

ABANDONED

Kazakhstani scientists at theResearch Institute for Biological Safety Problems developed a second vaccine against Covid-19, called QazCoVac-P. Unlike their first vaccine, which is made from inactivated coronaviruses, QazCoVac-P uses proteins from the virus to boost immunity. Kazakhstani researcherscommenced aPhase 1/2 trial of the vaccine on June 15, 2021. But the trial record, which indicated the study would conclude in December 2021, has not been updated since July 2021. As of February 2022, there wasno evidence of QazCoVac-P in use in Kazakhstan. And on April 28, Kazakhstani health officials said that production of more vaccines would not be necessary, since there wereenough QazVac doses to cover the population.
Updated April 29, 2022

ABANDONED

SK Bioscience,a South Korean vaccine maker,won approval on Nov. 23, 2020 from the country’s Ministry of Food and Drug Safety for a vaccine called NBP2001. The vaccine contained fragments of the spike protein. In aPhase 1 trial, researchers tested the vaccine on 50 volunteers. In the trial’s registry, it was scheduled to end in April 2021. On SK BioScience’s website, the companysays that the trial is complete, without the launch of a Phase 2 trial to carry the research further. Meanwhile, SK Bioscience is actively pushing another vaccine, called GBP510, through a Phase 3 trial.
Updated Feb. 23, 2022

ABANDONED

On Dec. 10, 2020, a vaccine from Australia’sUniversity of Queensland was the firstto be abandoned after entering a clinical trial.Cancelling the vaccine meant the collapse of a $1 billion deal with the Australian government for51 million doses.

The vaccine studies offered great promise at first.Experiments on hamsters showed that the vaccine protected them from the coronavirus. The university launched a Phase 1 trial in July, combining coronavirus spike proteins with an adjuvant made byCSL. The trial deliveredencouraging results: volunteers produced a high level of antibodies with no evidence of harmful side effects.

But then the researchers made an unwelcome discovery: some volunteers were getting positive tests for HIV, even though they were not actually infected with that virus. In areport released in February 2021, the researchers explained the false positives came about due to the way the researchers designed the vaccine.

To ensure that spike proteins can stimulate a strong immune response, the researchers had to prevent the molecules from unfolding and changing their shape. The researchers held the proteins in place with a molecular clamp, which was based on a segment of an HIV protein.

HIV tests use antibodies to probe for the presence of the virus’s proteins in people’s blood. The researchers thought that the antibodies would not grab the clamp. That assumption turned out to be wrong. Worried that false positive HIV test results would fuel hesitancy over getting Covid-19 vaccines, the Australian government decided to halt the trial.

“It will no longer feature in Australia’s vaccine plan,” said Prime Minister Scott Morrison at a press conference to announce the cancellation.

But Queensland researchers have still found promise in their vaccine platform. In April 2021, they published thefull results from their abandoned Phase 1 trial, which suggested that the candidate could still be effective against Covid-19. The researchers are nowworking to re-engineer their vaccine with different proteins that will not generate false positives for HIV. They have yet to provide a timeline for the development of an updated vaccine.
Updated May 18, 2021

Inactivated or Attenuated Coronavirus Vaccines

Vaccines created from weakened coronaviruses or coronaviruses that have been killed with chemicals.

Inactivated

virus

Inactivated

virus

Inactivated

virus

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN CHINA, BAHRAINEMERGENCY USE IN MANY COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: BBIBP-CorV
Efficacy:78.1%
Dose: 2 doses, 3 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection

BBIBP-CorV, a vaccine made by theBeijing Institute of Biological Productsand the state-owned Chinese companySinopharm,has emerged as China’s leading Covid-19 vaccine, both within the country and abroad. In September 2021, the head of the company said in aninterview with China Daily that Sinopharm had reached an annual production capacity of 7 billion doses.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTResearchers at the institute produced BBIP-CorV by growing live coronaviruses in cells and then dousing them with chemicals to inactivate them. Injected into the body, these inactivated viruses cannot infect cells, but they can draw the attention of the immune system. In June 2020, the researchersreported that the vaccine produced promising results in monkeys.

TRIAL RESULTSAPhase 1/2 trial showed that the vaccine didn’t cause any serious side effects and enabled people to make antibodies against the coronavirus. APhase 3 trial began in the United Arab Emirates in July 2020, and inMorocco andPeru the following month.

On Dec. 30, Sinopharmannounced that the vaccine had an efficacy of 79.34 percent, leading the Chinese government togive it approval. On May 7, 2021, the World Health Organization put forward a similar efficacy estimate of78.1 percent and gave the vaccine emergency use authorization. On Aug. 3, Bloombergreported that results from a Hungarian study showed that the vaccine failed to produce enough antibodies in more than one quarter of elderly people. Results from a Peru trial suggest that the vaccine was50.4 percent effective in preventing infections among healthcare workers, Reuters reported on Aug. 13.

After the vaccine was authorized in the United Arab Emirates, researchers there kept track of people who received the vaccine. In June 2022, they published astudy showing that Sinopharm’s vaccine had an effectiveness of 79.6 percent against hospitalization and 84 percent against death. The effectiveness waned six months after vaccination.

AUTHORIZATIONIn the summer of 2020, long before the Phase 3 trial was complete, the Chinese government gave Sinopharmemergency approval in the summer 0f 2020. Government officials, health care workers, and other select groups began receiving BBIBP-CorV. On Sept. 14, the U.A.E.gave emergency approval for Sinopharm’s vaccine to use on health care workers, and soongovernment officials and others were also receiving it. Less than two months later, on Dec. 9, the U.A.E. gavefull approval to BBIBP-CorV. Since then a number of countries in the Near East have authorized it; on Jan. 29,Hungary authorized BBIBp-CorV, making the country the first European nation to use a Chinese vaccine.

The vaccine receivedapproval for emergency use in children and adolescents in China on July 20. The U.A.E.approved the vaccine for use in those aged three and over on Aug. 2.

VARIANTSIn February 2021, as concerns grew about new mutations in the coronavirus, Chinese researchers tested BBIBP-CorV against a variant called Beta.1.351, which was first found in South Africa. They reported that the antibody response created by the vaccine was only modestly weaker against Beta. B.1.351. Thestudy has not yet been published in a medical journal. Anotherstudy from Sri Lanka, released in July, found that BBIBP-CorV produced antibody responses to the Delta variant that were as strong as those produced by natural infection.

BOOSTERSThe World Health Organizationrecommends that people over 60 who receive Sinopharm get a booster shot with the same or another vaccine.

In May 2021, concerns over the vaccine’s effectiveness emerged in the U.A.E. In response, the governmentannounced that it would provide booster shots to those who have received two doses of BBIBP-CorV. Bahrain followed with asimilar announcement on June 3. On Aug. 29, the U.A.E.mandated booster shots for all residents who received BBIBP-CorV. A representative from Sinopharmreported at a W.H.O. meeting in October that a booster tripled antibody levels over their peak after two doses.

For more details, seeHow the Sinopharm Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:Bahrain,China.
Emergency use in:Algeria,Angola,Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina,Armenia,Bangladesh,Belarus,Belize,Bhutan,Bolivia,Brazil,Brunei,Burkina Faso,Burundi,Cambodia,Cameroon,Chad,Comoros,Côte d'Ivoire,Cuba,Dominica,Egypt,Equatorial Guinea,Ethiopia,Gabon,Gambia,Georgia,Guinea,Guyana,Hungary,Indonesia,Iran,Iraq,Jordan,Kazakhstan,Kenya,Kyrgyzstan,Laos,Lebanon,Libya,Macao,Malawi,Malaysia,Maldives,Mauritania,Mauritius,Mexico,Moldova,Mongolia,Montenegro,Morocco,Mozambique,Myanmar,Namibia,Nepal,Niger,Nigeria,North Macedonia,Pakistan,Papua New Guinea,Paraguay,Peru,Philippines (includingHayat-Vax),Republic of the Congo,Rwanda,Saudi Arabia,Senegal,Serbia,Sierra Leone,Solomon Islands,Somalia, South Africa,Sri Lanka,Sudan,Tanzania,Thailand,Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia,Turkmenistan,United Arab Emirates,Vietnam (includingHayat-Vax),Venezuela,West Bank and Gaza Strip,Vanuatu,Zimbabwe. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization.
Limited use in:Serbia,Seychelles.
Updated June 13, 2022

Sinopharm and

Beijing Institute

vaccine

NIGER

CHINA

IRAN

EGYPT

PAKISTAN

BAHRAIN

GABON

MEXICO

BRAZIL

NAMIBIA

INDONESIA

PERU

SEYCHELLES

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm and

Beijing Institute

vaccine

CHINA

IRAN

EGYPT

PAKISTAN

BAHRAIN

GABON

MEXICO

BRAZIL

NAMIBIA

INDONESIA

PERU

SEYCHELLES

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm and

Beijing Inst.

vaccine

CHINA

EGYPT

IRAN

BAHRAIN

PAKISTAN

GABON

MEXICO

BRAZIL

NAMIBIA

INDONESIA

PERU

SEYCHELLES

ARGENTINA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm and

Beijing Inst.

vaccine

MEXICO

BRAZIL

PERU

ARGENTINA

HUNGARY

CHINA

IRAN

EGYPT

PAKISTAN

BAHRAIN

ANGOLA

INDONESIA

SEYCHELLES

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN CHINAEMERGENCY USE IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: CoronaVac (formerly PiCoVacc)
Efficacy:50.65% in Brazil trial,83.5% in Turkey trial
Dose: 2 doses, 2 weeks apart
Type: Muscle injection
Storage: Refrigerated

Coronavac, developed by the private Chinese company Sinovac, has emerged as one of China’s leading vaccines. As of April 2022, the company said that it had deliveredover 2.8 billion doses around the world. But concerns have arisen about its effectiveness andhow long its protection lasts.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTIn early 2020, Sinovac developed the Coronavac vaccine based on inactivated coronaviruses. Theyfound in experiments on monkeys that the vaccine significantly lowered the amount of coronavirus that grew in the animals after an infection, and they recovered more quickly than unvaccinated monkeys.

TRIAL RESULTSAfter creating their vaccine last spring, Sinovac ran a Phase 1/2 trial on 743 volunteers that revealedno severe adverse effects. Sinovacpublished the details of the trial in November in a medical journal, showing a comparatively modest production of antibodies. In July, Sinovaclaunched a Phase 3 trial in Brazil, followed by others inIndonesia andTurkey.

The trials in Brazil and Turkey demonstrated that it could protect against Covid-19, but they deliveredstrikingly different results — in part because they designed the trials differently.In Brazil, the efficacy against Covid-19 with or without symptoms was50 percent. Against severe disease, its efficacy was 100 percent. The Turkish trial found that the efficacy against Covid-19 with at least one symptom was83.5 percent.

After CoronaVac was taken up in other countries, some of them conducted studies to measure its effectiveness. In Chile, researchers reviewed 10.5 million people who were vaccinated and estimated that the vaccine had an effectiveness of 67 percent against symptomatic Covid-19, and 85 percent protection against hospitalization.

Sinovac registered aPhase 2 trial of the vaccine in children and adolescents on May 13. Theymoved to Phase 3 on Aug. 5. Preliminary resultsreleased on Nov. 5, suggest that the vaccine demonstrated no serious adverse reactions, and that it was effective at stimulating the immune system.

On April 26, 2022, Sinovac announced that they had received approval to test a new version of Sinovac tailored forthe Omicron variant.

AUTHORIZATIONChina began giving CoronaVac to some of its citizens as early as the summer of 2020, long before its formal authorization. In October, authorities in the eastern Chinese city of Jiaxing announced they weregiving CoronaVac to people in relatively high-risk jobs, including medical workers, port inspectors and public service personnel.

Indonesia gave the vaccine emergency authorization on Jan. 11, and two days later the president of Indonesia received an injection of CoronaVac on live television. Turkeyauthorized the vaccine on Jan. 13, and its presidentgot vaccinated the next day.Brazil authorized CoronaVac on Jan. 17.

On Feb. 6, 2021, Sinovac announced that China had given CoronaVacconditional approval. Chinaexpanded its authorization to include children and adolescents on June 4. Both authorizations came before Phase 3 data was made public. After reviewing clinical trial results, theWorld Health Organization gave emergency authorization to the vaccine on June 1, 2021.

On May 4, the European Medicines Agency said it was launchinga rolling review of CoronaVac, which will accelerate Sinovac’s marketing authorization if the company decides to apply for one. On April 14, 2022, Sinovacannounced that health officials in Hong Kong have authorized the use of an Omicron-specific version of CoronaVac. Chinafollowed with an authorization two weeks later. Sinovac was authorized in Hong Kong for childrenas young as six months old on Aug. 2.

DISTRIBUTIONSinovac has struck deals with at least 11 countries and regions to supply them with SinoVac. Sinovac reached an agreementannounced on July 12 to supply up to550 million doses to COVAX, the initiative to distribute vaccines to low- and middle-income countries. On Dec. 31, 2021, the companyannounced its sales surged to $11 billion in the first six months of the year.

BOOSTERSThe World Health Organizationrecommends that people over 60 who receive Sinovac get a booster shot with the same or another vaccine. Sinovac registered atrial on June 1, 2022, to test the effectiveness of the vaccine as a booster in older adults.

Some of the earliest evidence that boosters might be needed came in the spring of 2021, when more than 350 doctors and health care workers in Indonesia came down with Covid-19despite being fully vaccinated with Sinovac. These alarming reports stirred concerns that CoronaVac’s protection was waning. In its June 2021 authorization of the vaccine, the World Health Organizationnoted that they observed possible signs of waning immunity in the first three months of the clinical trial in Brazil. Astudy released on July 25 found that six months after receiving two doses, healthy adults experienced a large drop in antibody levels.That same study showed that a booster of CoronaVac could restore high antibody levels.

In August, Chilean researchersregistered a Phase 2 trial to assess the effectiveness of giving a different vaccine as a booster to those who received the Sinovac shot. CoronaVac is also part of amixed-vaccine trial with Inovio’s vaccine. Results from aChinese study, released on Sept. 7, suggested that getting a CanSino booster shot after the Sinovac vaccine produced a stronger antibody response compared to a third shot of the Sinovac vaccine.

For more details, seeHow the Sinovac Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:China.
Stopped use in:Malaysia.
Emergency use in:Albania,Algeria,Argentina,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Bangladesh,Benin,Bolivia,Botswana,Brazil,Cambodia,Chile,Colombia,Djibouti,Dominica,Dominican Republic,Ecuador,El Salvador,Egypt,Gabon,Georgia,Guinea,Guyana,Hong Kong,Indonesia,Kazakhstan,Laos,Libya,Malawi,Malaysia,Mexico,Moldova,Morocco,Myanmar,Nepal,North Macedonia,Oman,Pakistan,Panama,Paraguay,Philippines,Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,San Marino,Saudi Arabia,Serbia,Seychelles,Slovakia,South Africa,Sri Lanka,Syria,Tajikistan,Tanzania,Thailand,Timor-Leste,Togo,Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia,Turkey,Turkmenistan,Uganda,Ukraine,United Arab Emirates,Uruguay,Uzbekistan,Venezuela,Vietnam,West Bank,Zimbabwe. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization.
Updated Aug. 6, 2022

Sinovac vaccine

UKRAINE

ALGERIA

TURKEY

CHINA

PAKISTAN

MEXICO

MALAYSIA

BRAZIL

BOTSWANA

INDONESIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

ARGENTINA

CHILE

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinovac vaccine

UKRAINE

ALGERIA

TURKEY

CHINA

PAKISTAN

MEXICO

MALAYSIA

BRAZIL

COLOMBIA

BOTSWANA

INDONESIA

ARGENTINA

SOUTH

AFRICA

CHILE

Approved

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinovac vaccine

UKRAINE

ALGERIA

TURKEY

CHINA

PAKISTAN

MEXICO

MALAYSIA

BRAZIL

COLOMBIA

INDONESIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

CHILE

Approved

Stopped use

in favor of other

vaccines

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinovac vaccine

MEXICO

BRAZIL

COLOMBIA

ARGENTINA

CHILE

UKRAINE

ALGERIA

TURKEY

CHINA

PAKISTAN

MALAYSIA

INDONESIA

SOUTH

AFRICA

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Stopped use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN CHINALIMITED USE IN U.A.E.

Efficacy:72.8%

Along with their Beijing Institute vaccine,Sinopharm also tested an inactivated virus vaccine developed by theWuhan Institute of Biological Products. The Phase 1/2 trial, conducted in the spring of 2020,showed that the vaccine produced antibodies in volunteers, some of whom experienced fevers and other side effects. Sinopharm then launched a global Phase 3 trial of the Wuhan vaccine. In December 2020, Perubriefly paused their trial to investigate neurological problems that one volunteer experienced, but determined that it had nothing to do with the vaccines. On Feb. 25, 2021 Chinaannounced the approval of the Wuhan vaccine for general use. In May, the vaccine researcherspublished the results of the Phase 3 trial, demonstrating that the vaccine has an efficacy of72.8 percent. The researchers are also comparing a version of the vaccine to the Beijing Institute vaccine in aPhase 3 booster trial against the Omicron variant.

Approved for use in:China.
Limited use in: United Arab Emirates.
Updated June 29, 2022

Sinopharm and

Wuhan Institute

vaccine

CHINA

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm and

Wuhan Inst.

vaccine

CHINA

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm and

Wuhan Inst.

vaccine

CHINA

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Sinopharm and

Wuhan Inst.

vaccine

CHINA

U.A.E.

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

PHASE 3
APPROVED IN INDIAEMERGENCY USE IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Vaccine name: Covaxin (also known as BBV152)
Efficacy:77.8%
Dose: 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
Storage: At least a week at room temperature

Covaxin, produced byBharat Biotech,was the first vaccine for Covid-19 developed in India to gain emergency use authorization. India approved it in April 2021, and theWorld Health Organization gave it emergency use listing on Nov. 3. As of February 2022, Bharat Biotech had distributed200 million doses.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENTResearchers at theIndian Council of Medical Research and theNational Institute of Virology, designed Covaxin from inactivated coronaviruses. Studies carried out in the spring of 2021 onmonkeys andhamsters demonstrated that the vaccine provided the animals with protection against infection.

TRIAL RESULTSBharat Biotech launched clinical trials in June 2020. The phase 1/2 trialshowed that the vaccine didn’t cause any serious side effects whileproducing antibodies to the coronavirus. Afollow-up study confirmed these results. On Oct. 23, the companyannounced they were initiating aPhase 3 trial, eventually recruiting over 25,800 volunteers.

Bharat Biotech onlybegan releasing results from the trial in March 2021, two months after the vaccine gained emergency authorization. Thefinal results were posted online on July 2 andappeared in the Lancet on Nov. 11. The vaccine had an efficacy of 77.8 percent against symptomatic Covid-19, and its efficacy against severe Covid-19 was 93.4 percent. For asymptomatic disease, the vaccine had an efficacy of 63.6 percent, indicating that it can also slow transmission.

In June, Bharat Biotech registered atrial on children as young as 2.Results from that trial suggested that Covaxin was more effective in children than in adults.

AUTHORIZATIONOn Jan. 3, 2021, the Indian government granted Covaxinemergency authorization. Just over a year later in January 2022, it grantedfull approval for the vaccine. Indian health officialsexpanded their approval to include children as young as six on April 26, 2022.

Other countries in Africa, Asia, and South America later authorized the vaccine. In Brazil, a controversy overcorruption led the government to suspend its authorization of Covaxin in July 2021. On Nov. 3, 2021, Covaxin became the first Indian vaccine to receiveemergency use authorization from the World Health Organization.

In June 2021, Bharat Biotechset out to bring Covaxin to the United States. It formed a partnership with Pennsylvania-based Ocugen to seek a full approval for the vaccine, rather than an emergency use authorization. Ocugen and Bharat have suffered a series of setbacks in their efforts. The F.D.A. hastwice put their U.S. trial on hold. The latest pause,announced on April 12, came after the World Health Organization raised concerns about Covaxin’s manufacturing. In May 2022, the F.D.A.allowed Ocugen toresume its trial.

DISTRIBUTIONIn May 2021, Bharat said it expected to produce as many as one billion doses of Covaxin per year afterexpanding their manufacturing capacity. But in April 2022, the company announced that it wouldslow its production in light of lower foreseeable demand.

VARIANTSBharat ran its clinical trials in India just as the Delta variant was rising to dominance in the country. As a result, they were able to calculate the efficacy of Covaxin against Delta by looking at the relative risk volunteers had of contracting the variant. They estimated that its efficacy was65.2 percent. On Jan. 12, 2022, Bharat announced that Covaxinworks well as a booster against prominent variants like Delta and Omicron.

For more details, seeHow Bharat Biotech’s Vaccine Works.

Approved for use in:India.
Stopped use in:Brazil suspended import.
Emergency use in:Bahrain,Botswana,Guatemala,Guyana,Hong Kong,Iran,Malaysia,Mauritius,Mexico,Nepal,Nicaragua,Paraguay,Philippines,Trinidad and Tobago,Venezuela,Vietnam,Zimbabwe. Emergency use validation from theWorld Health Organization.
Updated June 29, 2022

Bharat Biotech’s

Covaxin vaccine

PHILIPPINES

NEPAL

IRAN

INDIA

MEXICO

BRAZIL

ZIMBABWE

PARAGUAY

Suspended

import

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Bharat Biotech’s

Covaxin vaccine

PHILIPPINES

NEPAL

IRAN

INDIA

MEXICO

BRAZIL

ZIMBABWE

PARAGUAY

Approved

Suspended

import

Early, limited or

emergency use

Bharat Biotech’s

Covaxin

vaccine

PHILIPPINES

NEPAL

IRAN

MEXICO

INDIA

BRAZIL

ZIMBABWE

PARAGUAY

Suspended

import

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Bharat Biotech’s

Covaxin vaccine

MEXICO

BRAZIL

PARAGUAY

PHILIPPINES

NEPAL

IRAN

INDIA

ZIMBABWE

Approved

Early, limited or

emergency use

Suspended import