Bowles, Paul, 1910-1999

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• Barry, P. Liberty Jones, c1941.
• His Next to nothing, 1981:t.p. (Paul Bowles)
• New Grove(Bowles, Paul; b. 12-30-10; American composer and writer)
• New York Times, Nov. 19, 1999(Paul Bowles, 88, composer and author; d. Nov. 18, 1999, Tangier, Morocco; b. Jamaica, Queens)
• Grove music online, May 29, 2013(Bowles, Paul; born December 30, 1910, Jamaica, NY, died November 18, 1999, Tangier, Morocco; American composer and writer; was also a music critic, translator, and ethnomusicologist who studied the traditional music of Morocco; left New York in 1947 to live in Tangier)
• biographical essay (Paul Bowles; born Paul Frederic Bowles, December 30, 1910, Jamaica, Queens; died November 18, 1999, Tangier ( (Paul Bowles WWW site, May 29, 2013:) )
• LCN2015

Paul Frederic Bowles (; December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator. He became associated with the Moroccan city of Tangier, where he settled in 1947 and lived for 52 years to the end of his life. Following a cultured middle-class upbringing in New York City, during which he displayed a talent for music and writing, Bowles pursued his education at the University of Virginia before making several trips to Paris in the 1930s. He studied music with Aaron Copland, and in New York wrote music for theatrical productions, as well as other compositions. He achieved critical and popular success with his first novel The Sheltering Sky (1949), set in French North Africa, which he had visited in 1931. In 1947, Bowles settled in Tangier, at that time in the Tangier International Zone, and his wife Jane Bowles followed in 1948. Except for winters spent in Ceylon during the early 1950s, Tangier was Bowles's home for the remainder of his life. He came to symbolize American immigrants in the city. Bowles died in 1999 at the age of 88. His ashes are buried near family graves in Lakemont Cemetery, in upstate New York.