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.2014 Jan 25:15:69.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-69.

Genome sequencing and analysis of the paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungus Penicillium aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431

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Genome sequencing and analysis of the paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungus Penicillium aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431

Yanfang Yang et al. BMC Genomics..

Abstract

Background: Paclitaxel (Taxol™) is an important anticancer drug with a unique mode of action. The biosynthesis of paclitaxel had been considered restricted to the Taxus species until it was discovered in Taxomyces andreanae, an endophytic fungus of T. brevifolia. Subsequently, paclitaxel was found in hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and in several other endophytic fungi. The distribution of paclitaxel in plants and endophytic fungi and the reported sequence homology of key genes in paclitaxel biosynthesis between plant and fungi species raises the question about whether the origin of this pathway in these two physically associated groups could have been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer.

Results: The ability of the endophytic fungus of hazel Penicillium aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431 to independently synthesize paclitaxel was established by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The genome of Penicillium aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431 was sequenced and gene candidates that may be involved in paclitaxel biosynthesis were identified by comparison with the 13 known paclitaxel biosynthetic genes in Taxus. We found that paclitaxel biosynthetic gene candidates in P. aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431 have evolved independently and that horizontal gene transfer between this endophytic fungus and its plant host is unlikely.

Conclusions: Our findings shed new light on how paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungi synthesize paclitaxel, and will facilitate metabolic engineering for the industrial production of paclitaxel from fungi.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Gene ontology classification ofP. aurantiogriseum. (A) Biological Process.(B) Cellular Component.(C) Molecular Function.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Molecular phylogeny of the N terminal cyclase domain in TS proteins. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and distance analyses, respectively. Dashes indicate bootstrap values lower than 70%. The taxa belonging to Viridiplantae and Fungi are shown in green and blue, respectively.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Molecular phylogeny of GGPPS proteins. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and distance analyses, respectively. Dashes indicate bootstrap values lower than 70%. The GGPPS ofTaxus and the homologs inP. aurantiogriseum NRRL 62431 were in black font. The taxa belonging to Viridiplantae and Fungi were shown in green and blue.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Molecular phylogeny of acyltransferase proteins. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and distance analyses, respectively. Dashes indicate bootstrap values lower than 70%. The sequence inTaxus was in black font. The taxa belonging to Viridiplantae and Fungi were shown in green and blue, respectively.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Molecular phylogeny of hydroxylase proteins. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and distance analyses, respectively. Dashes indicate bootstrap values lower than 70%. The sequence inTaxus was in black font. The taxa belonging to Viridiplantae and Fungi were shown in green and blue, respectively.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Molecular phylogeny of PAM proteins. Note that the genes in plants other thanTaxus are annotated as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in GenBank. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and distance analyses, respectively. Dashes indicate bootstrap values lower than 70%. The sequence inTaxus was in black font. The taxa belonging to Viridiplantae and Fungi were shown in green and blue, respectively.
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References

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